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Archery Athletics jumping events Athletics throwing events Athletics track events Badminton Baseball Basketball Billiards, Pool and Snooker Bocce and Pentanque Bowls Lawn Bowls Boxing Canoe Polo Cricket Croquet Cycling Darts Diving Equestrian Fencing Flying disc Football Australian Rules Football Soccer Gaelic Football Gymnastics Handball Hockey Judo Karate Kendo Lacrosse Netball
Polo Polocrosse Rugby League Rugby Union Shooting Skating roller sports Softball Squash Swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Tenpin Bowling Touch Football Volleyball Water polo Weightlifting Wrestling References
Track and field facilities are usually designed as multi-purpose facilities (tracks with playing fields inside). Related topics: athletics,sport The information in this guide is general in nature and cannot be relied upon as professional advice concerning the design of, or marking out for, sporting facilities and playing areas. No assurance is given as to the accuracy of any information contained in this guide and readers should not rely on its accuracy. Readers should obtain their own independent and professional advice in relation to their proposed sporting activity. This publication uses the IAAF Track and Field Manual 2003 Edition as its source of information. It is the IAAFs objective to create uniform criteria to provide fair and equitable competition and also to simplify principles of construction, surveying and certification of facilities. The IAAF website is www.iaaf.org. Track events include sprint, middle distance, hurdle and steeplechase events. The 400m oval track forms the basis of a multi-sports arena and its dimensions are dependent on the requirements of other sports. Although there are a number of different layouts for the oval 400m track, this publication uses the IAAFs criteria as outlined in the IAAF Track and Field Manual 2003 Edition.
The competition area for track events includes: oval track with at least four lanes and safety zones measuring no less than 1m on the inside and outside straight with minimum of six lanes for sprints and hurdles steeplechase track as for oval track with a permanent water jump
There are three basic types of track surface synthetic, unbound mineral (cinder) and grass.
Lanes
The 400m standard track has eight, six or occasionally four lanes. The distance of the race is measured from the edge of the start line further from the finish to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start. The direction of running is anti-clockwise. All lanes have a width of 1.22m 0.01 and marked by white lines 5cm wide. The line on the right hand of each lane, in the direction of running, is included in the measurement of the width of each lane. All start lines (except for the curved start lines) and the finish line are marked at right angles to the lane lines. The essential requirement for all start lines straight, narrow, staggered or curved is that the distance for every athlete is the same. For races of 800m or less, each athlete will have a separate lane at the start. Races of up to, and including, 400m are run entirely in lanes. Races of 800m start and continue in lanes until the end of the first bend. The exit from the first bend is marked distinctively with a 5cm wide line across the track and is called the breakline. The breakline is marked at each end by a flag at least 1.5m high, positioned outside the track, 30cm from the nearest lane line. Races over 800m are run without lanes using a curved start line. Immediately before the finish line, the lanes are marked with numbers a minimum height of 0.50m. All markings are 0.05m wide. All distances are measured in a clockwise direction from the edge of the finish line nearer to the start to the edge of the start line father from the finished. The data for staggered starts for the 400m Standard Track (constant lane width of 1.22m) is
shown on the next page. All track markings are in accordance with IAAF 400m Standard Track Marking Plan as shown in the IAAF Track and Field Manual 2003 Edition.
Relay zones
The relays involve four runners per team, each member carrying a baton for 25 per cent of the total distance before passing it to the next team runner. The relay marks for each changeover or take-over zone are provided for the 4 x 100m, 4 x 200m and 4 x 400m relays. The 4 x 200m relay is run in lanes for one lap plus the next bend so that runners can start running out of their lanes at the 800m breakline. Lines 5cm wide are drawn across the track to mark distances of the stages and to denote the scratch line. Each take-over zone is 20m long of which the scratch line is the centre. The zones shall start and finish at the edge of the zone lines nearest the start line in the running direction.
second group on a separate arced start line marked across the outer half of the track. The second group shall run as far as the end of the first bend on the outer half of the track. The separate arced line is marked so that all competitors run the same distance.
Construction measurements of a 400 metre standard running track Length of each straight section 84.390m
Construction of radium of curve (including raised kerb on inside of track) 36.500m Construction length of curve (semi-circle) Radius of measurement line in Lane 1 (30cm outside raised kerb) Length of curve along measurement line Length of track along measurement line Length of track on construction line (kerb) Lane width (including 5cm on outside) Steeplechase lap where the water jump is inside the 400m track 114.668m 36.800m 115.610m 400.00m 398.120m 1.220m 396.084m
Hurdles
Hurdles is a race over a series of obstacles called hurdles. Runners must remain in assigned lanes throughout a race, and though they may knock hurdles down while running over them, they may do so only with a leg or foot, not a hand. The standard 400m track, sprint track with 100m and 110m are used for hurdle races. Each hurdle is placed on
the track so that the feet are on the side of the approach by the athlete. The hurdle is placed so that the edge of the bar nearest the approaching hurdler coincides with the track marking nearest the athlete (see table below). The following are standard distances: men, junior men, youth boys 110m, 400m women, junior women, youth girls 100m, 400m Hurdle distances Race distance Men 110m 400m Women 100m 400m 0.838m 0.762m 13m 45m 8.50m 35m 10.50m 40m 1.067m 0.914m 13.72m 45m 9.14m 35m 14.02m 40m Hurdle height Distance start to 1st hurdle Distance between hurdles Last hurdle to finish line
There are 10 flights of hurdles in each lane, set out in accordance with the following tables:
The start and finish is marked by a 50mm wide line at right angles to the inner edge of the track. The distance of a selected race is measured from the edge of the starting line further from the finish, to the edge of the finish line nearer to the start.
Steeplechase races
Steeplechase is a race over an obstacle course that includes water ditches, open ditches and fences. The steeplechase track is integrated into the 400m standard track. The standard distances are 2000m (juniors) and 3000m. There are 18 hurdle jumps and five water jumps in the 2000m event and 28 hurdle jumps and seven water jumps in the 3000m event. There are five jumps in each lap after the finish line has been passed for the first time, with the water jump the fourth. The jumps are evenly distributed so that the distance between the jumps is approximately one-fifth of the nominal length of the lap. The hurdles are 91.4cm high for mens events and 76.2cm for womens events ( 3cm both) and are at least 3.94m wide. The section of the top bar of the hurdles and the hurdle at the water jump is 12.7cm.
The water jump, including the hurdle, is 3.66m 2cm in length and the water pit 3.66m 2cm in width. The bottom of the water pit is a synthetic surface or matting, thick enough to ensure a safe landing and to allow for spikes to grip satisfactorily (maximum 20-25mm). At the start of a race, the water is level with the surface of the track within a margin of 2cm. The water depth closest to the hurdle is 70cm for approximately 30cm. From there, the bottom has a uniform slope upwards to the level of the track at the farther end of the water pit. It is usual to locate the water jump on the outside of the track so that steeple hurdles do not have to be moved onto the track during the event.
Where would you like to go next? Archery Archery is the art of shooting arrows from a bow at a target. Athletics jumping events Track and field jumping events consist of four events: high jump, long jump, pole vault and triple jump. Athletics throwing events
The four standard throwing events shot put, discus, hammer, and javelin all involve the use of implements of various weights and shapes that are hurled for distance. In all throwing events, the object being thrown must land in a specified landing area. White lines 5cm wide delineate the area. Badminton Badminton is an indoor racquet game played by one or two players opposing an equivalent number across a net. Baseball Baseball is a bat and ball game between two teams of nine players each and is played on an enclosed field under jurisdiction of one or more umpires. The team that scores the greater number of runs is the winner. Basketball Basketball is played by two teams of five players each. The aim of each team is to score in the opponents basket and to prevent the other team from scoring. Billiards, Pool and Snooker Billiards, pool and snooker are played indoors on a pocket table. Bocce and Pentanque Bocce is played on soil, oyster shell or asphalt courts approximately 20m27m long and 2.5m4m wide, sometimes with wooden boards of approximately 15cm in height surrounding the court. Bowls Lawn Bowls Lawn bowls can be played as singles, pairs, triples and four-player teams and is played on a flat, grassed (or synthetic) surface called a green. Boxing Boxing is a sport in which two participants of similar weight fight each other with their fists in gloves in a series of one-to-three-minute intervals called rounds. The bout takes place in a roped area called a ring. Canoe Polo Canoe polo is a competitive ball game between two teams of five players each. Players paddle solo kayaks on a well-defined area of water, attempting to score goals against the opposition. The team that scores the most goals wins. Cricket Cricket is a high scoring bat and ball sport played between two teams, usually of 11 players each. Croquet Croquet is a competitive sport that involves hitting wooden or plastic balls with a mallet through hoops embedded into the grass playing arena. The object is to score through all hoops in the correct order. It is played as either singles or doubles (team). Cycling Information for track events, road events, BMX and mountain biking.
Darts Players throw darts at a circular target divided into different scoring areas. Games are played by individuals, pairs or teams of any numbers. Players aim to reduce a starting number exactly to zero. Diving Diving is an individual sport, with separate events for men and women. Most diving competitions consist of three disciplines 1m, 3m and tower, or platform. Equestrian Equestrian is the only Olympic sport where riders and their horses are established teammates and one of the few where men and women compete on equal terms. Fencing Fencing is a form of sword fighting which has a long history with its roots in the tradition of chivalry. Two rivals stand opposite each other and feint, lunge, parry and riposte until one scores the required number of hits to win. Flying disc Ultimate flying disc or frisbee is a seven-a-side sport played with a flying disc. It is played on a rectangular field with a zone at each end. The object of each team is to score a goal by having a player catch a pass in the end zone that they are attacking. Football Australian Rules Australian rules football, also known as Australian football, Aussie rules, or simply football or footy is a code of football played with a spheroid ball on large, oval-shaped fields with four posts at each end. Football Soccer Football, commonly known as soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each. It is played on a rectangular grass field, with a goal at each end. With the exception of the two goal keepers, players may not handle the ball, but must propel the ball with their head or feet. Gaelic Football Gaelic football is described as a mixture of Australian rules football, soccer and rugby. It is played with a ball similar to a soccer ball, on what looks very much like a rugby pitch, yet it is played in a similar fashion to Australian rules. Gaelic football is 15-a-side game played by both men and women. Gymnastics Gymnastics is the name given to a series of exercises practised by men and women. Emphasis is placed on strength, dexterity and artistry. The disciplines in gymnastics recognised by the Federation International de Gymnastique (FIG) and Gymnastics Australia are artistic, rhythmic, aerobic, trampoline and acrobatic. Handball
Handball is a fast-paced game involving two teams of seven players who pass, throw, catch and dribble a small ball with their hands while trying to score goals. The team with the most goals wins the game. A game consists of two 30-minute halves with a 10-minute half-time break. Hockey Hockey, or field hockey as it is known in some parts of the world, is a team game of 11-a-side played by men and women. It is played with a stick and a ball and most often played on grass or synthetic surfaces. Judo Judo means 'the gentle way' in Japanese. The moral code of judo is politeness, courage and sincerity. Judo is a combat sport that demands both physical prowess and great mental discipline. Karate Karate (kara meaning empty and te meaning hand) is a martial art whose protocols and technical language have emanated from ancient Japan. Its wide spectrum of techniques include a myriad of blocks, strikes, kicks, evasions and throws. Kendo Kendo literally means the way of the sword. Kendo is one of Japans oldest martial arts and the one most closely associated with the Samurai. The concept of Kendo is to discipline the human spirit through the principles of the katana (Japanese sword). Lacrosse Lacrosse is a team sport that is played with either 10 players (men) or 12 players (women), each of whom uses a netted stick to pass and catch a hard rubber ball with the aim of scoring goals. The team scoring the most points after two halves wins. Netball Netball is an international sport and played by two teams of seven players, based on throwing and catching. The object is to score goals from within a defined area by throwing a ball into a ring at ones own end of the court. Polo Polo is a four-a-side game whose players are mounted on horses and use wooden mallets or sticks to strike a plastic ball in an attempt to score goals. An area of five hectares is required. Polocrosse Polocrosse is a combination of polo, lacrosse and netball. It is played on horseback. Each rider uses a cane stick made up of a polo stick shaft to which a squash racquet-type head with a loose twisted-thread net is attached in which the ball is carried. Rugby League Rugby league is a team sport, played by two teams of 13 players. The aim is to carry an oval ball up the field towards the opponents in-goal where the ball is grounded to score a try, worth four points. Having scored the try, the team has the right to attempt to kick a goal worth a further two points if successful. The opposing team attempts to prevent the attacking team from carrying out this objective by tackling the player with the ball. Rugby Union
In rugby union football, the objective is to run an oval ball into the opposing teams goal area or to kick the ball through the uprights of the opposing teams goal. In a rugby match, play rarely stops completely, and players may only advance the ball by running or kicking. They are not permitted to make forward passes. Rugby union is played by teams with 15 players, although there is also rugby sevens, a quicker game with seven players a side. Shooting Competitive shooting consists of a number of events across the four disciplines of rifle, pistol, running target and shotgun. All events are conducted as individual and team events. Skating roller sports Skating includes speed skating, roller derby, roller and roller in-line hockey. Softball There are two forms of softball played around the world fast pitch and slow pitch softball. Squash Squash is an indoor racquet sport. The game is played by two players (or four players for doubles) with standard raquets in a four-walled court with a small, hollow rubber ball. The object of the game is to keep the ball in play while making it difficult for the opponent to do so. Swimming Swimming is an individual and team aquatic sport which is included in Olympic and other international level competitions. The four competitive strokes are the butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke and freestyle. At international level, swimming is governed by the rules of Federation Internationale to Nationale Amateur (FINA). Table tennis Table tennis is a sport in which two or four players hit a lightweight, hollow ball back and forth to each other with bats (called racquets or paddles). The game takes place on a table divided by a net. Taekwondo Taekwondo literally means 'the way of hand and foot' or, more specifically, 'the way of kicking and punching'. Taekwondo is a combat sport originating in Korea and is now one of the most widely practiced martial arts in the world. It is the national sport of Korea and is an Olympic sporting event. Tennis Tennis is a game played between either two players (singles) or two teams of two players (doubles). Players use a stringed racquet to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponents court so that they fail to return the ball. Tenpin Bowling Tenpin bowling is a sport in which a player (bowler) rolls (bowls) a bowling ball down a narrow, straight, flat, wooden or synthetic lane with the object of scoring points by knocking down as many of the ten pins as possible set in a triangular formation at the end of the lane. Touch Football
Touch, or touch football, comes from two rugby codes rugby league and rugby union. Although the skills of touch are close to those of these two sports, there is no body contact at all. For example, there are no tackles, scrums or hard kicking, and there are no goal posts. The emphasis is on running and agility, with hand passing and catching as key skills. Volleyball The sport of volleyball has two disciplines beach volleyball and indoor volleyball. Traditional six-a-side indoor volleyball is referred to as Olympic volleyball. Beach volleyball is played by two teams of two players on a sand court divided by a net, while Olympic volleyball is played on a hard court. Water polo Water polo is a team water sport, which can be best described as a combination of swimming, rugby and wrestling. Players swim the equivalent of up to 5km in a single game. To score, players throw the ball into the opponents goal which floats on the water. Apart from the goalkeeper, who is allowed to touch the bottom of the pool in the goalkeepers area, players cannot touch the bottom of the pool in any active part of the game. Each game is played over four eight-minute periods. Weightlifting Weightlifting requires a combination of power, speed, technique, concentration and timing. It is a sport in which competitors attempt to lift heavy weights mounted on steel bars called barbells. Wrestling Wrestling is one of the oldest sports in the world. Origins of wrestling can be traced back thousands of years through depictions in cave drawings in France and Egyptian murals. It is practiced in nearly every country. The two main styles that are showcased in the Olympic Games are Greco-Roman and freestyle. References A list of references used for the sports dimensions guide.
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