Analog&DiscreteICDesign

Dr.AliImran Najam 210112

Whatisthisclassallabout?
Basicsemiconductordevicephysicsand analogintegratedcircuits. l i t t d i it Whatwillyoulearn?
Electricalbehaviorandapplicationsof transistors Analogintegratedcircuitanalysisand g design

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Schedule
Lectures Wed: 17H3018H55 Sat: 13H3014H55 Contact Details: C t t D t il Dr. Ali Imran Najam Cell # 03218571428 Email: alimranajam@gmail.com Course Group: RADITRONICS_ANDED_FAST
Currentwebaddress: C t b dd http://groups.yahoo.com/raditronics/ Currentemailaddress: raditronics@yahoogroups.com
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ClassMaterials
Textbook: FundamentalsofMicroelectronics(PreliminaryEdition) F d l f Mi l i (P li i Edi i ) byBehzadRazavi,WileyPress, DesignofAnalogCMOSIntegratedCircuits Design of Analog CMOS Integrated Circuits byBehzadRazavi,McGrawHillInc. LectureNoteswillbepostedontheclasswebsite (RADITRONICS_ANDED_FAST@yahoogroups),butitis importantthatyoureadthecorrespondingsectionsinthe i t t th t d th di ti i th textbook

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Grading g
Homework(postedonline)
due(beginningofclass) latehomeworksnotaccepted late homeworks not accepted 10%

Laboratoryassignments
dueatbeginningoflabsession 10%

Lettergradeswillbe assignedbased approximately onthe l h followingscale: A+:95100 A:8095 A 80 95 A:7580 B+:7075 B:5570 B:5055 C+:4550 C:<45

2midtermexams
60minuteseach closedbook closed book (3pagesofnotesallowed) 30%

Finalexam
03Hours closedbook (7pagesofnotesallowed) bringcalculator 50%

Dr.AliImranNajam

Introduction
ObjectiveoftheCourse
Teachandanalysis,modeling,simulation,anddesignofanalog circuitsimplementedinCMOStechnology circuits implemented in CMOS technology Emphasiswillbeonthedesignmethodologyandahierarchical approachtothesubject Presentanoverall,uniformviewpointofCMOSanalogcircuit Present an overall, uniform viewpoint of CMOS analog circuit design

SpecificGoals
Achieveanunderstandingofanalogcircuitdesign g g g
Handcalculationsusingsimplemethods Emphasisoninsight Simulationtoprovidesecondorderdesignresolution

Presentahierarchicalapproach
Subblocks Blocks Circuits Systems

Examplestoillustratetheconcepts
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Introduction

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Course Prerequisites
Basicunderstandingofelectronics
Activeandpassivecomponents A ti d i t Frequencyresponse

Circuitanalysistechniques Ci it l i t h i
Meshandloopequations Superposition,TheveninandNortonsequivalent S ii Th i dN i l circuits

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CourseContents
IntroductiontoICdesign CMOSTechnology CMOS Technology CMOSDeviceModeling AnalogCMOSSub Circuits Analog CMOS SubCircuits CMOSAmplifiers CMOSOperationalAmplifiers CMOS Operational Amplifiers Comparators S tc ed Capac to s C cu ts SwitchedCapacitorsCircuits Converters

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Course Philosophy p y
Emphasizeonunderstandingofanalogintegratedcircuitdesign Althoughsimulatorsareverypowerful,thedesignermustunderstandthe circuitbeforeusingthecomputertosimulateacircuit b f h l

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AnalogDesignTechniques~Time g g q

Filters

Amplifiers

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Discretevs.IntegratedCircuitDesign g g
Activity/Item ComponentAccuracy Breadboarding Fabrication PhysicalImplementation Physical Implementation Parasitics Simulation Testing Testing CAD Discrete Wellknown Yes Independent PClayout PC layout Notimportant Modelparameterswell known Generallycomplete Generally complete testingispossible Schematiccapture, simulation,PCboard layout
Dr.AliImranNajam

Integrated Poorabsoluteaccuracies No(kitparts) VeryDependent Layout,verificationand Layout verification and extraction Mustbeincludedinthe design g Modelparametersvary widely Mustbeconsidered Must be considered beforethedesign Schematiccapture, simulation,extraction, layoutandrouting

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Whatis Analog Design g g

Analysisvs.Design(synthesis)

Analysis:givenasystem,finditsproperties.Thesolutionis Analysis: given a system find its properties The solution is unique. Design:Givenasetofproperties,findasystempossessingthem. Thesolutionisrarelyunique. Th l ti i l i
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AnalogICDesignProcess g g
Electrical Design

Physical Design

Fabrication Testing and Product Development

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What is Electrical Design? g

Electricaldeignistheprocessofgoingfromthespecificationstoacircuit solution.Theinputsandoutputsofelectricaldesignare:

Theelectricaldesignrequiresactiveandpassivedeviceelectricalmodelsfor Th l t i l d i i ti d i d i l t i l d l f
Creatingthedesign Verifyingthedesign Determiningtherobustnessofthedesign D t i i th b t f th d i
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WhatisElectricalDesign? g
StepsinElectricalDesign Selectionofasolution
Examinepreviousdesigns Selectasolutionthatissimple

Investigatethesolution Investigate the solution

Analyzetheperformance(withoutacomputer) Determinethestrengthsandweaknessesofthesolution

Modificationofthesolution Modification of the solution

Usethekeyprinciples,conceptsandtechniquestoimplement Evaluatethemodificationsthroughanalysis(stillnocomputer)

Verificationofthesolution
Useasimulatorwithprecisemodelsandverifythesolution Largedisagreementswiththehandanalysisandcomputer verificationshouldbecarefullyexamined
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WhatisPhysicalDesign? y g
Physicaldesignistheprocessofrepresentingtheelectricaldesign inalayoutconsistingofmanydistinctgeometricalrectanglesat variouslevels.Thelayoutisthenusedtocreatetheactual,3D integratedcircuitsthroughaprocesscalledfabrication.

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WhatistheLayoutProcess? y
TheinputsaretheW/Lvaluesandtheschematic(generallyfromschematic entryusedforsimulation) ACADtoolisusedtoenterthevariousgeometries.Thedesignermustenter A CAD tool is used to enter the various geometries. The designer must enter thelocation,shape,andleveloftheparticulargeometry Duringthelayout,thedesignermustobeyasetofrulescalleddesignrules. Theserulesareforthepurposeofensuringtherobustnessandreliabilityof thetechnology the technology Oncethelayoutiscomplete,thenaprocesscalledlayoutversusschematic (LVS)isappliedtodetermineifthephysicallayoutrepresentstheelectrical schematic Thenextstepisnowthatthephysicaldimensionsofthedesignareknown, Th i h h h i l di i f h d i k theparasiticscanbeextracted.Theseparasiticsprimarilyinclude:
Capacitancefromaconductortoground Capacitancesbetweenconductors p Bulkresistance

Theextractedparasiticsareenteredintothesimulatedatabaseandthe designisresimulatedtoensurethattheparasiticswillnotcausethedesign tofail to fail

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Packaging g g
Packagingoftheintegratedcircuitisanimportantpartofthe physicaldesignprocess.Thefunctionofpackagingis: Protecttheintegratedcircuit Powertheintegratedcircuit Cooltheintegratedcircuit Cool the integrated circuit Providetheelectricalandmechanicalconnectionbetweenthe integratedcircuitandtheoutsideworld Packagingsteps:

Speedandparasitics(capacitive&inductive)areother consideration
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WhatisTestDesign? g
Testdesignistheprocessofcoordinating,planningandimplementing themeasurementoftheanalogintegratedcircuitperformance. Objective:Tocomparetheexperimentalperformancewiththe Obj ti T th i t l f ith th specificationsand/orsimulationresults. Typesoftests: Functional verificationofthenominalspecifications F ti l ifi ti f th i l ifi ti Parametric verificationsofthecharacteristicstowithinaspecified tolerance Static verificationofthestatic(ACandDC)characteristicsofacircuitor Static verification of the static (AC and DC) characteristics of a circuit or system Dynamic verificationofthedynamic(transient)characteristicsofa circuitorsystem AdditionalConsiderations Testingshouldbedoneatwaferlevelorpackagelevel? Howtoremovetheinfluenceofmeasurementsystemfromthe measurements
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CharacteristicsofAnalogICDesign g g
Doneatthecircuitslevel Complexityishigh p y g Continuestoprovidechallengesastechnologyevolves Demandsastrongunderstandingoftheprinciples,conceptsand techniques h i Gooddesignersgenerallyhaveagoodphysicsbackground Mustbeabletomakeappropriatesimplificationsand Must be able to make appropriate simplifications and assumptions Requiresagoodgraspofbothmodelingandtechnology Haveawiderangeofskills b d h ( d f k ll breadth(analogonlyisrare) l l ) Beabletolearnfromfailure Beabletousesimulationcorrectly Be able to use simulation correctly
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Comparison p
AnalogCircuits DigitalCircuits Signalsarecontinuous inamplitudeand Signals arediscontinuousinamplitude canbecontinuousordiscreteintime andtime binarysignalshavetwo amplitudestates Designedatthecircuit level Componentsmusthaveacontinuum of values Customized CADtoolsaredifficulttoapply Requiresprecisionmodeling Performanceoptimized e o a ce opt ed Irregularblock Difficulttorouteautomatically Dynamicrangelimitedbypower D i li it d b supplies andnoise(andlinearity)
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Designedatthesystemlevel Componentshavefixed values Standard CADtoolsare extremelysuccessful Timingmodels only Programmablebysoftware og a ab e by so twa e Regularblocks Easytorouteautomatically Dynamicrangeunlimited D i li it d
Dr.AliImranNajam

Bipolarvs.MOS p
Category TurnonVoltage SaturationVoltage gm at100A AnalogSwitch Analog Switch Implementation PowerDissipation Speed CompatibleCapacitors ACPerformance Dependence Numberofterminals NoiseThermal/(1/f) Offsetvoltage
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Bipolar 0.50.6 V 0.20.3V 4mS Offsets,asymmetric Offsets asymmetric Moderate tohigh Faster Voltagedependent DCvariablesonly 3 OK/ Good <1mV
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CMOS 0.81V 0.20.8V 0.4mS (W=10L) Good Lowbutcanbelarge Fast Good DCvariablesand geometry 4 OK/Poor 510mV

ClassificationofSiliconTechnology gy

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UnderstandingTechnology g gy
Understandingthetechnologyhelpsthedesignerinknowingthelimitationsandtheinfluenceoftechnologyonthe design

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ImplicationsofSmallerTechnology p gy
Thegood:
Smallergeometries Smallerparasitics S ll ii Highertransconductance Higherbandwidth

Thebad: Th b d
Reducedvoltages Smallerchannelresistances(lowergain) Morenonlinearity More nonlinearity Deviationfromsquarelawbehavior

Thechallenging:
Increasedsubstratenoiseinmixedsignalapplications Thresholdvoltagesarenotscalingwithpowersupplies Reduceddynamicrange Poormatchingatminimumchannellength

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UnderstandingModeling g g
Modelingistheprocessbywhichtheelectricalpropertiesofan electroniccircuitorsystemarerepresentedbymeansof mathematicalequations,circuitrepresentations,graphsortables th ti l ti i it t ti h t bl Modelspermitthepredictingorverificationoftheperformance ofanelectroniccircuitorsystem.

Examples:
Ohmslaw,thelargesignalmodelofaMOSFET,theIVcurvesofadiode,etc.

Goal:
Modelsthataresimpleandallowthedesignertounderstandthecircuit M d l h i l d ll h d i d d h i i performance.
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KeyPrinciples,ConceptsandTechniques ey c p es, Co cepts a d ec ques

Principlesmeanfundamentallawsthat arepreciseandneverchange. ( (Webster Acomprehensiveand p fundamentallaw,doctrine,or assumption.Thelawsorfactsofnature underlyingtheworkingofanartificial device.) Conceptswillincluderelationships, softlaws(onesthataregenerally true),analyticaltools,thingsworth remembering. (Webster Anabstractideageneralized ( b b d l d fromparticularinstances.) Techniqueswillincludethe assumptions,tricks,tools,methods thatoneusestosimplifyand th t t i lif d understand. (Webster Themannerinwhich technicaldetailsaretreated,amethodof accomplishingadesiredaimorgoal.) accomplishing a desired aim or goal )
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ComplexityinAnalogDesign p y g g
Analogdesignisnormallydoneina nonhierarchicalmannerand makeslittleuseofrepeatedblocks. Asaconsequence,analogdesign canbecomequitecomplexand challenging. Howdoyouhandlethecomplexity?
Useasmuchhierarchyaspossible Use as much hierarchy as possible Useappropriateorganizationtechniques Documentthedesigninanefficient manner Makeuseofassumptionsand simplifications Use s u ato s app op ate y Usesimulatorsappropriately
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Assumptions p
Anassumptionistakingsomethingtobetruewithoutformalproof Assumptionsinanalogcircuitdesignareusedforsimplifyingthe analysisordesign l d Thegoalofanassumptionistoseparatetheessentialinformation fromthenonessentialinformationofaproblem Theelementsofanassumptionare:
Formulatingtheassumptiontosimplifytheproblemwithouteliminatingthe essentialinformation Applicationoftheassumptiontogetasolutionorresult A li ti f th ti t t l ti lt Verificationthattheassumptionwasinfactappropriate

Examples:
Neglectingalargeresistanceinparallelwithasmallresistance N l ti l i t i ll l ith ll i t Millereffecttofindadominantpole Findingtherootsofasecondorderpolynomialassumingtherootsarereal andseparated and separated
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AnalogICDesign:Today g g y
Thereareestablishedfieldsofapplication: Digitalanalogandanalogdigitalconversion Diskdrivecontrollers Di k d i t ll Modems filters Bandgapreference Analogphaselockloops A l h l kl DCDCconversion Buffers Codecs Etc. Existingphilosophyregardinganalogcircuits: Ifitcanbedoneeconomicallybydigital,dontuseanalog. If it b d i ll b di it l d t l Consequently: Analogfindsapplicationswherespeed,area,orpowerhave advantagesoveradigitalapproach. advantages over a digital approach
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AnalogICDesignChallenges g g g
Technology: Digitalcircuitshavescaledwellwithtechnology Analogdoesnotbenefitasmuchfromsmallerfeatures Analog does not benefit as much from smaller features
Speedincreases Gaindecreases Matchingdecreases Nonlinearityincreases N li it i Newissuesappearsuchasgatecurrentleakage

AnalogCircuitChallenges: Tradeoffsarenecessarybetweenlinearity,speed,precisionandpower y y, p ,p p

Asanalogiscombinedwithmoredigital,substrateinterferencewill As analog is combined with more digital substrate interference will becomeworse
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FutureofAnalogICDesign g g
Morecreativecircuitsolutionsarerequiredtoachievethedesiredperformance. AnalogcircuitswillcontinuetobeapartoflargeVLSIdigitalsystems Interferenceandnoisewillbecomeevenmoreseriousasthechipcomplexity Interference and noise will become even more serious as the chip complexity increases Packagingwillbeanimportantissueandofferssomeinterestingsolutions Analogcircuitswillalwaysbeatthecuttingedgeofperformance Analogdesignermustalsobebothacircuitandsystemsdesignerandmust know:
Technologyandmodeling Analogcircuitdesign g g VLSIdigitaldesign Systemapplicationconcepts

Therewillbenosignificantlynewanddifferenttechnologies innovationwill combinenewapplicationswithexistingorimprovedtechnologies combine new applications with existing or improved technologies SemicustommethodologywilleventuallyevolvewithCADtoolsthatwillallow:
Designcaptureandreuse Quickextractionofmodelparametersfromnewtechnology Testdesign T td i Automateddesignandlayoutofsimpleanalogcircuits
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Notations,SymbolsandTerminologies otat o s, Sy bo s a d e o og es
SignalDefinition
Totalinstantaneousvalueofthesignal DCvalueofthesignal ACvalueofthesignal Complexvariable,phasor,orrmsvalue ofthesignal

Quantity
Lowercase Uppercase Lowercase Uppercase

Subscript Example
Uppercase Uppercase Lowercase Lowercase

qA QA qa Qa

Example:

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MOSTransistorSymbols y
Enhancement NMOS with VBS = 0V. Enhancement PMOS with ith VBS = 0V.

Enhancement NMOS with VBS 0V.

Enhancement PMOS with VBS 0V.

Simple NMOS symbol

Simple PMOS symbol

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OtherSchematicSymbols y

Differential amplifier, op amp, or comparator

Independent voltage sources

Independent current source

Voltage-controlled, voltage source

Voltage-controlled, current source

Current-controlled, Current controlled voltage source 36

Current-controlled, , current source Dr.AliImranNajam

ThreeTerminalNotation
QABC A=Terminalwiththelargermagnitudeofpotential B=Terminalwiththesmallermagnitudeofpotential g p C=ConditionoftheremainingterminalwithrespecttoterminalB C=0 =>ThereisaninfiniteresistancebetweenterminalBandthe3rdterminal C=S =>ThereisazeroresistancebetweenterminalBandthe3rdterminal C R >ThereisafiniteresistancebetweenterminalBandthe3rdterminal C =R => There is a finite resistance between terminal B and the 3rd terminal C=X =>ThereisavoltagesourceinserieswitharesistorbetweenterminalB andthe3rdterminalinsuchamannerastoreversebiasaPNjunction.

Examples (a.)Capacitancefromdraintogatewiththesourceshortedtothegate. (b.)Drainsourcecurrentwhengateisshortedtosource(depletiondevice) (c.)Breakdownvoltagefromdraintogatewiththesourceisopen circuitedtothegate.

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Summary y
SuccessfulanalogICdesignproceedswithunderstandingthe circuitbeforesimulation. AnalogICdesignconsistsofthreemajorsteps: (1)Electrondesign=>Topology,W/Lvalues,andDCcurrents ( ) y (2)Physicaldesign(Layout) g ( y ) (3)Testdesign(Testing) Analogdesignersmustbeflexibleandhaveaskillsetthatallows onetosimplifyandunderstandacomplexproblem one to simplify and understand a complex problem AnalogICdesignhasreachedmaturityandisheretostay. Analogfindsapplicationswherespeed,area,orpowerresultin advantagesoveradigitalapproach advantages over a digital approach Deepsubmicrontechnologieswillofferexcitingchallengestothe creativityoftheanalogdesigner.
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