Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Impacts of industry and trade on occupaFonal/ environmental health and safety Week One: Environmental impacts Sources and impacts of air pollu2on Sources and impacts of soil contamina2on Sources and impacts of ground and surface water pollu2on Sources and impacts of noise and radia2on
RISK
WORKER
IntroducFon
Human
ac2vi2es,
especially
those
in
the
industrial
sector,
are
associated
with
risks
for:
Workers
Surrounding
neighbourhood
Environment
in
general.
Thus
the
need
for:
Health
and
safety
precau2ons/programmes
Environmental
protec2on
regula2ons
and
techniques.
Accidents
Injuries
PrecauFons against
Noise
ProtecFon against
RadiaFon
Policy issues Dierent countries have dierent policies concerning: legisla2on & regula2ons of the natural environment workplace safety and health.
IntroducFon
IntroducFon
Policy
issues
What
is
the
situaFon
in
Jamaica?
Which
Ministry
is
responsible
for:
Occupa2onal
Safety
and
Health?
Company
work
environment,
plant
and
facili2es?.
What
is
the
role
of
Na2onal
Environmental
and
Planning
Agency
(NEPA)?
IntroducFon
Generally
two
types
of
environments
are
at
risk:
The
natural
environment
and
The
environment
at
the
work-place
See
gure
1
and
describe
the
ac2vi2es
and
risks
no2ced.
Dust
Workplace hazard
RadiaFon
RadiaFon
Natural environment
All should be responsible for minimising the nega2ve impacts on both the work- place and the natural environment.
Group AcFvity 1: Break out into ve groups of ve each and discuss the major negaFve impacts of industry and trade on: The natural environment in Jamaica Human health in Jamaica
What are some of the environmental eects on Jamaica and the Caribbean CommuniFes?
Group
Project
1. Measures
to
protect
the
natural
environment
from
negaFve
impacts
caused
by
industry
and
trade
Environmental
legislaFon
Major
environmental
treaFes
and
convenFons
Jamaicas
environmental
policy
and
legislaFon
Jamaicas
eorts
to
meet
internaFonal
environmental
convenFons.
Group
Project
2.
Emission
control
measures
Change
of
behaviour
Use
of
alternaFve
processes
Technical
soluFons
Group
Project
4.
Waste
management
Waste
management
hierarchy
MinimisaFon
of
waste
generaFon
Recycling
and
reuse
Proper
waste
handling
Waste
disposal
Group
Project
5.
ProtecFon
measures
against
the
emission
of
noise
and
radiaFon
Noise
reducFon
measures
ProtecFon
measures
against
ionising
radiaFon
Noise
reducFon
measures
ProtecFon
measures
against
ionising
radiaFon
ProtecFon
measures
against
electromagneFc
elds
Group
Project
6.
Awareness
creaFon
and
training
Theories
of
accident
causaFon
Safety
and
health
training
7.
AdministraFve
and
management
measures
to
improve
OSH
Company
safety
policy,
rules
and
regulaFons
Safety
analysis
and
prevenFon
Preparing
for
emergencies
Accident
invesFgaFon
and
reporFng
Group
Project
8.
Technical
measures
to
improve
workplace
safety
and
health
Measures
to
prevent
ergonomic
hazards
and
repeFFve
strain
injuries
Measures
to
prevent
stress
and
resulFng
human
reacFon
Measures
to
prevent
mechanical
hazards
and
injuries
Group
Project
9.
Technical
measures
to
improve
workplace
safety
and
health
Measures
to
prevent
falling,
impact,
acceleraFon
and
lieing
hazards
Measures
to
prevent
re,
heat
and
temperature
hazards
Measures
to
prevent
pressure
hazards
Measures
to
prevent
electrical
hazards
Group
Project
10.
Technical
measures
to
improve
workplace
safety
and
health
Measures
to
prevent
hazards
resulFng
from
toxic
and
explosive
substances
Measures
to
prevent
noise
and
vibraFon
hazards
Measures
to
prevent
pressure
hazards
Measures
to
prevent
radiaFon
and
EMF
hazards
oil,electricity gas,coal
coal,gas,oil
power plants
Major sources of air polluFon Depending on the type of opera2on, industrial plants may emit dust e.g. in the case of mines lime kilns cement plants glass factories metallurgical plants, etc.) and a number of gaseous compounds.
Major sources of air polluFon All combus2on processes which are based on the burning of carbon or hydrocarbon fuel contribute to the world-wide genera2on of CO2 which is responsible for the global climate change. Other emissions with a nega2ve impact on the climate and the earth's ozone layer are refrigerants and solvents known as CFCs.
The main threats to the atmosphere result from: Use of fossil energy Intensive agriculture Industrial produc2on Growing transport sector Insucient o-gas cleaning Use of CFCs Destruc2on of intact ecosystems
Group AcFvity 2: Break out into ve groups of ve each and discuss the major threats to the Jamaican and global environment and suggest the way forward
SUMMARY- HEALTH RISK AND AIR POLLUTION POLLUTANT 1. ParFcles-smoke, e.g. Soot and asbestos ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION DomesFc res, Lung damage silicosis, Smokeless fuel, Clean industrial block plant stomata, Air, Acts/Rules, beger combusFon, mining, bronchiFs chimneys brake linings Fuel combusFon e.g. Coal, oil, petrol reducing smog lung damage, bronchiFs, forms acid rain Remove sulphur from fuels and ue gases
2. Sulphur dioxide
3. Carbon monoxide
Car exhaust, cigarege Forms smoking carboxyhaemoglobin prevenFng oxygen uptake by blood, loss of consciousness and death All forms of combusFon greenhouse eect of overheaFng Car exhaust, industrial waste Photochemical smog damages plants,
Find other sources of energy Catalysts or heat reactors in car exhausts, modify car-
SUMMARY- HEALTH RISK AND AIR POLLUTION POLLUTANT 6. Oxides of nitrogen ORIGIN DAMAGE PREVENTION Catalysts or heat reactors in car exhausts, modify car- engines Car exhaust, industrial Photochemical smog combusFon damages plants, rubber, clothing
7. Ozone
Eye irritaFon, reduces Catalysts or heat visibility reactors in car exhausts, modify car- engines Toxic to the nervous system Death-lung cancer, bronchiFs, coronary disease etc. Respiratory system, inuenza-mucus membrane Lead-free petrol and modify engines no smoking
8. Lead
Cigarege smoking
Good venFlaFon
AcidicaFon
of
soil
Acidica2on
of
soil
occurs
when
the
acidity
of
the
rain
increases
due
to
air
pollu2on.
If
gases
like
sulphur
dioxide
(SO2),
nitrogen
oxides
(NOX)
and
ammonia
(NH3)
get
into
contact
with
water
molecules,
they
form
acids.
When
it
rains
in
areas
where
the
air
is
polluted
with
sulphur
dioxide
etc.,
these
acids
are
formed
and
fall
down
as
acidic
rain.
AcidicaFon
of
soil
The
acids
permeate
the
soil
and
mix
with
the
water
from
the:
Lakes
Ponds
Rivers
etc.,
This
changes
their
composi2on
and
poses
danger
to
plants
and
animals.
AcidicaFon of soil
AcidicaFon
of
soil
Acid
rain
harms
a
wide
range
of
non-organic
materials
as
well,
including
:
Stone
Cement
Paint
Varnish
Paper
and
tex2les.
AcidicaFon
of
soil
The
most
important
sources
of
gases
responsible
for
acidica2on
are:
Power
plants
Industries
The
transport
sector
(through
exhaust
fumes)
Intensive
agriculture.
?
What
are
the
sources
and
impacts
of
ground
and
surface
water
pollu7on?
Four forms of waste water Rain and = surface water aeer rains storm water Grey water = wastewater from bathing, laundry and kitchen
Brown or = wastewater from toilets black water Industrial = heavily polluted wastewater wastewater from industrial processes
Untreated wastewater from: Industrial produc2on Fer2liser Pes2cides from agriculture, Leakage and spillage from oil and chemical storage tanks Leach ate from waste dumps as well as minerals leached by acidic rains etc.
All end up in Streams Rivers Lakes and groundwater reservoirs Finally they ow into the ocean where the pollutants aect coastal and marine animal and plant life.
radiaFon
radiaFon
Sound is caused by vibra2on in the air (or some other medium) that reaches the ears and s2mulates a sensa2on of hearing. Noise polluFon emerges when sound becomes loud or disagreeable, par2cularly when it results in physiological or psychological harm.
radiaFon
Origins of assaulted atmospheric (human- made)noises: Trac noise Power lawn mowers Jets ying overhead Chain saws Jackhammers or Disco/dance hall/vehicle music
radiaFon
In industry and produc2on sectors: the processing of metals grinding cucng hammering are very loud but also other types of machines and engines fans and blowers add to the noise pollu2on.
radiaFon
The intensity (loudness) of sound is measured rela2ve to a reference sound that is so low that it is almost inaudible to the human ear. Rela2ve loudness is expressed numerically using the decibel (db) scale or a modied decibel scale called decibel-A (dbA) scale.
radiaFon
dbA
scale
takes
into
account
high- pitched
sounds
to
which
the
human
ear
is
more
sensi2ve.
Prolonged
exposure
to
noise
leads
to
a
loss
of
hearing
ability,
because
the
hair
cells
in
the
cochlea
are
damaged.
radiaFon
Prolonged exposure to loud noise results in permanent hearing impairment. Other physiological eects of noise on the body include: Increased heart rate Causes dila2on in children Causes muscle contrac2on.
radiaFon
Prolonged exposure to high levels of noise increases blood pressure and can cause heart disease Noise pollu2on can also cause: Migraine - Dizziness Gastric ulcers - Headaches Psychological stress - Nausea
Ionising radiaFon
Ionising radiaFon
Low level radia2on which humans and other organisms are exposed to from several natural sources such as: cosmic rays from outer space and radioac2ve elements in the earth crust is ooen referred to as ionising radiaFon.
Ionising radiaFon
In the US alone about 82% of the average radia2on people are exposed are from these natural sources. Ionising radiaFon contains enough energy to eject electrons from atoms, which results in the forma2on of posi2vely charged atoms, called ions.
Ionising radiaFon
What is an EMF?