Chapter07 LAN Basic

Data Communications and Computer Networks
A Business Users Approach
Chapter 7
Parviz Kermani Polytechnic University
Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics
Acknowledgement
The original contents of this presentation were provided by the publisher, Course Technology. Additional materials from other sources were added
William Stallings, Business Data Communications, 4th Edition, Prentice Hall publisher
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics
Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani
Objectives
State the definition of a local area network List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks Identify the physical and logical topologies of local area networks
Objectives (continued)
Cite the characteristics of wireless local area networks and their medium access control protocols Specify the different medium access control techniques Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats Describe the common local area network systems
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani 4
Introduction
Local area network - communication network
Interconnects a variety of data communicating devices within a small geographic area Broadcasts data at high data transfer rates with very low error rates.
Since the local area network first appeared in the 1970s, its use has become widespread in commercial and academic as well home environments.
7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani
Basic Characteristics of LANs

Small geographic area Broadcast: transmission heard by all High data rates Low error rates
Functions of a Local Area Network

Resource Sharing - To provide access to hardware and software resources that will allow users to perform one or more of the following activities
File server - A large storage disk drive that acts as a central storage repository. Printer server - Provides the authorization to access a particular printer, accept and queue print jobs, and provides a user access to the print queue to perform administrative duties. Interconnection - A LAN can provide an interconnection to other systems, LANs, and to wide area networks.
Functions of a Local Area Network

Video transfers - High speed LANs are capable of supporting video image and live video transfers. Manufacturing support - LANs can support manufacturing and industrial environments. Distributed processing - LANs can support network operating systems which perform the operations of distributed processing. Academic support In classrooms, labs, and wireless. E-mail support.
Advantages of Local Area Networks

Ability to share hardware and software resources. Individual workstation might survive network failure. Component and system evolution are possible. Support for heterogeneous forms of hardware and software.
Advantages of Local Area Networks

Access to other LANs and WANs. Private ownership. Secure transfers at high speeds with low error rates.
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Disadvantages of Local Area Networks

Equipment and support can be costly. Level of maintenance continues to grow. Private ownership. Some types of hardware may not interoperate. Just because a LAN can support two different kinds of packages (e.g. databases) does not mean their data can interchange easily. A LAN is only as strong as it weakest link, and there are many links.
Basic Network Topologies

Stations on a local area networks are interconnected using one of four basic configurations:
1. 2. 3. 4.
Bus/tree Star-wired bus Star-wired ring Wireless
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Bus/Tree Topology
The original topology
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Bus/Tree Topology
Workstation has a network interface card (NIC) that attaches to the bus (a coaxial cable) via a tap.
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Bus/Tree Topology
Data can be transferred using either
baseband digital signals
Bidirectional
broadband analog signals

Unidirectional
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Bus/Tree Topology
Baseband signals are bidirectional and move outward in both directions from the workstation transmitting.
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Bus/Tree Topology
Broadband signals are usually unidirectional and transmit in only one direction. Because of this, special wiring considerations are necessary.
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Bus/Tree Topology
In broadband topology, buses can be split and joined, creating trees.
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Advantages of Broadband LAN

Broadband signals easy to amplify
Network extends for 100s to 1000s of meters
Wide bandwidth: support for video and radio signal transmissions

Multiple concurrent channels
Possible to split and join broadband cables
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Disadvantages of Broadband LANs

More susceptible to noise More expensive (than baseband)
Analog transmission
Long average propagation delay Difficult to plan
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Star-wired Bus Topology

Logically operates as a bus, but physically looks like a star. Star design is based on hub.
All workstations attach to hub.
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Unshielded twisted pair usually used to connect workstation to hub. Hub takes incoming signal and immediately broadcasts it out all connected links.
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Hubs can be interconnected to extend size of network.
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Modular connectors and twisted pair make installation and maintenance of star-wired bus better than standard bus. Hubs can be interconnected with twisted pair, coaxial cable, or fiber optic cable. Biggest disadvantage(?): when one station talks, everyone hears it.
This is called a shared network. All devices are sharing the network medium.
Star-wired Ring Topology

Logically operates as a ring But physically appears as a star
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Ring Topology
NIC operates as a repeater
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Ring Topology
Star ring topology is based on MAU (multistation access unit) which functions similarly to a hub.
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Ring Topology
Where a hub immediately broadcasts all incoming signals onto all connected links, the MAU passes the signal around in a ring fashion.
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Ring Topology
Like hubs, MAUs can be interconnected to increase network size.
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Wireless LANs
Not really a specific topology
Workstation in a wireless LAN can be anywhere as long as it is within transmitting distance to an access point.
Newer IEEE 802.11 standard defines various forms of wireless LAN connections.
Speed of 11/54 Mbps Speeds up to 20 Mbps available on other technologies.
Wireless LANs
Workstations reside within a basic service set, while multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
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Wireless LANs
Two basic components necessary:
Client radio: usually a PC card with an integrated antenna, and Access point (AP): an Ethernet port plus a transceiver
The AP acts as a bridge between the wired and wireless networks

Can perform basic routing functions.
Workstations with client radio cards reside within a basic service set, Multiple basic service sets create an extended service set.
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Wireless LANs
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Wireless LANs
With directional antennae designed for point-to-point transmission (rare), 802.11b can work for more than 10 miles. With an omni-directional antenna on a typical AP, range may drop to as little as 100 feet. Distance is inversely proportional to transmission speed - as speed goes up, distance goes down.
Wireless LANs
In actual tests, 11 Mbps 802.11b devices managed 5.5 Mbps (from a July 2000 test by Network Computing). To provide security, most systems use Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), which provides either 40- or 128-bit key protection. What will Bluetooths impact be on 802.11b?
Other Wireless Standards

IEEE 802.11 (older 2 Mbps) IEEE 802.11b (11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz) IEEE 802.11a (54 Mbps, 5 GHz, in 2002) IEEE 802.11g (54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz, in 2002), same frequency as 802.11b
Backward compatible
HiperLAN/2 (European standard, 54 Mbps in 5 GHz band)

Comparison of Technologies
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Peer-to-Peer LANs (Ad-Hoc Nets)

Wireless LANs may also be configured without access point
These configurations are called ad-hoc
Not as common as server-based LANs Most peer-to-peer LANs still use one or more servers Interesting collaborative-type applications (world-wide law firm)
Medium Access Control Protocols

How does a workstation get its data onto the LAN medium? A medium access control protocol is the software that allows workstations to take turns at transmitting data. Three basic categories:
1. 2. 3.
Contention-based protocols Round robin protocols (not in use) Reservation protocols (not in use)
Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani 39
Medium Access Protocols
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Contention-Based Protocols
Most common example is carrier sense multiple access with collision detection (CSMA/CD). CSMA/CD protocol is based on the ALOHA protocol.
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If no one is transmitting, a workstation can transmit. If someone else is transmitting, the workstation backs off and waits.
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If two workstations transmit at the same time, a collision occurs. When the two workstations hear the collision, they stop transmitting immediately.
new packets old packets Collision? G
channel
No Yes
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ALOHA Performance
Pure ALOHA:
Send the packet when it is generated Period of vulnerability is 2 time slots Maximum efficiency= 18%
Slotted ALOHA
Time is slotted. Stations can transmit only at the beginning of slots Maximum efficiency= 36%
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ALOHA Performance
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Each workstation backs off a random amount of time and tries again. Hopefully, both workstations do not try again at the exact same time. CSMA/CD is an example of a nondeterministic protocol.
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Round Robin Protocols

Each workstation takes a turn transmitting
Turn is passed around the network from workstation to workstation.
Most common example is token ring LAN in which a software token is passed from workstation to workstation.
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Token ring is an example of a deterministic protocol. Token ring is more complex than CSMA/CD. What happens if token is lost? Duplicated? Hogged? Token ring LANs are losing (have lost!) the battle with CSMA/CD LANs.
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Reservation Protocols
Workstation places a reservation with central server. Workstation cannot transmit until reservation comes up. Under light loads, this acts similar to CSMA/CD. Under heavy loads, this acts similar to token ring. Though a powerful access method but again losing out to CSMA/CD. Most common example of reservation protocol is demand priority protocol.
Medium Access Control Sublayer

Shortcoming of the OSI model for LANs
Routing at the network layer Interdependence of physical & DLC layers
Need for medium access
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To better support local area networks, the data link layer of the OSI model was broken into two sublayers:
Logical link control sublayer Medium access control sublayer
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Medium access control sublayer defines the frame layout and is more closely tied to a specific medium at the physical layer. Thus, when people refer to LANs they often refer to its MAC sublayer name, such as 10BaseT.
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IEEE 802 Frame Formats

The IEEE 802 suite of protocols defines the frame formats for CSMA/CD (IEEE 802.3) and token ring (IEEE 802.5). Each frame format describes how the data package is formed.
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Note how the two frames are different. If a CSMA/CD network connects to a token ring network, the frames have to be converted from one to another.
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LAN Systems: Ethernet

Also known as CSMA/CD.
Most common form of LAN today. Star-wired bus is most common topology, but bus topology also available.
Ethernet comes in many forms depending on

medium used transmission speed technology.
Ethernet
Originally, CSMA/CD was 10 Mbps. Then 100 Mbps was introduced. Most NICs sold today are 10/100 Mbps. Then 1000 Mbps (1 Gbps) was introduced. 10 Gbps is now beginning to appear.
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Ethernet
1000 Mbps introduces a few interesting wrinkles:
Transmission is full duplex (separate transmit and receive), thus no collisions. Prioritization is possible using 802.1p protocol. Topology can be star or mesh (for trunks).
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Ethernet
A few more interesting wrinkles:
Cabling can be either UTP or optical (but 10 Gbps Ethernet may not work over UTP due to radio frequency interference). Where 10 Mbps Ethernet has less than 30% utilization due to collisions, 1000 Mbps is limited only by traffic queueing. Distance with 10 Mbps is limited by CSMA/CD propagation time, whereas 1000 Mbps is limited only by media.
Ethernet Standards
Wired Ethernet (continued)

One of the latest features is power over Ethernet (PoE) What if you have a remote device that has an Ethernet connection?
It will require a power connection
What if you dont have an electrical outlet nearby?

Use PoE
Power to drive Ethernet NIC is sent over wiring along with usual Ethernet signals
LAN Systems: IBM Token Ring

Deterministic LAN offered at speeds of 4, 16 and 100 Mbps.
Experimental 100Mbps never made it to market.
Very good throughput under heavy loads. More expensive components than CSMA/CD. Losing (lost!) ground quickly to CSMA/CD.
LAN Systems: FDDI

Fiber Distributed Data Interface Based on the token ring design using 100 Mbps fiber connections. Allows for two concentric rings - inner ring can support data travel in opposite direction or work as backup. Token is attached to the outgoing packet, rather than waiting for the outgoing packet to circle the entire ring.
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FDDI Dual Ring Topology
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FDDI Reliability
Reconfigured dual-ring network.

Wireless Ethernet
As we have already seen, IEEE has created the 802.11b, 802.11a, and 802.11g wireless standards IEEE 802.11n (100 Mbps) will be ratified soon and should start appearing in product form in 2006 (maybe?) Latest wireless Ethernet is using MIMO technology (multiple input multiple output)
Sender and receiver have multiple antennas for optimum reception
LAN Systems: 100VG-AnyLAN

Deterministic LAN based on demand priority access method (IEEE 802.12). Transmits data at 100 Mbps Uses and supports Ethernet and TR technologies (Any). Originally designed to run on category 3 (Voice Grade, VG) wires
Category 5 is now the preferred cable
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LAN Systems: 100VG-AnyLAN

Similar to hub topology (star design). Similar to Token Ring, uses round robin scheduling (enforced by the root hub) Two levels of priority - normal and high. Supports a wide-variety of media types. Losing (has lost!) ground to CSMA/CD.
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100VG-AnyLAN Topology
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LANs In Action : A Small Office Solution

What type of system will interconnect twenty workstations to a central server, which offers:
Electronic mail A database that contains all customer information Internet access High quality printer access
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LANs In Action: A Home Office Local Area Network Solution

What if you have two computers at home and want both to share a printer and a connection to the Internet. Some type of network-in-a-box solution might solve this problem. Essentially a LAN with a 2- or 3-port hub, connecting cables, and software. In some models, the hub also acts as a router to the Internet.
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LANs In Action: A Home Office Local Area Network Solution
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What we learned in this chapter

State the definition of a local area network. List the primary function, activities, and application areas of a local area network. Cite the advantages and disadvantages of local area networks. Identify the physical and logical local area network topologies. Cite the characteristics of wireless local area networks and their medium access control protocols. Recognize the difference between client/server networks and peer-to-peer networks. Specify the different medium access control techniques. Recognize the different IEEE 802 frame formats Describe the common local area network systems

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Data Communications and Computer Networks

A Business Users Approach

Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Basic Characteristics of LANs

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Functions of a Local Area Network

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Functions of a Local Area Network

Advantages of Local Area Networks

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Advantages of Local Area Networks

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Disadvantages of Local Area Networks

Basic Network Topologies

Bus/tree Star-wired bus Star-wired ring Wireless

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

broadband analog signals

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Advantages of Broadband LAN

Wide bandwidth: support for video and radio signal transmissions

Possible to split and join broadband cables

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Disadvantages of Broadband LANs

Long average propagation delay Difficult to plan

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Star-wired Bus Topology

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Star-wired Bus Topology

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Star-wired Bus Topology

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

Star-wired Bus Topology

Star-wired Ring Topology

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics

Polytechnic University Parviz Kermani

7- Local Area Networks (LAN): The Basics