PME645 - DESIGN OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS UNIT-1 -PRIMARY ENERGY RESOURCES (PES) Primary energy is an energy form found

in nature (energy embodied in natural resources) that has not been subjected to any human-made conversion or transformation process. It is energy contained in raw fuels (coal, crude oil, natural gas etc.), and other forms of energy received as input to a system. Primary energy can be non-renewable or renewable.
1. Non-Renewable (OR) Conventional (OR) Commercial Sources of energy -

Fossil fuels (e.g. Coal, Crude Oil, NG) - Mineral fuels (e.g. Uranium, Thorium)

2. Renewable (OR) Non-Conventional (OR) Non-Commercial Sources of energy

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Solar, Biomass, Wind, Ocean & Tidal, Small hydro (<25 MW), Geothermal energy

DIFFERENT FORMS OF ENERGY Primary energy sources should not be confused with the energy systems (or conversion processes or technologies) through which they are converted into energy carriers (Mechanical power,electricity,enthalpy).

PES, Energy systems and Energy Carriers. WORLD ENERGY USE OF PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCES The fossil fuel usage is around 90% (Liquid fuel 35%, solid fuel 26% & gaseous fuels at 23%, Nuclear 6%) and renewable energy is around 10%. Current total world energy supply i.e. primary energy is 143,851 TWh and the end use of energy is 98,022 TWh. The difference 32 % is energy losses. Energy losses are not constant but depend on the energy source and technology. For example, Nuclear power has 67% losses but hydro power plant has 20%.
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In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exa Joules (4741018 J = 474 x 106 TW = 132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (151012 W). The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy1 EJ (280 TWh).

INDIAN ENERGY SCENARIO Global installed power generation capacity is estimated at 5000 GW, of which India accounts for 170 GW. The demand for power has been increasing in India due to the growth in the Countrys economy. Over the last 10 years, energy and peak demand shortage averaged around 8% and 12% respectively. Renewable energy accounts for 11% of the total power generation (170 GW) installed in India. Wind energy ranked first with an installed capacity of 14 GW in India. There is significant untapped potential in areas such as off-shore wind as well as tidal and geothermal energy. The total installed capacity (170 GW) of Indian power is thermal 64%, Hydro 22%, Renewable 11%( wind 70%, Small hydro 16%, Biomass 14 % and Solar is almost 0%) and Nuclear 3%. Jawahar Lal Nehru National Solar Mission (JNNSM) aims to generate 1 GW of grid connected solar power by 2013, 5 GW by 2017 and 20 GW by 2022. The mission also envisages 500 MW of grid-tied CSP by 2013 and 10 GW by 2022. The total potential of small hydro power and biomass energy is estimated at 15GW and 18 GW respectively. The potential of solar photovoltaic and wind energy is estimated at 50000 MW (i.e. 20 MW/ km2) and 45000 MW respectively. The waste to energy has the potential of 3000 MW. Current Scenario
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Worlds fifth largest energy consumer and producer Electricity production of 850 TWh ( 810 TWh by Fossil, 40 TWh by Renewable) Per capita consumption of 611 KWh ( One fifth the world average ) Installed capacity projected to increase to about 750 GW to 950 GW Peak deficit based on installed capacity of around 13% in 2010 Very high T&D losses of 29% ( USA 5.9%, China 6.1%, Australia 7.7 %) High opportunity areas Power generation 170 to 900 GW & > 25% T & D losses, etc. Cleantech sector has the potential to generate 10 mn jobs in India by 2025 by 2030

ENERGY CYCLE OF EARTH The total solar flux of energy entering the Earth's atmosphere is estimated at 174 PW. The sun's radiant energy is the fuel that drives Earth's climate engine. Energy received from the sun is mostly in the visible (or shortwave) part of the electromagnetic spectrum. About 30% of the solar energy that comes to Earth is reflected back to space. The solar radiation absorbed by the Earth causes the planet to heat up until it is radiating (or emitting) as much energy back into space as it absorbs from the sun. The Earth's thermal emitted radiation is mostly in the infrared (or longwave) part of the spectrum. The balance between incoming and outgoing energy is called the Earth's radiation budget.

Energy Cycle of Earth

Solar Energy Distribution ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENT The usage of energy resources in industry leads to environmental damages by polluting the atmosphere. Few of examples of air pollution are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrous oxide (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from boilers and furnaces, chlorofluro carbons (CFC) emissions from refrigerants use, etc. In chemical and fertilizers industries, toxic gases are released. Cement plants and power plants spew out particulate matter. Air Pollution A variety of air pollutants have known or suspected harmful effects on human health and the environment. These air pollutants are basically the products of combustion from fossil fuel use. Air pollutants can travel long distances, chemically react in the atmosphere to produce secondary pollutants such as acid rain (Sox, NOx) or ozone. Climatic change, Greenhouse Effect and the Carbon Cycle Human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, have made the blanket of greenhouse gases (H2O(v), CO2, CH4, O3 etc.) around the earth thicker. The resulting increase in global temperature is altering the complex web of systems that allow life to thrive on earth such as rainfall, wind patterns, ocean currents and distribution of plant and animal species. Life on earth is made possible by energy from the sun, which arrives mainly in the form of visible light. About 30% of the sunlight is scattered back into space by outer atmosphere and the balance 70% reaches the earths surface, which reflects it in form of infrared radiation. The escape of slow moving infrared radiation is delayed by the green house gases. A thicker blanket of greenhouse gases traps more infrared radiation and increase the earths temperature.
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Green House effect

Carbon Cycle

Greenhouse gases makeup only 1 percent of the atmosphere, but they act as a blanket round the earth, or like a glass roof of a greenhouse and keep the earth 30 degrees warmer than it would be otherwise - without greenhouse gases, earth would be too cold to live. Human activities that are responsible for making the greenhouse layer thicker are emissions of carbon dioxide from the combustion of coal, oil and natural gas; by additional methane and nitrous oxide from farming activities and changes in land use; and by several man made gases that have a long life in the atmosphere.

Water Cycle

Nitrogen Cycle

The increase in greenhouse gases is happening at an alarming rate. If greenhouse gases emissions continue to grow at current rates, it is almost certain that the atmospheric levels of CO2 will increase twice or thrice from pre-industrial levels during the 21st century. Even a small increase in earths temperature will be accompanied by changes in climatesuch as cloud cover, precipitation, wind patterns and duration of seasons. CO 2 is responsible for 60% of enhanced GH effect. Humans are burning fossil fuels at a rate that is much faster than the rate at which these fossil fuels were created. This is releasing the carbon stored in the fuels into the atmosphere and upsetting the carbon cycle. Currently, CO2 levels in the atmospheric are rising by over 10 % every 20 years. The energy cycle, hydrologic (water) cycle, nitrogen cycle and carbon cycle are shown in the above diagrams. Current Evidence of Climatic Change
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Cyclones, storm, hurricanes are occurring more frequently and floods and draughts are more intense than before. This increase in extreme weather events cannot be explained away as random events. This trend toward more powerful storms and hotter, longer dry periods is predicted by computer models. Warmer temperatures mean greater evaporation, and a warmer atmosphere is able to hold more moisture and hence there is more water aloft that can fall as precipitation. Similarly, dry regions are prone to lose still more moisture if the weather is hotter and hence this leads to more severe droughts and desertification. Future Effects : The global temperature may climb from 1.4 to 5.8 C; the sea level may rise from 9 to 88 cm. Thus, increases in sea level this century are expected to range from significant to catastrophic. This uncertainty reflects the complexity, interrelatedness, and sensitivity of the natural systems that make up the climate. Severe Storms and Flooding: The minimum warming forecast is more than twice the 0.6 degree C increase. Extreme weather events, as predicted by computer models, are striking more often and can be expected to intensify and become still more frequent. A future of more severe storms and floods along the world's increasingly crowded coastlines is likely. Food shortages: Although regional and local effects may differ widely, a general reduction is expected in potential crop yields in most tropical and sub-tropical regions. The yields would decrease dramatically even with minimum increase in temperature and cause disruptions in food supply. Dwindling Freshwater supply: Salt-water intrusion from rising sea levels will reduce the quality and quantity of freshwater supplies. This is a major concern, since billions of people on earth already lack access to freshwater. Higher ocean levels already are contaminating underground water sources. Loss of biodiversity : Most of the world's endangered species (some 25 % mammals & 12% birds) may become extinct over the next few decades as warmer conditions alter the forests, wetlands, and rangelands they depend on, and human development blocks them from migrating elsewhere. Increased diseases: Higher temperatures are expected to expand the range of some dangerous "vector-borne" diseases, such as malaria, which already kills 1 million people annually, most of them children. A world under stress: Ongoing environmentally damaging activities such as overgrazing, deforestation, and denuded agricultural soils means that nature will be more vulnerable than previously to changes in climate.

Potential impacts of harnessing the different renewable energy resources

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Many companies have already discovered the benefits of deploying renewable energy at their business locations. These benefits can include:
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Reducing Energy Cost: Certain renewable energy technologies are already competitive with traditional sources of power and can offer immediate cost savings. Most renewable energy technologies provide a hedge against possible future price increases or volatility. Improving Energy Reliability: In certain cases, onsite renewable technologies may help provide back-up power when there are problems with getting power from the electricity grid. In order for on-site renewable to provide back-up power, the system must include a way to store electricity, such as batteries. Greenhouse Gas Reductions: Deploying renewable energy on-site can reduce a companys greenhouse gas emissions. This helps provide a hedge against possible increased costs arising from measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Brand Enhancement: Investing in renewable energy can be an important factor in appealing to a consumer market that is becoming increasingly environmentally conscious. ..