OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

EEE

AN INDUSTRIAL ORIENTED MINI PROJECT ON

OPERATION, MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS (APGENCO, RAMAGUNDAM)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement For the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY In ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (2008-2012) Submitted by GOLLA SAIRAM (08D41A0256) D RATNAKAR (08D41A0218)

UNDER THE ESTEEMED GUIDANCE OF INTERNAL GUIDE MS.PRANITHA ASSISTANT PROF. EXTERNAL GUIDE A.SATYANARAYA ASSISTANT AE (E/M) HEAD OF THE DEPT. MR .YELLAIAH ASSOCIATE PROF.

DEPT. OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING SRI INDU ENGINEEERING COLLEGE TECHNOLOGY (SIECT) (Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad) Sheriguda, ibrahimpatnam, Rangareddy dist.

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ABSTRACT
Transformer is an ac machine that transfer electrical energy from one electric circuit to another does so without a change in frequency does so by the principle of electro-magnetic induction and has electric circuits that are linked by a common magnetic circuit. The energy transfer takes place with a change of voltage.

The action of a transformer is based on the principle that energy may be efficiently transferred by induction from one set of coils to another by means of varying magnetic flux,provided that both the sets of coils are on a common magnetic circuit. In a transformer, the coils and magnetic circuit are stationary with respect to one another.

Methods of Protection: A transformer is protected against several faults by the protective devices like;  Buchholz relay, an alarming device for internal faults.  OTI and WTI for measuring and protection due to high oil and winding temperature.  Pressure relief diaphragm for reveling oil pressure due to internal faults.  Breather and silica get arrangement for venting in and out moisture free air.  Mineral oil for cooling as well as insulation purpose cooling system including radiators banks, fans, oil pups etc.  Conservation tank to take up expansion and contraction of oil during loading unloading cycles.

The main objective of the above project is to protect the transformer from various faults, and also cooling systems used to protect transformers. Most of the systems should be protected to obtain continuous supply of power to the load centers; here if any fault occurs the correspondent protective devices are operated. And hence the transformer is protected by all the methods used.

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CONTENTS S.NO TITLE

ABSTRACT LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF TABLES NOMENCLATURE ACKNOWLEDGE 1. TRANSFORMERS 1.1 why transformers 1.2 Transformer Introduction

Pg.NO
i ii iii iv

(1-9)
1

1.3 working Principal 1.4 Importance of Transformers 1.5 Importance of Transformers in thermal power plant. 2. DESCRIPTION OF EQUIPMENT AND ACCESSORIES OF TRANSFORMERS 2.1 Tank 2.2 Core 2.3 Bushing, Insulators and Terminals 2.4 windings 2.5 Conservation. 2.6 Aircell. 2.7 Breather. 2.8 Projection Devices Employed for transformer 2.9 On-Load tap changes and OFF-Load Tap Changer 2.10 Earthling Arrangements. 3. COOLING 3.1 On-Type. 3.2 OFF-Type. 3.3 OWT Type. 3.4 OWFT Type.
3.5 ABT Type 3.6 Radiators 3.7 Oil 3.8 Importance of Oil 3.9 Gas Analysis of Transformers 25 28

1 4 6 8 (11-21) 11 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 19 21 (23-28) 23 23 24 24
24 24 24

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4. TRANSFORMER LOSSES
4.1 Copper Loss 4.2 Eddy current Loss 4.3 Hysteresis loss.

(30-33)
31 31 32

5. MAIN TRANSFORMER IN APGENCO

5.1 introductions. 5.2 65 MVA Generator Transformer. 5.3 7.5 MVA Generator Transformer. 5.4 10 MVA-I Three Phase Transformer. 55 10 MVA-II Three Phase Transformer.

(34-39)
34 36 37 38 39

6. INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION SYSTEM

6.1 Introduction to protection system. 6.2 Protection of GT. 6.3 GT overall differential protection. 6.4 GT Overhead Earth Fault protection. 6.5 GT Overhead line differential protection 6.6 GT Overhead Fluxing protection. 6.7 UATs Differential protection.

(40-52)
40 44 46 50 51 51 52

7. CONCLUSION 8. BIBLIOGRAPHY

54 55

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LIST OF FIGURES

S.NO

TITLE

Pg.NO

1. 2. 3. 4.

Transformer Core Buchholzs Relay Temperature Indicator

3 12 16 17

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LIST OF TABLES

S.NO

TITLE

Pg.NO

1. 2. 3. 4.

Bushing insulators and Terminals Gas Analysis of Transformers Gas Concentration Limits Specification for Insulating Oil Stipulated in Indian

13 28 28 29

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NOMECLATURE

KVA KV N1 N2 F K m E1 E2 CT PT GT

:Kilo volt-ampere : Kilo volt :No of turns on pr :No of turns on secondary :Frequency :Transformation ratio :maximum flux of core. : The EMF induced in primary : The EMF induced in secondary. : Current transformer. : Potential transformer. : Generator transformer

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OPERATION, MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS

A Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology

In Electrical and Electronics Engineering By

GOLLA .SAIRAM D.RATNAKAR (Regd.No: 08D41A0256) (08D41A0218)
Under the esteemed guidance of Name of the Internal Guide:Miss Pranitha Qualification :M.Tech Designation :Asst Professor

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (Affiliated to JNTU Hyderabad)

Ibrahimpatnam, R.R.District, 501510

YEAR: 2008-2012 8 SICET B.TEC

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SRI INDU COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY Ibrahimpatnam, R.R.District, 501510

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Dissertation entitled OPERATION, MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS is a bonafide work done by G.SAIRAM,(Regd No:084D41A0256),D.RATHNAKAR,(Regd.No:08D41A0218) in partial fulfillment of the academic requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and Electronics Engineering , submitted to the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Sri Indu College of Engineering & Technology, Hyderabad during the period 2008-12.

Internal Guide
MS.PRANITHA

HOD, Dept of EEE MR.YELLAIAH

External examiner

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are very thankful to P.V.L.Narashima Rao, Superintending Engineer, RTS.B Ramagundam, for giving this opportunity of doing the mini project work. We are very grateful to Sri.B.ramana Reddy, Divisional Engineer/EM, RTS.B Ramagundam under whose guidance we were able to complete the project. We are also grateful to staff members of EM Division and especially Sri.Satyanarayana, Assistant Engineer/EM who gave their valuable suggestions and operation. We are very grateful to our principal Prof. Sri Mallesham and our H.O.D Sri.Yellaiah Associate professor of, SRI INDU ENGINEEERING COLLEGE TECHNOLOGY (SIECT),who gave their kind co-operation and allowed us to do the project outside the college campus.

BY

GOLLA SAIRAM D RATNAKAR

(08D1A0256) (08D1A0218)

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CHAPTER-1 TRANSFORMERS
WHY TRANSFORMERS?
 To optimize cost of bulk transformission of power from generators to customers  Reduction in transmission loss.  To reduce or increase voltage in AC system.  Enables safe supply voltage to consumers.  Isolation of two systems for voltage regulation.

1.1 TRANSFORMER INTRODUCTION:History:

The transformer principle was demonstrated in 1983 by Michael Faraday, although he used it only to demonstrate the principle of electromagnetic induction and did not foresee its practical uses. Viable designs would not appear until the 1880s, but with in less than a decade, the transformer was instrumental during the War of Currents in seeing alternating current systems triumph over direct current counterparts, a position in which they have remained dominant.

William Stanley, an engineer for Westinghouse, built the first commercial device in 1885 after George Westinghouse had bought Gaillard and Gibbs parents. This design was used commercially in 1886.

Hungarian engineers Zipernowsky, Blathy and Deri from Ganz Company in Budapest create the efficient ZED close0core model in 1885 based on the design by Gaulard and Gibbs. Their parent application made Dolivo-Dodrovolsky developed the first three-phase transformer in 1889.

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Transformer is a static piece of apparatus, which converts electrical energy from one voltage to another. As the system voltage goes up, the techniques to be used for the design, construction, operation and maintenance also become more and more critical. If proper care is exercised in the installation .operation, maintenance and condition monitoring of the transformer, it can give the user trouble free service throughout the excepted life of equipment, which is of the order of 30-40 years. Hence, it is very essential that the persons associated with the instruction operation or maintenance of the transformers are through with the instruction provided by the manufacturer. A Transformer is used to transfer electrical energy from one circuit to another .A transformer consists of two coils, a primary and secondary. The primary coil creates a magnetic field when an AC current passes through. Through magnetic induction principles, a transformer is able to create a potential difference between the primary coil and secondary coil.

The resulting effect from this magnetic potential is an electrical current is created in the second coil. The overall effect of this can be control by the power of the magnetic field, which is proportional to the surface area of the coils.

Transformers come in a variety of sizes, from the large 1000 gig watts transformers used by the power company to smaller transformers used in power plugs. Transformers are used to control the electrical current to the electrical device. Every transformer has different electrical properties. Therefore it is imperative to review all the crucial information prior to selecting a transformer.

Transformer is a vital link a power system which has made possible the power generated at low voltage (6600 to 2200 volts)to be stepped up to extra high voltages for transmission over long distances and then transformed to low voltages for utilization at proper load centers. In industrial and commercial application, transforms are used to step down voltages from service to lower distribution levels or lower utilization levels that may be required for a facility or plant .The important components of a transformer are:

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 Winding for carrying current made of copper well insulated with paper and wood  Magnetic core for liking flux from one circuit to another generally made of iron, steel etc., having special magnetic properties.  Bushing fro terminals of winding into the transformer.  Mineral oil for cooling as well as insulation purpose.  Cooling system including radiator banks ,fans, oil pumps etc.  Conservation tank to take up expansion and contraction of oil during loading/ unloading cycles.  OTI and WTI fro measurement and protection due to high oil and winding temperature.  Buchholz relay an alarming device for internal faults.  Pressure relief diaphragm fro relieving oil pressure due to any internal faults.  Breather and silica gel arrangement for venting in and out moisture free air.

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Fig:1.1 1.2 WORKING PRINCIPLE

DEFINITION:If a time voltage is applied to the primary winding of turns a current will flow in it producing a magneto motive force (MMF). Just as an electromotive force (EMF) drives current around an electric. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux through magnetic circuit. The primary MMF produces a varying magnetic flux in the core, and with an open circuit secondary winding, induces a back electromotive force (EMF). In accordance with Faradays law of induction, the voltage induced across the primary winding is proportional to the rate of change of flux equation in its simplest form, it consists of two inductive coils, which are electrically separated by magnetically linked through a path of low reluctance as shown in the figure.

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=2 fNaB=4.44fNaB 1.414

Figure The two coils possess high mutual inductance. if one coil is connected to a source of alternating voltage, an alternating flux is set up in the laminated core and it produces mutually induced E.M.F. if the second coil circuit is closed, a current flows in it and so electric energy is transferred from the first coil to the second coil.

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The first coil, in which electric energy is fed from the AC supply mains, is called primary winding, while the second coil is known as secondary winding.

A transformer can be viewed as a converter that can increase voltage and lower current, or vice versa. It only works when using AC. The transformer is effectively a magnetic circuit.

The transformer has two more coils of fire wrapped about a common core. If a transformer has an iron core, it will be shown with lines in the center. To deal with a transformer in a circuit analysis we need to pay attention to the polarity of the coils, and we may consider the inductance of each of each coil at times.

The necessity of the transformer arises when voltages are required to be changed. For example, the generated voltage of the alternate will be around 15Kv. It is not economical to have transmission and distribution systems at this voltage as, for the same power transmitted, the current will be more when compare to high voltage transmitted, the current through the conductor is reduced and there by copper losses are reduced.

As the current through the conductor is reduced, the conductor diameter can be reduced resulting in saving on the cost of conductor material and on the weight of the support structures.

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Thus for stepping up of voltage from the generating voltage we need a step up transformer. There are situations where the voltages will require stepping down also.

1.3 E.M.F Equation of the transformer:Let N1=No. of turns on primary N2= No. of turns on secondary m =maximum flux of cone F=frequency The EMF induced in primary : E1=4.44FNl m The EMF induced in secondary : E1=4.44FN2 m In an ideal transformer :

K is called the transformer ratio.

Again for an ideal transformer input VA=output VA. Therefore 11/12=K. Hence current are in the inverse ratio of the transformer ratio. The efficiency of the transformer is very high, as there are no moving parts there are no mechanical losses. The only losses in a transformer are

a)Iron losses due to eddy current and hysteresis in the magnetic core and b)Copper losses in the primary and secondary windings.

1.4 CLASSIFICATION OF TRANSFORMERS:Transformers are classified based upon:

1.Number of phases a)Single phase b)Poly phase transformers.

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 2. Construction a) Core type. b) Shell type. c) Berry type. 3) Function a) Power Transformers 1) Step up 2) Step down b) Distribution Transformers always step down

EEE

c) Instrument transformers 1. Current Transformer 2. Potential Transformers d) Welding Transformer 4. Number of windings. a) Single winding transformer (Auto transformer) b) Multi winding transformer 5. Types of cooling 1. Air cooled transformer a. Natural air cooled transformers b. Forced air cooled transformers c. Induced air cooled transformers 2. Oil cooled transformer a. Oil filled natural or self cooled transformer b. Oil filled forced air cooled transformer c. Oil filled forced water cooled transformer 6. Location a. Indoor transformer b. Outdoor transformer 18 SICET B.TEC

OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 7. Rating a. Low rating transformer b. Medium rating transformer c. High rating transformer 8. Frequency a. Low frequency (50 Hz or power frequency and audio frequency)

EEE

1.5 IMPORTANCE OF TRANSFORMERS IN THERMAL POWER PLANTS:The use of transformer has become inevitable in any thermal power plant rather in any industry today. In 62.5 KV generation at RTS.D the electricity is generated at 13.8 KV and current is approximately 2720A. If we transmit the same electrical energy to the grid then to transmit a current of 2720. We need very heavy conductors, very strong transmission towers. More over the lines loss shall be extremely high because current is very high and loss is proportional to the square of the current. So, by using generator transformers the voltage level is raised to the level of 132KV hence the current level comes to 2720A to 272A. by doing so the current is reduced approx by 1/10 times. Hence the losses are reduced by 1/100times .the high voltage levels (i.e132 KV) can be easily tackled by making high towers .The cost of such towers is quite low comparatively if we make towers to carry 2720A current and conductor size shall also be very low comparatively to 2720A current. In addition to above, if we dont have G.Ts in between generator and then fault on the grid side shall come to the generator and chances of genetor failure shall increase to very high level

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2.1 TANK:The tank is lot wielded mild steel plate construction, shot blasted on inside and outside remove scale before painting. Tanks are designed to withstand a vacuum in line with the CBIP recommendation. The tank is coated inside with a coat of yellow oil proof enamel. On the as per customers specification. The cover is either bell type of flat and remains mounted on the top of the tank and bolted to the bottom tank rim. Adequate number of inspection covers is provided. To make joint oil tight, neoprene-bonded cork or bit rile rubber gaskets are used. The gaskets are cut to size and shape where required joints or provided on the gaskets. Bi-directional flanged rollers suitable for moving the transformer on rail gauge are provided. The direction of rollers can be changed by jacking up the assembly Bi-Directional flanged rollers can be locked in required direction by bolting together roller mounting pad welded on the base of tank end bidirectional flanged rollers bracket with four number bolts. The tank is provided with all fittings and accessories as per the list given in OGA drawing. 2.2 CORE: The conductor for the flux  The Skelton for the mechanical rigidity of the active part  The core, an unbroken path for magnetic flux.

In all types of transformers, the core is constructed of sheet steel lamination to provide continuous magnetic path with a minimum of air gap. The steel used should have high permeability and a low hysteresis loss at the usual operating flux densities.

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The eddy currents loss is minimized by laminating the core with the lamination being insulating from each other by a high coat of core plate varnish or by an oxide layer on the surface. The thickness of lamination vary from 0.30mm to 0.5mm The magnetic circuit is a single limb, three or three plus two auxiliary limb type. Each limb
being mitered with top and bottom yokes. The laminations are made from high-grade non-aging cold rolled grain oriented alloy steel. The insulation of lamination is of Carlit-coating. Fig .2.2

The core has stepped cross section. The yokes are clamped by means of end frames and yoke bolts and clamped by means of resiglass tape over clamp plates. For lifting the core with winding, required numbers of lifting lungs are provided on end frames.
The yoke bolts. End frames, clamp plated and core are insulated from each other to withstand a test pressure of 2kv RMS. AT 50 Hz for one minute

2.3 Bushing Insulators And Terminals:Bushing are OIP condenser type or porcelain type depending upon the voltage class. The clearness in air between live conductive parts and live conductive part to earthed structures shall be as above.

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Basic rated system voltage (KV)rms

Basic Insulation level(KV)rms

Phase-Phase clearance(mm)

Phase

Earth

clearance(mm)

11 22 33 47 66 110/132 132 220 220 400

75 125 170 250 352 550 650 950 1050 1425

280 330 350 530 700 1220 1430 2000 2350 4000

140 230 320 480 660 1050 1270 1820 2150 3500

2.4 WINDINGS:The transformers are of two general types distinguished from each other by the manner in which the primary and secondary coils are placed around the laminated steel core. They are

(a) Shell type and (b) Core type.

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Winding are arranged in concentric formation with lowest voltage winding next to the core. In case, territory winding is arranged then this winding is placed next to the core. Over LV winding, HV tapping and HV main winding are placed.

Sometimes, tapping winding is placed after HV main winding depending upon requirement of impedances between various windings. Various types of winding used for making coils are as follows: 1) Tertiary winding 2) Low voltage : : spiral /Helical/Disc helical/Disc Pratially interleaved

disc/layers/winding/Disc/winding 3) High voltage 4) Tapping windings : : inter wound soiral or helical coil interleaved disc or ordinary disc.

Paper covered insulated copper strips or continuously transposed cables are used for making winding. Winding are compresses before assemble and remain in compressed position by means of clamping bolts 2.5 conservator:-

With the variation of temperature, there is corresponding variation in the volume. To account for this, an expansion vessel called is called to the transformer with a connecting pipe to the main tank. In smaller transformers, this vessel is open to atmosphere through dehydrating breathers (to keep the air dry). In large transformers, an air bag is mounted inside the conservator with inside of bag open to atmosphere though the breathers and out side surface if the bag in contact with the coil surface.

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 2.6 AIRCELL

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It is a flexible separator fitted inside the conservator. Oil being out of the air cell, the separator is in direct contact with the atmosphere. This type of mounting makes it possible to compensate for the oil volume displacements due to temperature variations and ensures.

1. An efficient barrier between oil and air. 2. A protection against water vapour. 3. The suppression of any gas bubbles formation in the oil.

Air cell is made from coated fabric external coating resistant to transformer oil and inner coating resistant to ozone and weathering.

1. Air cell. 2. Magnetic oil gauge. 3. Breather. 4. Drain value. 5. Air release plugs. 6. Flanges for transformer connection. 7. Air cell supporting lugs 8. Oil. 9. Pressure gauge connection (plug) 10. Pressure gauge.

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11. Breather connection flange. 12. Conservator end cover. 13. Inspection cover.

2.7 BREATHER:-

Both transformer oil and cellulose paper are highly hygroscopic. Paper being more hygroscopic then the mineral oil, the moisture, if not excluded from oil surface in conservator, thus will find its way finally in to the paper insulation and causes reduction induction strength of transformer. To minimize this, the conservator is allowed to breathe only through the silica gel column, which absorbs the moisture in air before it enters the conservator air surface.

2.8 PROTECTION DEVICES EMPLOYED FOR TRANSFORMERS:i. BUCHHOLZS RELAY:

In the event of a fault, oil or insulations decomposes by heat producing gas or developing an impulse oil flow. To detect these phenomena, a Buchholz relay is installed. The Buchholz relay is installed at the middle of the connection pipe between the transformer tank and the conservator.

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This has two floats, one of them with surge catching baffle and gas collecting space at top. This is mounted in the connecting pipeline between conservator and main tank. This is the most dependable protection for a given transformer.

Gas evolution at a slow rate that is associate with minor faults inside the transformers givens rise to the operation or top float whose contacts are wired for alarm. There is a glass window with marking to read the volume of gas collected in the relay. Any major fault in transformer creates a surge and the surge element in the relay trips the transformer and the mounting angle also is specified for proper operation of the relay.

ii.

TEMPERATURE INDICATORS

a. Oil temperature indicators available are: b. Winding temperature indicators

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Most of the transformers (small transformer have only OTI) are provided with indicators that displays oil temperature and winding temperature. There are thermometers pockets provided in the tank top cover, which hold the sensing bulls in them. Oil temperature measured is that of the top oil, where as the winding temperature measurement is indirect.

a. OIL TEMPERATURE INDICATOR: Oil temperature indictor is a distance thermometer operating on the principle of liquid expansion. It provided local indication of the top oil temperature at the Marshalling Box. The connection between the thermometer bulb and the dia indicator is made by the flexible steel capillary tube. The bulb is enclosed in a pocket and the pocket is fixed on the transformer at the hottest oil region. The pocket has to be filled with transformed oil. The oil temperature indicator is provided with a maximum pointer and two mercury switches one from alarm and other for trip. Switches are suitable for 250V AC or DC, the mercury switches are adjusted to make contact between 50 and 120 and have fixed differential of 10 C. OTI repeater is suitable for 100V AC
Alarm = 85 C Trip =90 C

b. WINDING TEMPERTURE INDICATOR This indicator operating on the principle of liquid expansion provides local indication at the marshalling box of hot spot temperature of winding. The winding hot spot to top oil temperature differential is simulated by means of a heater coil fitted around the operating bellows.
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A current proportional to the load current is fed to the heater coil from a current transformer, fitted on the LV winding. The bulb of the WTI fitted at the top senses top oil temperature. Thus winding temperature indicators temperature indicators temperature readings are proportional to load current plus top oil temperature. The thermometer bulb is connected by capillary tubing to the local indicator and by wiring from the local indicator to repeater on control panel in control room. Repeater is suitable for 110V AC. The indicator is fitted with maximum pointer and four mercury switches. First one is used alarm and 2nd is used for trip and 3rd for fan control and 4th for pump control. All the switches are adjustable on their individual scales over the entire working range of the instrument. All mercury suitable for 250V AC or DC. For details, refer catalogue on WTI. The pocket has to be filled with transformer oil. The temperature for alarm and trip contact setting shall be as under: a) Alarm -95 b) Trip -100 c) Fans ON-60 d) Pump ON-75 At an ambient temperature of 45

iii.

PRESSURE RELIEF DEVICE/EXPANSION VENT:

Transformers tank is a pressure vessel as the inside pressure can group steeply whenever there is a fault in the windings are the surrounding oil is suddenly vaporized. Tanks as such are tested for a pressure with stand capacity of 0.35Kg/cm.

To prevent bursting of the tank and the catastrophe these tanks are in addition provided with expansion vents with a thin diaphragram made of Bakelite/Copper/Glass at the end. In present day transformers, pressure relief devices or replacing the expansion vents. These are similar to safety valves on boilers (spring loaded).
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iv.

SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY:

It is provided for trouble detection inside the transformer. The minimum working differential pressure is 0.32kg/sqmm. The minimum pressure increases for the actuation 0.6kg/sqmm/sec.

v.

MAGNETIC OIL GAUGE:

This is dial-reading gauge mounted directly on the conservation to give continuous oil level indication normally mounted on the conservation and cover at an inclination of 15 C to vertical so it will be readable from ground. The is supplied with oil level alarm contacts this oil gauge is electrically connected to the terminal box with oil gauge. Connections from this terminal box should be taken to marshaling box.

2.9 ONLOAD TAP CHANGER & OFFLOAD TAP CHANGER:-

In the transformers, taping on the coil are brought out to the terminal so that No. of turns on the winding, usually high voltage, winding can be changed to compensation for the voltage drops in the distribution system. Thus, the caps changing transformers are two types:

1. OFF LOAD tap changing Transformer:

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Fig 2.9(i)

In off load tap changing system, whenever a tap is to be changing, the transformer is required to disconnect from load. Thus the load tap is changing can be used for changing the voltage ratio slighting for different load only when there is no objection for interruption of supply.

ii. ONLOAD TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMER:

In order to make the tap changing possible with the transformer ON load (with out interrupting the supply) special arrangement are to be provided.

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2.10 EARTHING ARRANGEMENT:a) CORE EARTHING:

Connecting leads from core and end frames are being terminated at top of cover. By connected them to tank cover, core and frames becomes earthed. Insulation resistance between the leads from core and end frame or between lead from core and earth point can be checked by 500 volts merger. Leads from end frame have been brought out for proper earthing for end frame.
b) TANK TO TANK COVER EARTHING:

Tank to tank cover earthing is done by connecting copper braid between tank rim and tank cover with the help of bolts used to tight tank cover and tank together.
c) EARTHING TO TANK: For earthing tank, two numbers studs have been provided on tank 2 Nos. M-16 Nuts are required to make perfect earthing between pads on tanks and external strip.

CHAPTER-3
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COOLING OF TRANSFORMERS

Heat is produced in the windings due to current flowing in the conductors (I R) and in the core because of eddy currents and hysteresis losses. In the small dry type, transformer heat is dissipated directly to the atmosphere. In oil immersed transformers heat is dissipated by thermosyphon system action. The oil serves the medium for transferring the heat produced inside the transformer to outside atmosphere. Thermo-siphon action refers to the circulating currents set up in a liquid because of temperature differences between one part of the container and other. When oil becomes hot it becomes lighter and therefore rises up, drawing in its wake colder oil from below. The rising current of oil takes the heat away from the coil surfaces to the top of the tank, from there it passes down the radiator tubes where the heat is radiated out in the atmosphere. As the oil gets cooled it becomes heavier and sinks to the bottom. As the size of the transformer becomes large, the rate of oil circulating by a thermosiphon action becomes insufficient ti dissipate all the heat produced and an artificial means of increasing the circulation have to be adopted, namely forced oil circulation by electric pumps, providing large radiators with forced air draft, coupling by electric fans which are automatically switched on and off depending upon the loading of transformer. In very large transformers special coolers with water circulation may be have to be employed.

METHODS OPF COOLING EMPLOYED IN TRANSFORMERS;

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Oil immersed natural cooled transformers {ON type} Oil immersed forced air-cooled transformers {OF type} Oil immersed water-cooled transformers {OW type} Oil immersed oil cooled transformers {OWF type} Air blast transformer {AB type}

3.1 Oil immersed natural cooled transformers {ON type}: 32 SICET B.TEC

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In the transformers of this the core and winding coils are immersed in insulating oil contained in an iron tank. The heat produced in the core and windings is transferred to the tank surface through oil by conduction methods, and then tank surface dissipates the heat to the surroundings. Transformers or insulating oil not only keeps the winding cool, but also provides the transformer with additional insulation. Such a transformer is used for distribution purposes.

3.2 Oil immersed forced air-cooled transformers {OF type}:

In this type of transformer, the core and winding are immersed in the oil and cooling isincreased by force air over the cooling surfaces. The air forced over external surfaces of tubes by means of fans mounted external to the transformers. This type of transformers usually adopted in substation and generating stations.

3.3 Oil immersed water-cooled transformer {OW type}:

In this type of transformers, the core and winding are immersed in oil and cooling is increased by circulation of cold water through the tubes immersed in oil. The water tubes usually provided at the top of the tank, there the temperature of the oil is highest.

3.4 Oil immersed forced air-cooled transformers {OF type}:

In this type of transformers, the core and winding are immersed in oil and is cooled by forced oil circulation. The forced oil circulation is obtained by use centrifugal pump, which is located at the inlet or outlet. The pump motor used for the purpose is designed operate totally immersed in the cooling liquid being circulated.

3.5. Air blast transformer {AB type}: 33 SICET B.TEC

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It is dry type transformer cooled by a forced circulation of air through core and windings. This type of cooling transformer is limited to voltages not exceeding 25KV. It is used in substations located in thickly populated areas where oil is considering as fire hazard. The main disadvantage of the system is that insulation strength, due to immersion in oil is not obtained.

3.6 RADIATORS:

Radiators are used to increase the cooling area. Due to transformer loses oil gets heated up, hot oil rises to top and flows to radiator. In radiator while flowing down, oil dissipates heat to cooling medium. Cold oil again enters transformer at bottom of radiators.

3.7 Oil:-

It is mineral oil. It is filled in the tank of the transformer. It is used for heat dissipation, insulation and spark quenching medium also.

3.8 IMPORTANCE OF OIL:

Oil As A coolant:-

In discussion of the other basic materials, iron and copper are made of the energy losses, which their use entails. These of course manifest themselves in the form of heat. This result in rise in temperature of the system be it core and windings, core frames, tank or other ancillary parts these will reach an equilibrium when the heat is beating taken away as fast it is being produced.

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For great majority of transformers, this temperature is said by the use of paper insulation, which, if it to have an acceptable working life, must limited to somewhere in the region of 100 c. efficient is therefore essential, and for all but smallest transformers, a liquid best provides. For most transformers, mineral oil is the most efficient medium for absorbing heat from the core and windings and transmitting it, sometimes aided by forced circulation, to the naturally or artificially cooled outer surfaces of the transformers. The heat capacity, specific heat and thermal conductivity of the oil have an important influence on the rate of transfer.

Oil As Insulator:-

In most electrical equipment there are number of different parts at different electrical potential and there is a need to insulate these from each other. If these equipment is to be made as economical as possible the separation between these different parts must be reduced to as much as possible, which means that equipment must be able to operate at as high an electrical stress as possible. In addition, transformers are often required to operate for short periods above the rated voltage or to withstand system transients under switching or lighting surges.

The oil is required to make an important contribution to the efficiency of the solid insulation by penetrating in to and filling spaces between the layers of wound insulation and by impregnating, after they been dried and desecrated by exposure to vacuum, paper and other cellulose based insulation materials. In transformers, the insulating oil provides an medium as well as a heat transferring medium that carries away heat produced in the windings and iron core. Since the electric strength and the life of a transformer depend chiefly upon the quality of the insulating oil, it is very important to use a high quality insulating oil.

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS Specifications of insulating oil:-

EEE

The insulating oil used for transformer should generally meet the following requirements:

a) Provide a high electric strength. b) Permit good transfer of heat. c) Have low specific gravity-In oil of low specific gravity particles which have become suspended in the oil will settle down on the bottom of the tank more readily and at a faster rate, a property aiding the oil in retaining its homogeneity. d) Have a low viscosity-Oil with low viscosity, i.e., having greater fluidity, will cool transformers at a much better rate e) Have low pour point-oil with low point will cease to flow only at low temperatures. f) Have a high flash point. The flash point characterizes its tendency to evaporate. The lower the flash point the greater the oil will tend to vaporize. When oil vaporizes, it loses in volume, its viscosity rises, and an explosive mixture may be formed with the air above the oil. g) Not attack insulating materials and structural materials. h) Have chemical stability to ensure life service. Various national and international specification have been issued on insulating oils for transformers to meet the above requirements.

ANALAYSIS OF GASE

The analysis of gases dissolved in oil has proved to be a highly practical method for the field monitoring of power transformers.

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This method is very sensitive and gives an early warning of incipient faults. It is indeed possible to determine from an oil sample of about one liter the presence of certain gases down to a quantity of a few mm3,i.e, a gas volume corresponding to about 1 million of the volume of the liquid(ppm).

The gases (with the exception of N2 and O2) dissolved in the are derived from the degradation of oil and cellulose molecules that takes place under the influence of thermal and electrical stresses. Different stress modes, e.g., normal operating temperatures, hot spots with different high temperatures, partial discharges and flashovers, produce different compositions of the gases dissolved in the oil.

The relative distribution of the gases is therefore used to evaluate the origin of the gas production and the rate at which the gases are formed to assess the intensity and propagation of the passing.

Both these kinds of information together provide the necessary basis for the evaluation of any fault and the necessary remedial action. The fault types that can should be identified are corona, electrical discharges, excessively hot metal surfaces and fast degradation of cellulose. It is possible to obtain an idea of the type of fault by using a diagnosis scheme.

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS GAS ANALYSIS OF TRANSFORMER:-

EEE

Type of Gas CARBON MONOXIDE CARBON DIOXIDE CO CO2

Caused by AGEING

HYDROGEN, ACETYLENE ETHANE, ETHENE, PROPANE, HYDROGEN, METHANE,

H2 C2H2 C2H6 C2H4 C3H6 H2 CH4

ELECTRIC ARCS

LOCAL OVERHEATING

CORONA

Gas concentration limits: used in the interpretation of DGA data. A statistical survey concerning

gas concentration in transformers oil using the results of the survey the following limits have been set:

H2 CH3 C2H6 C2H4 C2H2 CO CO2

Threshold limit 20 10 10 20 1 300 5000

Warning limit 200 50 50 200 3 1000 20000

Fault limit 400 100 100 400 10

Unit ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS The specifications for insulating oil stipulated in india Standard 335:1983 are given below. Characteristic Requirement The oil shall be clear and transparent and free from suspended matter or sediments 0.89 b/cm3

EEE

Appearance

Density at 29.5 C, max

Interfacial tension at 270 C, Min

0.04 N/m.

Flash point Min

104 c

Pour point Max Corrosive sulphur (in terms of classification of copper strip). Electric strength (breakdown voltage) Min a) new unfiltered oil b) after filtration Dielectric dissipation factor (tan ) at 90 c Max Specification resistance (receptivity): a) 90 c Min At 270 Min Oxidation stability a) Neutralization value after oxidation Max. b) Total Sludge after oxidation , Max Presence of oxidation inhibitor

-9 c

Non-corrosive

30 kV(rms) 60 kV(rms) 0.002

35 ohm/cm 1500 ohm/cm 0.4 mg KOH/g 0.10 percent by weight The oil shall not contain antioxidant additives

10

11

12

Water content, tax

15 ppm

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CHAPTER -4 TRANSFORMER LOSSESS Practical power transformers, although highly efficient, are not perfect devices. Small power transformers used in electrical equipment have an 80 to 90 percent efficiency range, while large commercial exceeding 98 percent. The total power loss in a transformer is a combination of three types of losses. One loss is due to the dc resistance in the primary and secondary windings. This loss is called COPPER loss or 12R loss.

The two other losses are due to EDDY CURRENTS and to HYSTERESIS in the core of the transformer/ Copper loss, eddy-current loss, and Hysteresis loss result in undesirable conversion of electrical energy into heat energy.

1. Load loss (or copper loss). 2. No load loss (or iron loss)

The total transformer loss, TOTAL, at any load level can then be calculated from:

PTOTAL=P No-Load+(%Load)x P Load

4.1 COPPER LOSS:

Whenever current flows in a conductor, power is dissipated in the resistance of the conductor in the form of heat. The amount of power dissipated by the conductor is directly proportional to the resistance of the wire, and to the square of the current through it.

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The greater the value of resistance or current resistance or current, the greater is the power dissipated. The primary and secondary windings of a transformer are usually made of low-resistance copper wire

COPPER LOSSES

Heat produced 121% of rated heat Produced rated heat produced

rated heat produced rated heat rated 110% load produced load The resistance of a given winding is a function of the diameter of the wire and its length. Copper loss can be minimized by using the proper diameter wire can be used for low-current windings.

4.2 EDDY-CURRENT LOSS:

The core of a transformer is usually constructed of some type of ferromagnetic material because it is a good conductor of magnetic lines of flux. Whenever the primary of an iron-core transformer is energized by an alternating-current source, fluctuating magnetic field is produced. This magnetic field cuts the conducting core material and induces a voltage into it. The induced voltage causes random currents to

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flow through the core which dissipates power in the form heat. These undesirable currents are Eddy currents. To minimize the loss resulting from eddy currents, transformer cores are laminated. Since the thin, insulated laminations do not provide an easy path for current, eddy-current losses are greatly reduced.

4.3 HYSTERESIS LOSS:

When a magnetic field is passed through a core, the core materials become magnetized.

To become magnetized, the domains within the core must align themselves with external field. If the direction of the field is reversed, the domains must turn so that their poles are aligned with the direction of the external field. Power transformers normally operate from either 50Hz, or 400Hz alternating current. Each tiny domain must realign itself twice during each cycle, or a total of 100 times a second when 50Hz alternating current is used. The energy used to turn each domain is dissipated as heat within the iron core. This loss, called Hysteresis losses, can be thought of as resulting from molecular, Hysteresis loss can be held to a small value by proper choice of core material

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TRANSFROMERS NAME PLATE DETAILS

S.NO 1. 2. 3. 4.

TITLE 65 MVA GENERATOR TRANSFORMER 75 MVA GENERATOR TRANSFORMER 10 MVA-I THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER 10MVA-II THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

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65 MVA GENERATOR TRANSFORMERS

DETAILS OF EQUIPMENT
Power Transformer with on Load Tap Changing: Type-WFLOC KVA at HV: 65000 KVA at LV: 65000 Form -3NYCP Type of cooling: OFW Frequency : 50HZ

Volts at HV: 138000 Volts at LV:13800

oil Liters

: 32700

Wt. of oil tones : 29.4

Amps HV : 272 Amps LV: 2720

Total Wight tones: 114 Year of Mfg : 1965

Phases HV: 3 Phases LV: 3

Impedance volts

: 9.90%

Vector Group: Yd1 No. of taps : 19

Core & wedge tones : 54.0

Oil Circulation Liter per Minute :1800 Water circulation liter per minute:720

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75 MVA A GENERATOR TRANSFORMER HEAVY ELECTRICALS (INDIA) LIMITED, BHOPAL TRANSFORMER TO INDIAN STANDARD 2026: 1962 TEMPERATURE RISE OIL : 40 C WINDING: TYPE OF COOLING : OFB ON MVA RATING 75 37.5 KV (NO LOAD) HV 132 132 LV 13.8 13.8 LINE AMPS HV 328 164 LV 3140 1570 PHASES HV 3 3 LV 3 3 FREQUENCY C/s 50 50 IMPEDANCE VOLTS 12.5 VECTOR SYMBOL Ydl MAKERS SERIAL No 6001467 ELECT.SPECIFICATION No 600083 YEAR OF MANUFACTURING 1968 DAIGRAM DRAWING No F 6126794 INSULATION LEVEL (KV) HV 550 Peak NEUTRAL 40 RMS LV 95 Peak CORE AND WINDINGS Kgs 57730 WEIGHT OF OIL Kgs 27600 TOTAL WEIGHT Kgs 120060 OIL QUANTITY Kgs 32620 NUMBER OF TAPS 15
HV(KV) TAP POSITION 145.2 1 143.3 2 141.4 3 139.5 4 137.7 5 135.8 6 130.1 7 132.0 8 130.1 9 128.2 10 126.3 11 124.5 12 122.6 13 120.7 14 118.8 15 LEAD CONNECT N-1 N-2 N-3 N-4 N-5 N-6 N-7 N-8 N-9 N-10 N-11 N-12 N-13 N-14 N-15 45 SICET B.TEC PHASE A +N + + + 15 14 13 + + + + 12 11 10 9 + + + + 8 7 6 5 + + + + 4 3 2 1

55 C

PHASE B

PHASE C

+ + + 15 14 13 + + + + 12 11 10 9 + + + + 8 7 6 5 + + + + 4 3 2 1

+ + + 15 14 13 + + + + 12 11 10 9 + + + + 8 7 6 5 + + + + 4 3 2 1

TERMINAL POSITION AS SEEN ON TAP CHANGER SIDE OF TERMINAL BOARD NUMBER CORRESPOND TO WINDING TAPPING NUMBERS

OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS 10MBA-1 KVA : 1000 Voltage AT NO Load ; HV-LV-3300 Amperes : HV : LV : 1749.5 PHASES HV 3Y VECTOR GROUP : YNd1 TYPE OF COOLING : ONAN TRANSFROMER No : 86VG-004/1 YEAR OF MANUFACTURING : 1987 SPECIFICATION : 202G-1977 Generated max temp rise in oil/wedge over ambient of : 50 C Insulation level : LT 170AC70/LI40 AC10 HV VOLTS 36300 35888 35475 35063 34650 34238 33825 33413 33000 32588 32175 31763 31350 30938 30525 30113 29700 AMPS 159 160.9 162.8 164.7 166.6 168.6 170.7 172.8 175.0 177.2 179.4 181.8 184.2 186.6 189.1 191.7 194.4 ONLOAD TAP CHANGER POSITION CONNECTION 1 3-4 2 3-5 3 3-6 4 3-7 5 3-8 6 3-9 7 3-10 8 3-11 9 3-12 10 3-13 11 3-14 12 3-15 13 3-16 14 3-17 15 3-18 16 3-19 17 3-20 LV

EEE

3.3KV

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EEE

THREEE PHASE TRANSFORMER

TO INDIAN STANDARD SPECFICATION NO.IS:2026/77 TYPE OF COOLING :ON AN Kva:1000 IMPEDENCE AT 75 C: TAP No 1 MAX:8.647 VOLTS: HV:132KV TAP NO: 5 MOR:8.35+OR -10% (NO LOAD) LV:3.3KV TAP NO.17 MIN:7.699 AMPERES:HV:4374 APPROX WEIGHT OF CORE & WDGS:13000Kgs LV:1749.5 APPROX TOTEL MASS :30250Kgs PHASES: 3 APPROX MASS OF OIL :8250 Kgs FREQUENCY:50 Hz VOLUME OF OIL :9500Kgs VECTOR GROUP:YNdl MAX TEMP RISE IN OIL/WDG :50/55 C MAKERS SL No:13108 TRANSPORTATION MASS(OIL FILLED):25300Kgs YEAR OF MANUF:2003 UN TANKING MASS : 13000Kgs INSULATION LEVEL:LI 550 AC 230-L195AC38/L145 AC21 PURCHASE REF:BMU 352/CGT-11/612/12/RTS.B/F.10 MVA.TR/D.No:510/DT:11.01.02

TAP NO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

VOLTS AMPS
145200 143550 141900 140250 138600 136950 135300 133650 132000 130350 128700 127050 125400 123750 122100 120450 118800 39.76 40.22 40.69 41.16 41.65 42.16 42.67 43.20 43.74 44.29 44.86 45.44 46.04 46.65 47.28 47.93 48.60

ACROSS POSITION VOLTS AMPS

19 18 17 16 15 14

ACROSS

2U

12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 47

1749.5 AMPS

13

3300VOLTS

2V

2W

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CHAPTER 6 INTRODUCTION TO PROTECTION SYSTEMS

When anything abnormal occurs in an electrical system, some action is necessary to isolate the abnormal condition either instaneously or, in some circumstance, after a predetermine time delay. Such action must be automatic and selective, i.e. it must segregate the faulty section or piece of equipment leaving the healthy remain in normal service. This is the function of protection gear, which, in one from or another, is designed to sense the presence of dangerous condition and based on this sensing, to isolate the circuit.

In very load terms, the abnormal conditions against which protection is required may be summarized as follows.

 The condition of overloading which, if persistent leads to overheating of transformer or machine winding, bus bars, connections and insulated cables.  The failure of insulation to an extent where a dangerous leakage of current can occurs to an earth.  The failure of insulation to an extent where a short-circuit occurs between two or three phases.  The loss or a serious drop in, system voltage causing, machines to be stop. Attributes of protection system

The speedy elimination of the fault by the protection system requires correct operation of a number of subsystems of the protection system. The protection system can be divided into three sub systems. a) Circuit breakers (CB) b) Instrument transformers (CT, PT) c) Relays (R)

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a) Circuit breakers (CB):

The circuit breakers are the devices, which interrupt the current at a very rapid speed. The order of tripping time is around 20-30 ms for the 400 KV system and the time is around 80 ms for the switchgear of HV & LV. The zero breaking of the AC current is used for interruption of the current.

The quenching media SF6, oil, air and vacuum are generally used for the circuit breakers. The most popular being SF6 for EHV/HV switchgear, which has very good insulation properties and are quenching abilities.

b) Instrument Transformers (CT, PT):

The current and voltage of the protected equipment are converted into low level for relay operation. This is done for two reasons. 1. The lower level input to the relays ensures that the physical hardware to construct the relays will be quite small and less expensive and
2. The personnel working with the relays are in safe working environment.

It is necessary that the CT & PT reproduce the current and voltage in the secondary circuit, which duplicated waveform as correctly as possible. The amount of power delivered by these is very low and consists of relays. The load on CT & PT is commonly known as their burden.

i)

Current Transformers:

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There are two types of current transformers generally in use, namely live tank and dead tank in EHV systems. At Ramagundam the 400 KV CTs are of dead tank which consist of a single bar passing through a toroid which consists of five CT secondary core. The secondary winding terminals are marked as a- b- and the dots are placed at the terminal marks a and a of the current transformers which is shown in the figure. When the primary current enters terminal a, the current leaving the dotted terminal aof the secondary winding is in phase with primary current. The current is fed to the protection relay, which gives output depending on the magnitude of the input.

ii) The Potential Transformers:

The Potential transformer is similar to multi winding over transformer. For voltages at HV and EHV levels a capacitance potential divider is used as shown in figure. Capacitor C1 and C2 are so adjusted that few kilovolts is obtained across C2 when terminal A is at system potential. The voltage stepped down to low voltage of around 63.5V across three coils which are used for protections and metering circuit in the system.

c) Relays

The job of a relay is to discriminate between a fault with in its zone of protection and all other system conditions it must act, energized that the trip coil of its associated circuit breakers and provide

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security against false tripping for fault outside zones. A relay is made secure and dependable by designing into logical decision making capabilities such that it produces correct output.

When a fault occurs in a system, results sudden rise in current towards the fault associated with reduction in voltage in system. This power signals are very high and are converted into lower level by instrument transformers and fed to the relays. These relays decide depending on the logic built in, energizes the trip coil of the circuit breaker whose contacts are series with faulty line move apart very rapidly. As the current through breaker passes through zero, the space between the contact becomes a dielectric and disconnects faulty section from the rest of the system. The entire process from the time of initiation of the fault to its final clearance takes between 30-100 ms depending on the protection system used.

The majority of relays fall into 5 categories:

1. Magnitude relays 2. Direction relays 3. Ratio relays 4. Differential relays 5. Pilot relays

Magnitude relays:

The most common for of these type relays responds to magnitude of the input that is current or voltage and operate to trip whenever the magnitude exceeds a certain value, which is adjustable. If the value of current in healthy system is [Ip] and exceeds the fault current magnitude [If] then the following will be produced. [If] > [Ip] trip
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[If] < [Ip] block

Differential relays:

The differential protection is often used for important critical equipment like generators, transformers and motors by way of continuous current monitoring. The current at the two ends of the equipment are measured by placing the current transformers having the same turn ratio. The CT is so connected in normal condition, the end for faults outside the zone of protection. The difference of currents is zero i.e.

I1-I2=0 For faults inside the protected zone I1-I2=If-If is the fault current as seen from the secondary side of CTs. Due to errors of the current transformers there are inaccuracies in the measurement and to overcome this a low value of current in chosen such that [I1] > [I2] trip [I1] < [I2] block

Pilot relays:

The pilot relays are similar to the relays discussed above but are applied for the transmission lines, which are far apart. The method applied is to compare the current signal of

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local and remote by power line carrier of the same transmission line by injecting the signal through high frequency.

During fault condition the currents at the ends of protective feeders are in anti-phase. While during an internal fault the current tend towards the in phase condition causing a phase shift of 180r with respect to the reference condition. The relays are usually permitted to operated at an angle of 30r 60r, which is called stability angle.
The protection of power system equipment:

The general philosophy of relay application is to divide the power system into protective zones that can be protected adequately with the minimum amount of system disconnected. The power system is divided into protective zones for: a. Generators b. Transformers c. Buses d. Transmission and distribution circuits e. Motors

6.2 PROTECTION OF GT:

The Ramagundam super Thermal Power Station (RSTPS) with the installed capacity of 2600 MW having 3 X200 MW, 3 X500MW and 1 X500MW units in three stages. This is the biggest power generating station in southern state. In this region only RSTPS is having 500MW TG set, 4 Nos. The generator units are connected to the 400KV switchyard through the step-up generator transformer. The power is evacuated through the 400 KV, 220 KV and 132 KV feeders connected to the switchyard. The electrical protection philosophy adopted at RSTPS is classified into following categories where duplicated protections are without duplication equipments:

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1. Generator protection 2. Transformer protection 3. Switchyard protection

4. Feeder protection TRANSFORMER PROTECTION:

a) Winding Earth fault b) Winding inter turn faults c) Over fluxing d) Buchholz protection e) Rapid pressure rise f) Winding Temperature high g) Oil temperature high h) Fire protection etc

y y y y y y y y y y y

Circuit breakers on HV side Overall different current relays covering the generator zone also in addition to transformer differential protection Restricted earth fault relay on HV side Over flux relay Neutral over current relay against sustained external system earth faults Buchhlozs relay with alarm and trip contacts OTI with alarm and trip contacts WTI with alarm and trip contact Magnetic oil gauge with low level alarm contact. Lightening arresters on HV side when the transformer is located out doors and connected to overhead lines Pressure release device with trip connect on transformers rated 100 MWA and above.

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DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

The differential system can be arranged to cover the complete transformer, this is possible because of high efficiency of transformer operation, and the close equivalence of ampere turns developed on primary and secondary winding. The principles of current transformer on the primary and secondary sides are connected to from circulating current system.

BASIC CONSIDERATION FOR TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

a) Line current transformer primary ratings:

The rated currents of primary and secondary sides of a two windings transformer will be depend on the MVA rating of transformer and will be inverse ratio of corresponding voltages. For the three windings transformer the rated current will be depend upon MWA rating. Line current transformer should therefore have primary rating equal to or above the rated currents of transformer winding to which it is applied.

b) Current transformer connections:

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The current transformer connections should be arranged, where necessary to compensate for phase difference between line current on each side of power transformer the transformer connected in delta/star.

6.3 G.T OVER ALL DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

Since generator transformer is directly connected to the stator winding it would be proper to include the transformer winding associated bus-duct including those for UAT H.V side and conductors in a similar circulated current protection scheme.

Fig 6.3

The relay is designated 87 GT and is of DTH 32 type 5 amp which is a biased differential type relay. Biased setting of 30% is issued to prevent the relay operation in case of a through fault when the current transformer may saturate and produce an erroneous secondary current.
RELAY SPECIFICATION:

87 GT OVERALL DIFFERENTIAL RELAY TYPE MODEL NO. % OF BIAS CURRENT

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: : : :

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY DTH 32 DTH 32HG8018A(M) 30% 5A

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AUX. VOLTAGE

220V. D.C

Earth Fault:

The transformer E/F are detected by the relays, which are provided in the neutral of the CTs which operated the relay when the current reach the limit. One more standby E/F relay is provided for backup with time delay. REF relay CAG 14: setting 0.1 amp standby E/F relay CDG11, PSM=0.1 amp TMS=0.3

OVER CURRENT AND EARTH FAULT RELAY TYPE CDG11: FEATURES:

   

Identical time/current characteristics on all types Self powered, no necessity for separate auxiliary supply Very low over shoot Simple construction, easily accessible

APPLICATION:

Selective phase and earth fault protection, in time graded systems for AC machines, Transformers, feeders etc.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION:

A non-directional heavily damped induction disc relay, which has an adjustable inverse time current characteristics with a definite relay time. The relay has a high torque momentum combined with low burden and low overshoot. The relay disc is so shaped that as it rotates the driving torque increases and offsets the changing restraining torque of control spring. This is combined with high torque of the relay. Damping of the disc movement is by a removable high retentively permanent magnet.
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The unique method of windings the operating coil ensures that the time current characteristics are identical. The maximum current tap is automatically connected when the plug is with drawn from the bridge, allowing the setting the setting to be changed under load without risk of open circuiting the current transformer.
TYPES:

CDG 21 relay is a single type CDG11 relay with a high instantaneous unit. Type CDG 31 is a triple version of type CDG 11 with three over currents units and one earth fault units. TECHNICAL DATA: Current ratings: 1Amps or 5 Amp

Phase fault: The GT overall differential relay is provided for detecting phase to phase faults. The biased differential provided is to take the following into considerations.

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i) Go to in load taps changes where the relay should be standby for all tap changers position. ii) The magnetic the inrush current while charging are taken care by deriving the second harmonic current in restraining coils. iii) A DI faculty in the matching design characteristics of BV/LV CTs used for the relay. Relay DTM 31: setting bias 30% pickup=0.75 a high set=1000% iv) Over fluxing: the over fluxing protection is provided for protecting the GT core from damage due to higher flux densities. The relay measures the ratio of crosses set point with a fixed time delay. Relay GTT 21, setting V/F=1.13, trip=2 sec. v) Buchholtz protection: the protection provided is to operate when the gases are formed because of slow arcing or insulation failure in the transformer. The protection directly trips generator. vi) Rapid pressure rise: the protection is provided to take care of sudden increase of pressure inside the transformer. A part from operating to reduce the pressure in the transformer. vii) Winding temperature: the protection is provided is provided for tripping the generator when the GT cooling system fails setting alarm 105 C trip 115 C. Fire protection the fire protection is provided to trip the generator in case of fire detected in the transformer.

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6.4 G.T. RESTRICTED EARTH FAULT PROTECTION:The H.V winding of the generator transformer is star connected and the neutral is solidly Earthed. This protection meant for complete protection of H.V winding of the earth generator transformer. The delta side of the generator transformer is considered as a part of the generator and its earth fault would cause the earth fault current to flow towards the generator neutral and be detected as generator earth fault. The relay is designed as 64 GT and is CAG 14 type 1A and high impedance definite current attracted armature type.

RELAY SPECIFICATIONS: 64GT ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION RELAY TYPE MODEL SETTING RANGE : : : : INSTANTANCEOPUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY CAG CAG14AF12A 0.1A 01 A TO 0.4 A

6.5 G.T OVERHEAD LINE DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION:

The 400KV bushing of the generator transformer are connected to the switchyard double mouse conductor overhead line. Any fault occurring on these lines is detected by overhead line differential protection.

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REALY SPECIFICATIONS;

87L- OVERHEAD PROTECTION RELAY TYPE MODEL SETTING RANGE : : : : INSTANTANCEOPUS DIFFERENTIAL RELAY-CAG CAG34AF59A 0.2A 02 A TO 0.8 A

6.6 G.T OVER FLUXING PROTECTION:

If the flux increases unduly the magnetic circuit of the generator G.T become over saturated resulting in high magnetizing current. The in turn to higher iron losses, which will increase the winding temperature of the transformer. Since core provided against it. The flux is dependent on ratio of voltage and frequency. i.e. v/f The condition of overflowing could arise in case the voltage at the machine AVR misbehaves there by unduly increasing the voltage even when the grid frequency is low. The relay is designated 99GT and is GTT21 type which senses v/f Ratio at the secondary of the bus duct PT gives alarm and trip signals at different time delay. The adopted setting for relay is v/f=1.2P.U i.e., 20% higher than rated v/f ratio. Alarm is set at 5.0 to 1 sec. trip at 12

RELAY SPECIFICATION:

99GT OVERFLUXING PROTECTION RELAY TYPE MODEL NO

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: :

OVERFLUXING RELAY TYPE-GTT GTT21AF8001A (M)

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RANGE 99GTAL RELAYTYPE

: : :

1 TO 1.25 AUXILIARY TO OVERFLUX PROTECTION AUXILIARY RELAY-VAA

6.7 UATS DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION: i. Phase faults:

The phase faults are taken care of by the differential relay. The protection is set to operate the generator trip relays. For instantaneous faults high set provided in the relay. Relay DTH 31, 1 amp: operating current 15% bias 30% high set 1000%.

Back up over current protection this protection is back up for unclear faults in the 6.6 KV broad and feeders, the protection is sufficiently time discriminated against operation. Realy CDG 31, 1 amp: settings PSM=1.0 TMS=0.33
ii. iii.Buchhohzs protection:

This gas-actuated protection is provided for transformer incipient faults and is set to trip the turbo generator.
iv.Fire protection:

The fire protection directly the generator when the fire is detected by the sensors.
v. OL TC Trouble.

These transformer are provide with the unload tap changing facilities. For any trouble one auxiliary relays picks up and trips the generator.

vi. OTI trip

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The oil temperature rise is given for generator when the temperature reaches to 90 C. Since UATs are connected directly to the stator windings ,it has been provided with the biased differential in a similar circulating scheme. Normally CTs differ in their magnitude properties slightly 1 terms of different amount of residual magnetism, due to this CTs will transform their primary current differentially even fro although fault condition. To eliminate this, relay with operating coil and restraining oil is used and this is called biased or percentage differential protection.
The torque developed by the operating coil is proportional to the ampere turns=(11-12)No Where No is the number of turns in the operating coil.

The torque due to restraining coil, T(11-12) Nr/No Where Nr is the number of turns in the restraining coil. At balance (11-12)No=(11-12)Nr/2

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A transformer is protected against several faults by the protective devices like:

y y

Buchhloz relay, an alarming device for internal faults. OTI and WTI for measurement and protection due to high oil and winding temperature. Breather and silica gel arrangement for venting in and out moisture free air. Conservator tank take up expansion and contraction of oil during loading/unloading cycles.

Most of the systems should be protected to obtain continuous supply of power to the load centers, here if any fault occurs the correspondent protective devices are operated. And hence the transformer is protected by all above methods used.

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OPERATION,MAINTAINCE AND PROTECTION OF TRANSFORMERS BIBLIOGRAPHY

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PRINICIPLE OF TRANSFROMER

By R.K SINGH By JOHN

POWER TRANSFORMER PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION J.WINDERS y DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION FEATURES R.C.AGARWAL By

COOLING OF TRANSFORMER

By C.M.SHARMA

TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

By B.L.RAWAT

ELECTRICAL MACHINES

By J.B.GUPTA

PRINCIPLE OF POWER SYSTEM

By V.K.MEHATA

MODERN POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS

By C.L.WADHWA

ELECTRIC POWER TRANSFORMER ENGINEERING HARLOW

By

JAMES

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