4/25/2011

1
1
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
Q
M
2
FOUNDATIONS
SHALLOW
*Soil layer is suitable for
supporting a structure at
a relatively shallow depth.
DEEP
*Upper layer of soil is not
suitable to carry/support
a structure. The weight of
the structure is transferred
to stable layers at greater
depths (piles,piers,caissons)
Footing Foundations
1)Individual Column
Footing (1 column).
2)Wall Footings/strip
footings.
3) Combined Footing
(2 or more column)
Footing Foundations
OR , Raft Foundations
(Entire Area Under
Structure)
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
2
3
STEPS FOR DESIGN
1. All loads that may act on foundations should be studied
& determined.
2. Site investigations should be carried out (SPT,CPT,
w, unconfined compressive strength ,Atterberg limits, etc)
3. Elevation of bottom of foundation must be determined.
(should be below frost penetration, top soils , deposits.)
4. Foundations must be analyzed with respect to two
failure types:
(a) Bearing capacity failure
(b) Settlement failure
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4
REVIEW OF IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
*Total Foundation Pressure = Gross Foundation Pressure(q
gr
)
Intensity of total pressure on the ground underneath the foundation
after the structure has been erected
foundation of Area
footing above soil foundation structure
gross
W W W
q
+ +
=
*Net Foundation Pressure (for depth D )
D
uplift gross gross n
soil excess gross n
q D q D q q
W q q
' = =
=


DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
3
5
Buoyancy/Uplift Pressure:
At any time during construction Fs > 1
If Fs < 1 ; one can :
a) Increase weight of structure
b) Induce Friction (by tension piles)
c) Place Anchors
d) Permanently lower gwt
Force Uplift Total
structure of load Dead
uplift against

structure) of volume (
w
=
=
=
Fs
V q
submerged q
w sub uplift
uplift

DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
6
Individual Column Footings :
Types ;
a) Masonry footings (very light loads)
b) Timber grillage footings (temporary buildings)
c) Steel grillage footings (large shear stresses ,heavy loads)
d) Plain concrete footings (light column load)
e) Reinforced concrete footings (high bearing capacity)
Determination of Critical Sections :
Critical
section
Reinforced concrete
column
Soil pressure
Critical section
(long direction)
Critical section
(short direction)
Compare critical values vs. allowable values
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
4
7
Determination of Bending Moments & Shear: (reinforced concrete)
2
2
1 1
b
l
L-l
2
B
L
Q
Soil pressure distribution
is uniform
BL
Q
q =
PLAN VIEW
Note: critical section locations are the same for
concentrically & eccentrically loaded footings.
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
8
(a) SHORT DIRECTION (critical section 1-1)
Shear : V=1/2qB(L-l)
Moment : M=1/8qB(L-l)
2
(b) LONG DIRECTION (critical section 2-2)
Shear : V=1/2qL(B-b)
Moment : M=1/8qL(B-b)
2
*If a footing is subjected to a concentric loading plus a moment,
it is assumed that soil pressure distribution obeys a linear law.
(Footing : rigid & ratio between soil pressure & settlement is the
same for every point in bearing area )
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
5
9
The following equilibrium conditions must hold :
1- Total upward soil reaction = sum of vertical loads acting on
base of foundation. (EQ=0)
2- The moment of resultant vertical load about any point = Moment
of total soil reaction about the same point. (EM=0)
3- Frictional resistance at base = Resultant horizontal force
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
10
FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO MOMENTS ABOUT ONE AXIS :(eccentric loading)
Q
M
B
Q e
If esB/6
Vertical eccentric
load
EM=eQ
e= EM/Q
Q
H
d
Vertical concentric
horizontal load
EM=dH
or eQ=dH
e=dH/Q
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
6
11
+
=
L
B
q
max
q
min
Trapezoidal
:Uniform soil pressure due
to concentric loading BL
Q
L B
eQ
L B
M
2 2
6 6
=
E

: soil pressure due

to moment
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
B
e
BL
Q
q
B
e
BL
Q
q
6
1
6
1
min
max
If e s B/6
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
12
*For e=B/6 :
*For e > B/6 : then
Not possible-tension cannot
take place between footing
and soil .
0
2
min
max
=
=
q
BL
Q
q
q
max
q
min
Triangular
Q
! 0 )
6
) 2 ( 6
1 (
min
< =
B
BL
Q
q
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
7
13
Therefore , modified pressure distribution is obtained by:
+
-
corrected
zero
tension
q
max
X=3x
X
B/6
B/3 B/3 B/3
e
Q
L e B
Q
L e
B
Q
q
L e
B
q Q
xL q Q
e
B
) 2 ( 3
4
)
2
( 3
2

)
2
( 3
2
1
2
1
footing under pressure of volume Q
)
2
( 3 x : zone n Compressio
max
max
max

=
=
=
=
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
14
FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO MOMENTS ABOUT BOTH AXIS :(two way eccentricity)
e
1
e
2
B
L
B L
Q
Q
M
1
M
2
1
6 6

2 1
s +
B
e
L
e
Given
No tension :all area is under compression
Q
M
e
Q
M
e
B
e
L
e
BL
Q
q
2
2
1
1
2 1
; where
)
6 6
1 (
E
=
E
=
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
8
15
Q
e
1
e
2
q
c
q
d
q
b
q
a
)
6 6
1 (
)
6 6
1 (
)
6 6
1 (
)
6 6
1 (
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
max
B
e
L
e
BL
Q
q
B
e
L
e
BL
Q
q
B
e
L
e
BL
Q
q
B
e
L
e
BL
Q
q q
d
c
b
a
=
+ =
+ =
+ + = =
NOTE :If moments are large ;
method of trial & error is used for tension range
) 1
6 6
(
2 1
> +
B
e
L
e
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
16
FOOTINGS SUBJECTED TO UPLIFT :
Uplift Capacity:
1)
W
s
W
s
W
f
uplift
30
Could be unsafe
Uplift Capacity = W
FOOTING
+ W
SOIL
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
9
17
W
s
W
s
W
f
uplift
F F
2)
cA : cohesive soil where A: vertical surface above
perimeter of footing
Where F = =D(2B+2L)
o
0
tan | : cohesionless soil where o
o
: at rest pressure on
vertical surface
Uplift = W
f
+ W
s
+ F
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
18
CANTILEVER FOOTINGS:
Two individual footings connected by a strap beam
Existing
Building
Interior
Footing
Exterior
footing
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
10
19
L
R
1
Q
1
b a B
1
/2
B
2
B
1
B
B
Q
2
R
2
EQ=Q
1
+Q
2
q
q
CG
CROSS
SECTION
PLAN
Exterior
footing
Interior
footing
1
1
2
2
qB
R
B
q
R
B
=
=
Where;
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
20
Conditions:
Moment due to high eccentricity of exterior footing is transferred
to interior footing by strap beam,
Void/Empty space must be given under strap beam not to have soil
reaction,
Uniform soil reaction under both footings = q
all
Interior footing is square.
Steps for Design:
1) Determine point of application for (Q
1
+ Q
2
),
2) Compute,
3) B
1
& locate R
1
(=B
1
/2)
2 1
1
Q Q
L Q
b
+
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
11
21
4) Calculate soil reactions , R
1
& R
2
by ;
5) Determine dimensions of footing for given allowable soil pressure.
0 ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2 1 2
2 1 1 2 1 1
= E + =
+ = + +
+
=
F R Q Q R
b Q Q b a R Q Q
b a
b
R
1
1
2
2
qB
R
B
q
R
B
=
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
22
6) Design strap beam:
L
a+b Q
2
- R
2
Q
1
R
1
R
1 Q
1
Q
2
- R
2
M=Q
1
[L-(a+b)]
SHEAR
MOMENT
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
12
23
COMBINED FOOTING
(supports 2 or more columns)
Structural Analysis :
1) Rigid Method : Soil pressure distribution obeys a linear law ;
infinitely rigid footing is analyzed.
2) Elastic Method : Assumes elastic footing on elastic soil.
]
6 6
1 [
2 1
L
e
B
e
BL
Q
q =
Individual
springs
q = ky
y: deflection
k: coef. of subgrade reaction
kBy
dx
y d
EI =
4
4
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
24
Foundation can be assumed :
RIGID if :
Where l
e
: Elastic length of the footing ------------->
E : Modulus of elasticity of footing material
I : Moment of inertia of footing
B : Width of footing
k : Coefficient of subgrade reaction
l : Space between 2 adjacent columns (average column
spacing)
ELASTIC if :
2
t
<
e
l
l
2
t
>
e
l
l
)
4
(
4
kB
EI
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
13
25
RIGID METHOD (Conventional Method) :
For this method, the footing is assumed to be infinitely rigid.
Q
4
EQ
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
M
3
M
2
L/2
e
l
4
l
3
l
2
l
1
L/2
L
q
min
q
max
Trapezoidal
soil pressure
Rectangular Footing
Length : L
Width : B
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
26
Resultant Load :
Eccentricity :
Soil Pressure :
4 3 2 1
Q Q Q Q Q + + + = E
) (
1
2 3 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
M M l Q l Q l Q l Q
Q
e + +
E
=
)
6
1 ( ; )
6
1 (
min max
L
e
BL
Q
q
L
e
BL
Q
q
E
= +
E
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
14
27
Usually UNIFORM SOIL PRESSURE is desired :
In order to have a uniform soil pressure distribution beneath the
footing, the footing must be extended by an amount of 2e such
that the resultant load acts at the centroid of the footing.
Q
4
EQ
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
M
3
M
2
L=L+2e
e
L/2+e 2e
Extension of
footing
Soil pressure
) 2 (

'
e L B
Q
BL
Q
q
+
E
=
E
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
28
If UNIFORM SOIL PRESSURE is desired, but footing CANNOT
be extended : Then a trapezoidal footing can be used.
C.G.
x
x
B
2
B
1
EQ
e
L
L/2
Soil pressure
A
Q
q
E
=
PLAN
VIEW
SIDE
VIEW
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
15
29
Where q : Allowable soil pressure
A : Required area of footing (=EQ/q)
A =area of trapezoid (=L/2 (B
1
+B
2
) ) ... [1]
x : .. [2]
From [1] & [2] 2 equations w/ 2 unknowns ; solve for B
1
& B
2
:
e
L
B B
B B L
x =
+
+
=
2
2
3
1 2
1 2
) 1
3
(
2
1
=
L
x
L
A
B
Widths of
trapezoidal footing
1 2
2
B
L
A
B =
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
30
Note : If combination of loads acting on trapezoidal footing causes
eccentricity about line passing through C.G. , then :
C.G.
x
EQ
L
e
1
1
) (
1 1
min
x L
I
Q e
A
Q
q
E

E
=

x
I
Q e
A
Q
q
1 1
max

E
+
E
=
Where A :Area of base of ftg.
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
16
31
A combined footing is a
statically determinant
system. It is subjected
to upward : soil reaction
downward :column loads
THE MOMENT & SHEARS
in a COMBINED FOOTING
(rigid method)
Q
4
EQ
Q
3
Q
2
Q
1
M
3
M
2
e
D C B A
+
-
Q
1
Q
4
Q
3
Q
2
Soil
pressure
Shear
Moment
M
2
M
3
q
min
q
max
)
6
1 (
)
6
1 (
min
max
L
e
BL
Q
q
L
e
BL
Q
q

E
=
+
E
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
32
MAT FOUNDATIONS :
Slab covers entire area of structure
Low bearing capacity, but high structural loads
Area required for individual/combined ftgs > 50% of area
Heterogeneous soil profile : minimize differential settlements
TYPES OF MAT FOUNDATIONS
1) Flat Slab :
a) Flat plate
b) Flat plate thickened under columns
c) Flat plate thickened under columns
with truncated pyramidal bases.
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
17
33
2) Ribbed Mat : (slab & girder )
3) Mat with Interior Walls :
Basement walls Rigid box
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
34
4/25/2011
18
35
SETTLEMENTS ANAYSIS
-Bearing Capacity for SAND :
Mat Foundation
D
f
B
D
w
5 cm allowable
settlement
q
all
=22 N C
w
where ;
f
w
w
D B
D
C
+
+ = 5 , 0 5 , 0
-Bearing Capacity for CLAY :
Total load at base of mat foundation:
Q
T
=Q
D
+Q
L
-Q
S
where :
Q
D
: Total dead load (W
structure
+ W
mat
)
Q
L
: Live load
Q
S
: Weight of excavated soil
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
36

net
c u
q
N c
Fs =
Should be s q
all
> 3 for normal loads
> 2 for heavy loads
Fs independent of width of mat , B.
Fs cannot be increased by increasing width B.
However , Fs can be increased by :
increase # or depth of basements
increase depth of excavation
reduce net soil pressure beneath base of mat
A
Q
q
T
net
=
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS
4/25/2011
19
37
Uplift Force Under Mat Foundations :
soil exc
soil structure
net
W
A
W W
q
.

+
=
0 If ; = =
E

E
=
net f f net
q D
A
Q
D
A
Q
q
FLOATING
FOUNDATION
DESIGN OF SHALLOW FOUNDATIONS