Chapter 1 Exercise 1.

1
Q. 1. Tanya collected the data and she will use it in her presentation, so it is primary data. Q. 2.

(i) Observation (ii) Questionnaire (iii) Carrying out experiments

Q. 3. Conor did not write the Guinness Book of Records, so he did not collect the data that he will use. Q. 4. Q. 5.

(i) CSO (Central Statistics Office) (ii) ESRI (i) A good sample can be chosen (ii) Quick feedback

Q. 6. You cannot choose the sample, and it can be expensive. Q. 7. The population is the entire group that is being studied. A sample is a group that is selected from the population. Q. 8. A census Q. 12.

(i) Use clear and simple language. (ii) Accommodate all possible answers. (iii) Be clear where answers should be recorded. (iv) Make sure the questions are relevant to the survey. (v) Open with a simple question to encourage people to complete the survey. (vi) Be as brief as possible.

Q. 13.

(i) We dont know what age young, middle-aged or old is (the question is not clear). (ii) How old are you?
018 1945 46 +

Q. 14.

(i) It does not account for every possible answer. (ii) How often do you watch a football game? Never Once a week Twice a week or more

Q. 15. (i) It is unlikely anybody knows the answer.

(ii) Many people will not disclose this information. Also, somebody earning between 40,000 and 50,000 does not have a checkbox to tick.
Q. 16. The question is not clear because people who live on farms also live in the country. Q. 17. Very few subjects will be familiar with Article 4 of the constitution.

Q. 18. Gender: Age:

Male 018 5065

Female 1930 66+ 3150

How many hours of television do you watch every day? 01 12 23 3+

Q. 19. (i) The sample includes only people who go to the theatre. (ii) People who did not attend are not surveyed. (iii) The sample is not a random sample. (iv) Sometimes people will not disclose how much they spend. Q. 20. The sample size is too small. The sample is not a random sample. Q. 21. Only First Year students are surveyed and the population of interest is the whole school population. Bob should have taken a simple random sample of the whole school population. Playstation games played by Fifth Years are possibly quite different to the games First Years would play. Therefore, the sample is biased in favour of First Years. Q. 22. People in the neighbourhood who drive cars may not be in favour of a pedestrian crossing, as it could load to delays. In most neighbourhoods, the number of people who drive cars would far outnumber pedestrians. So car owners in the sample would outnumber pedestrians. In this particular situation, we need to bias the sample in favour of pedestrians; otherwise there would be no chance of getting the crossing.

Exercise 1.2
Q. 1.

(i) Age
Tally

12 |||| |||| || ||| ||||

13 |||| |||| |||| || || 7

14 |||| |||| |||| |||| |||| | ||| ||| 11

15 |||

Frequency

(ii) 9 + 7 + 11 +3 = 30
Q. 2.

(i) Score
Tally Frequency

1 |||| |||| |||| |||| || ||| ||| ||| || 10

2 |||| |||| |||| |||| || || ||| ||| 10

3 |||| |||| || ||| 7

4 |||| |||| || ||| 5

5 ||| |||| |||| ||| || ||| 8

6 |||| |||| |||| |||| ||| ||| || 10

(ii) 6 (iii) 10 5 (iv) ___ 100 = 10% 50

Q. 3.

(i) Mode
Frequency

Walk 9

Bus 5

Car 4

Rail 2

(ii) Walk (iii) Rail

Q. 4.

Mark Frequency

4 2

5 1

6 4

7 5

8 5

9 9

10 4

(i) 2 + 1 + 4 + 5 + 5 + 9 + 4 = 30 4 2 (ii) ___ = ___ 30 15

Q. 5. (i) Number
Frequency 1 6 2 8 3 8 4 4 5 2 6 2

(ii) 4 + 2 + 2 = 8 (iii) 6 + 8 + 8 = 22 Total = 30

1 22 100 ___ ____ = 73 3% 1 30

Q. 6. (i) Number
Frequency

0 7

1 9

2 11

3 3

4 5

(ii) 7 + 9 + 11 + 3 + 5 = 35 (iii) 7 (iv) 7 + 11 + 5 = 23 (v) 7

Q. 7. (i) Result
Tally Frequency 3H ||| 3 2H ||| |||| |||| |||| |||| | ||| ||| 11 1H ||| |||| |||| |||| || ||| 9 0H || 2

9 (ii) ___ 100 = 36% 25

Exercise 1.3
Q. 1.
DVD Rental
X X X X X

X X

X X X

Planet DVD

Cinema Station
X X X X X X X

Movie Corner

Q. 2.
X X X X

X X

2006

2007

2008

Q. 3.

X X X X X X X

X X

X X X

Jan

Feb

Mar

Apr

Q. 4. (i)

Tom

(ii) John (iii) 4 + 5 + 4 + 3 = 16 100 4 (iv) ___ ____ = 25% 1 16

Exercise 1.4
Q. 1. (i)
Number

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0

Favourite colours

Blue

Red Green Yellow Black Orange

(ii)

Red

(iii) Orange (iv) 7 + 8 + 4 + 4 + 3 + 2 = 28 100 7 (v) ___ ____ = 25% 28 1

Q. 2. (i) Evelyn

(ii) Derek (iii) 4 + 2 + 4 + 0 + 7 = 17 (iv) Alan and Carol (v) Betty and Evelyn scored 2 + 7 = 9 goals. They scored more than half the goals, as half the total goals is 8.5.
Q. 3. (i)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Class elections

Number

Paula

Sen James Tanya Candidates

Rosie

(ii) Paula and Tanya

(iii) Total = 8 + 4 + 3 + 7 + 5 = 27 3 1 James = ___ = __ 27 9

Q. 4. (i)
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Book club

Number

9 Age

10

11

(ii) 10 10 1 (iii) ___ = __ 30 3 100 2 (iv) ___ ____ = 6.67% 30 1

Q. 5. (i) 40

(ii) 50 + 40 + 20 + 25 + 50 + 50 + 60 = 295 60 100 (iii) ____ ____ = 20.34% 295 1 (iv) Most people dont work on Sundays, so they have time to read the paper.
Q. 6. (i)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0
Area (10,000 km2)

Country area

Belgium Denmark Ireland Holland Country

Austria

(ii) Denmark = 4 10,000 km2 = 40,000 km2 (iii) Austria = 80,000 km2 = Area of Holland and Denmark. (iv) Belgium = 30,000 km2 Ireland = 70,000 km2 30,000 km2 100 Percentage = ___________ ____ = 42.86% 1 70,000 km2 = 43% (to the nearest whole number)

Q. 7. (i)
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 Soccer Rugby

Favourite sports

Number

Football Hurling Basketball Tennis Sports

(ii) 6 + 3 + 2 + 5 + 8 + 6 = 30 (iii) Basketball

100 6 (iv) ___ ____ = 20% 30 1 3 1 ___ ___ (v) = 30 10

Q. 8. (i) 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 5 + 2 + 1 + 1 = 28

(ii) Six (iii) 2 + 1 + 1 = 4 100 7 (iv) ___ ____ = 25% 28 1

Exercise 1.5
Q. 1. (i) x = 360 < (180 + 60 + 45 + 45) x = 30 180 (ii) Bus = _____ 24 = 12 360 45 Train = Bicycle = _____ 24 = 3 360 60 Car = _____ 24 = 4 360 180 Walk = 24 _____ = 2 360
Mode Frequency Bus 12 Car 4 Train 3 Walk 2 Bicycle 3

Q. 2. (i) x = 360 (162 + 90 + 72)

x = 36 162 (ii) Basketball = _____ 20 = 9 360 36 Tennis = _____ 20 = 2 360 72 Hurling = _____ 20 = 4 360 Soccer = 20 < (9 + 2 + 4) = 5
Sports Number Basketball 9 Tennis 2 Hurling 4 Soccer 5

5 100 (iii) Soccer: ___ ____ = 25% 20 1

Q. 3. (i) Art = 360 (150 + 45) = 165 150 (ii) Technology = _____ 120 = 50 360 45 _____ 120 = 15 Music = 360 Art = 120 (50 + 15) = 55
Subject Frequency Technology 50 Music 15 Art 55

Q. 4. (i) Grazing = 360 (144 + 30 + 60) = 126 30 1 (ii) Vegetables = _____ = ___ of hand use 360 12 1 ___ (hand) = 15 acres 12 hand = 12 15 = 180 acres 60 (iii) Wheat = _____ 180 = 30 acres 360

1 72 Q. 5. (i) A = _____ = __ 360 5 1 So __ of the class achieved an A 5 1 __ (class) = 40 5 class = 200 (ii) 144 (iii) Percentage: 108 100 B = ____ ____ = 30% 1 360 100 144 ____ = 40% C = ____ 1 360 D = 100% (20% + 30% + 40%)= 10%
Grade Number Percentage A 40 20% B 60 30% C 80 40% D 20 10%

Number: B = 200 30% = 60 C = 200 40% = 80 D = 200 10% = 20

Q. 6. Step 1: Total = 20 5 Step 2: Girls: ___ 360 = 90 20 15 Boys: ___ 360 = 270 20

Step 3:
Girls 90 270 Boys

Q. 7. (i) German = 30 (15 + 10) = 5

Step 1: Total = 30 15 Step 2: French: ___ 360 = 180 30 10 Spanish: ___ 360 = 120 30 5 German: ___ 360 = 60 30 5 100 2 (ii) German: ___ ____ = 16__% 30 1 3
Q. 8.
Nitrogen 280.8 75.6 Oxygen

Step 3:
German 60 120 Spanish French 180

3.6 = Other gases

Nitrogen: 78% 360 = 280.8 Oxygen: 21% 360 = 75.6 Others: 1% 360 = 3.6

Exercise 1.6
Q. 1. (i) Stem
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Leaf

2 0, 2, 1 0, 6, 8 0

6, 6, 8 7 1, 2, 2, 6, 7 6, 6, 9 Key: 6|1 = 61%

15 100 (ii) ___ ____ = 75% 20 1

Q. 2.
Stem 5 6 7 8 9 Leaf 1, 1, 5 0, 0, 0, 2, 3, 3, 7, 7, 9 0, 2, 2, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 7, 9 2, 3, 3, 9 0, 3, 7, 9 Key: 6|0 = 60

Q. 3. (i) Stem
13 14 15 16 17 18

Leaf 8, 9 3, 8, 9, 9 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 7, 8 5, 5, 5, 6, 8 5, 7, 8 1, 3 Key: 17|5 = 175 cm

(ii) There are 25 in the class. There are 5 + 3 + 2 = 10 taller 10 2 ___ = __ fraction of the class taller 25 5
Q. 4. (i) 8 + 10 + 9 + 7 + 3 + 1 + 2 = 40

(ii) 3 + 1 + 2 = 6 8 + 10 18 9 (iii) _______ = ___ = ___ 40 40 20

Q. 5. Ranked set:
10.5 11.2 12.2 13.1 10.6 11.2 12.3 13.1 Leaf 5, 6, 7, 8 0, 1, 2, 2, 5, 6, 8 0, 2, 3, 3, 5, 5, 7 1, 1 Key: 11|1 = 11.1 s 10.7 11.5 12.3 10.8 11.6 12.5 11.0 11.8 12.5 11.1 12.0 12.7

(i) Stem
10 11 12 13

(ii) 4 (iii) 13.1 10.5 = 2.6 seconds

Q. 6. Ranked set:
13 24 42 13 27 45 Leaf 3, 3, 3, 5, 9, 9 0, 1, 4, 7, 8 1, 2, 2, 2, 4 2, 5, 6, 8 13 28 46 15 31 48 19 32 19 32 20 32 21 34

(i) Stem
1 2 3 4

Key: 2|4 = 24

(ii) 6 Teenages 14 not going to school 14 100 ___ ____ = 70% 20 1

Q. 7. (i) 3 + 4 + 5 + 2 + 1 = 15

3 100 (ii) ___ ____ = 20% 15 1

Q. 8. (i) 46

(ii) 11 + 2(12) + 13 + 17 + 19 + 22 + 24 + 2(29) + 31 + 33 + 39 + 41 + 46 = 378 2 (iii) 375 __ = 252 3

Q. 9. (i) 6 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 1 = 18

(ii) 1 (iii) Pulse rate increased after the run.

Q. 10.
Men 14 9 8, 6, 1, 0 9, 9, 8, 6, 5, 5, 4, 4, 1, 0, 0 6, 5, 4, 3, 3, 1 1 15 16 17 18 19 Key: 17|1 = 171 cm 8, 9 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 5, 7, 7, 8, 8 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9 1, 4, 8 Women

Q. 11. (i)

Male 8 11 12 13 8, 7 8, 8, 4, 1 7, 4 0 14 15 16 17 5 9 0, 1, 4, 6, 8 0 1, 1

Female

Key: 16|0 = 160 cm

(ii)

Male 5, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 3, 2 Key: 2|4 = 24 cm 1 2 3

Female 0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 4, 4 1, 1, 2

Exercise 1.7
Q. 1.
Distance Number 02 20 24 12 46 14 68 5 810 2

10

Q. 2.

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 15 20 25 30 Age 35 40

Q. 3.

Time (min) Number

Frequency

01 2

12 3

23 5

34 2

45 1

(i) 2 + 3 + 5 = 10 (ii) Total = 2 + 3+ 5 + 2 + 1 = 13 2 100 Percentage = ___ ____ = 15.38% 1 13

Q. 4.

(i)
20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0

Hours sleep

Number

3 6 9 Time (hours)

12

(ii) 20 + 15 = 35 (iii) 15
Q. 5.

(i)
6 5 Frequency 4 3 2 1

Time watching television

20 40 60 80 Time (minutes)

100

2 100 (ii) ___ ____ = 10% 1 20

11

Q. 6. (i) Time (sec)

Number

23 3

34 4

45 5

56 2

67 1

(ii)
5 4 Number 3 2 1 2

Time to answer question

4 5 Time (sec)

Q. 7. (i)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 5 10 15 20 Time (min) 25 30

(ii) 8 + 6 + 2 = 16 (iii) 6 + 2 = 8

Revision Exercises
Q. 1. (i) Handed
Freq. Right 8 Left 1 Ambidextrous 1

(ii) Total = 8 + 1 + 1 = 10 8 Right: ___ 360 = 288 10 1 Left = Ambidextrous = ___ 360 = 36 10
Left 36 Ambi. 36 288 Right

(iii) Tick the one that applies to you: Right-handed Left-handed Ambidextrous

12

Number

Q. 2. (i) Result
Frequency

1 4

2 2

3 7

4 3

5 4

(ii)
Frequency

7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 Result 4 5

(iii) 4 (iv) 20 4 = 16, so 16 passed 16 100 Percentage = ___ ____ = 80% 20 1 4 ___ (v) 1: 360 = 72 20 2 2: ___ 360 = 36 20 7 3: ___ 360 = 126 20 3 4: ___ 360 = 54 20 4 5: ___ 360 = 72 20

72 72 36 54 126

(vi) Bar chart because it gives the frequency on the y-axis; the pie chart does not give the frequency.
Q. 3. Primary sources: Surveys and questionnaires The company could carry out surveys to see what content would be popular in teen magazines. Secondary sources: Other teen magazines The company could check other teen magazines to see the type of content they contain. Q. 4. (i) Number
Tally Frequency 0 |||| |||| | ||| ||| 6 1 |||| |||| || ||| ||| 7 2 |||| 4 3 | 1 4 || 2

(ii) 6 + 7 + 4 + 1 + 2 = 20 6 (iii) 0: ___ 360 = 108 20 7 ___ 360 = 126 1: 20 4 2: ___ 360 = 72 20 1 ___ 360 = 18 3: 20 2 4: ___ 360 = 36 20

0 108 126 36 72 4 18 3 2

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100 7 (iv) ___ ____ = 35% 20 1 (v) I would firstly find a list of all students in the school. (This list could be student names or student ID numbers.) This list is available in the office. Each student name would be assigned a number. (Again, office staff will be able to assign a number to each student.) Using a calculator or spreadsheet, generate 20 random numbers. These 20 numbers will generate your sample.
Q. 5. (i)
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 Mon Tue Wed Day Thu Fri Sat

(ii) 5 + 10 + 10 + 20 + 15 + 50 = 110 50 5 (iii) ____ = ___ 110 11 110 1 (iv) Mean = ____ = 18_ 3 6 (v) People have more time to read papers on Saturday because fewer people are at work. Also theres more in Saturday papers (magazines and weekly television listings).
Q. 6. (i)
25 20 Number 15 10 5 0 Walk Bus Cycle Mode Car Train Modes of transport

(ii) 5 + 20 + 6 + 2 + 1 = 34 (iii) Bus It may be the fastest mode of transport due to bus lanes or maybe a lot of people surveyed live far away from school.

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Number

(iv) Mode
Number

Walk 9

Bus 20

Cycle 6

Car 2

Train 1

(v)
25 20 Number 15 10 5 0 Walk

Modes of transport

Bus

Cycle Mode

Car

Train

Q. 7. (i) Number
Tally Frequency

1 | 1

2 ||| 3

3 |||| 4

4 ||| 3

5 || 2

6 |||| |||| || ||| ||| 7

(ii) 1 + 3 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 5 = 20 (iii)
Numbers guessed

1 2 3 4 5 6

(iv) 6 (v) 1
Q. 8. (i)
Stem 1 2 3 Leaf 0, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8 0, 0, 0, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 0, 2, 2, Key: 2|0 = 20

(ii) 10 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 3(18) + 3(20) + 23 + 2(24) + 25 + 26 + 28 + 29 + 30 + 2(32) = 445

15

2 (iii) ___ 100 = 10% 20 (iv) 30 + 32 + 32 = 94 64 ____ 100 = 14% 445

Q. 9. (i)
18 16 14 Frequency 12 10 8 6 4 2 20 30 40 50 60 70

Weight

4 (ii) ___ 100 = 8% 50

Q. 10. (i) This is a not a reliable source because, in general, the majority of the sample would have purchased a computer. This is not a random sample.

(ii) This is not reliable because you have just tested one of the potatoes; it may be the smallest in the pot. However, if you tested the largest it would be reliable because it is the last to be fully cooked. (iii) This is unreliable because the majority of customers would be well off and they would probably drive expensive cars. (iv) The sample size is too small. The sample is probably of people the same age and the majority may be the same gender. Pocket money received usually varies with age and possibly gender. Q. 11. (i)
Student 9, 8, 7 9, 9, 7, 7, 5, 5, 4, 4, 1 3, 2 0 Stem 2 3 4 5 6 9 5, 6, 8 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5, 5 6 1 Key: 4|2 = 42 seconds Teacher

(ii) 2 students from each year 1 boy, 1 girl and 3 others. 15 teachers who teach different subjects and a good spread of ages. (iii) You might end up with an uneven distribution of ages/genders/subjects taught. Sometimes people will not take part in tests such as this if they feel they will not perform well. In this question, it is possible that some slow texters have been omitted from the sample.

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Q. 12. (i)

Men 5 8, 5 8, 4 8, 6 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 7 0, 2 2, 5

Women

0 1

2 3 0

(ii) Men are more likely to go to hardware stores, as they are more interested in DIY. (iii) She will conclude that men will spend more money in shops than women. This is the question she set out to answer. (iv) Julie only looked at one shop. Men are more likely to shop in hardware stores. Men are more likely to shop on Saturday morning. (v) Look at a number of different shops over a longer period of time.
Q. 13. (i) 40 cm

(ii) 11 cm (iii) 52 cm (iv) 52 11 = 41 cm (v) Location 2. It contains the highest tulips. This is evident from the stem-and-leaf diagram. Most measurements are towards the bottom of the Location 2 graph, whereas most measurements in the Location 1 graph are towards the top of the graph.
Q. 14. (i)
Table 1 4 9, 8, 8, 7, 6, 5, 5, 3, 2, 2 7, 4, 2, 0, 0 5 6 Key: 5|0 = 5.0 cm 6, 6, 8, 8, 9 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 5, 5, 6, 6, 8 Table 2

(ii) Table 1 contains male measurements. A representative sample of male wrist measurements would contain bigger measurements than a representative sample of female wrist measurements because in the population of males, wrist measurements are bigger than in the female population.

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(iii) 5.8 cm (iv) 6 (v) 5.2 cm (vi) 9

Q. 15. (i)
Males 6 8, 4, 4, 4, 4, 0, 0, 0 6, 6, 2, 2, 2 8, 8, 8, 4, 4 6 5 6 7 8 9 0, 4, 4, 8, 8, 8, 8 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 6, 6 0, 0, 0, 8 6 Key: 6|4 = 64 beats/min Females

(ii) Yes. The shapes of the male stem and leaf diagram and the female stem and leaf diagram are both similar. (iii) She could randomly select 20 households in the neighbourhood and ask a male and female volunteer (adult) from each household to allow her to measure their pulse rates. (iv) 96 56 = 40 beats per minute (v) 96 60 = 36 beats per minute (vi) If any of her subjects had been exercising prior to the measurements, then this would lead to a higher pulse rate for that individual and hence would bias or distort the results. Some subjects may not agree to participate. This could be for a number of reasons. If the reason was medical, then it may be possible that the individual may have an unusual pulse rate and this would not be included in Alices results, leading to bias.
Q. 16. (i)
Height (cm) Tally Number
11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 145.5 155.5 165.5 175.5 185.5 Height (cm)

145.5155.5 |||| 4

155.5165.5 ||| ||| |||| |||| |||| |||| | || ||| 11

165.5175.5 |||| 4

175.5185.5

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Number

(ii)

Height (cm) Tally Number 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

145.5155.5 | 1

155.5165.5 || 2

165.5175.5 |||| |||| |||| |||| ||| ||| 10

175.5185.5 |||| |||| ||| 5

Number

145.5 155.5 165.5 175.5 185.5 Height (cm)

(iii) The heights of both histograms are similar. The male histogram has a bigger base (more spread). (iv) (a) The samples are being chosen from one passenger list. This cannot be representative of the whole population of people who use air travel. What if the flight was to a country in which the average height of the population was smaller than the global average? (b) It is obvious from the table that some people may have refused to be measured. People who are conscious of their heights could possibly refuse and would not be represented.

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