CHAPTER 8

Steady flow i open channels n

8.1

T~

= pgR S o = AIP = 4 X 218 = 1 . 0

T
0

m
N/m2

...
8.2

= 1 0 0 0 X 9 . 8 1 X 1 X 1 / 2 0 0 0 = 4.9

a) i)

Q =

A J32gR So log
= 5 + 6.1

1.255~

RJ32gR S
A = 5 X 3 . 0 5 = 15.251$;P
= 1l.lm

R = 1.374 m;

J32gR So = 0.6567
14.8

4Q =

1 5 . 2 5 X 0.6567 X log

1.255 X 1 . 1 3 X 10 1 . 3 7 4 X 0.6567 -3.994

= log

[20.t352

+ 1.5717 X 1G6

-7

whence k = 2.027 mm
a ) ii)
Q =

Manning:

40 =

-X 15.25 n

1.374213

(111000)112

n = 0.0149

108

b)

A t y = 4.0

m
8.11)

i)

Darcy-Weisbach (equation
Q = 5 6 . 2 1 m31s

i i Manning
Q = 5 6 . 5 7 m31s

8.3

Q =

n
213 (0.0005)112

..

36 = ( 3 . 5 + y > y ( ( 3 . 5 + y)y 0.014 3 . 5 + 2 . 8 2 8 ~)

Solving by trial or graphical interpolation: y

= 2.74

8.4

Refer to Figure 8 . 6 of text. Obtain discharge when depth y= 1.0 m: So

=

0.001

Area of flow, A = r2 ( 8 - L sin281

2

Wetted perimeter, P
0 = cos
-1
(

= 21-0

(r-y)/r )

8 = 1 . 2 3 radians

... A

= 2 . 0 6 2 m2

P = 3.693 m

Q = - AJ32gR So

1.255~

RJ32gR So

J
l

Q = 3 . 7 7 6 m31s

and

V = 1.83 m l s

109

Mean b o u n d a r y shear stress, - o = pgR So t

= 1000 X 9.81 = 5.48 N / m 2
X

0.558

0.001

8.5

a)

D e t e r m i n e maximum d i s c h a r g e n d e r n i f o r m u u

flow

conditions. ee igure S F
D = 1.5 m;
So = 0.002;

8.22 i nt e x t . k
=

0.6 mm

S o l u t i o n :F i g u r e

8.22 s h o w st h ev a r i a t i o no f
f l o w , and that t h e
X

d i s c h a r g e w i t h d e p t ho fu n i f o r m maximum d i s c h a r g e o c c u r s diameter.

a t a b o u t 0.95

pipe

However &max c a n be o b t a i n e db y

calculatingthedischarges r a n g e of d e p t h s ,s a yf r o m method of p r o b l e m 8.4. Whence: Depth, y ( m > Discharge m 3 / s

a t u n i f o r mf l o wo v e r

1.2 m t o 1.5 m u s i n g t h e

1.2 3.26

1.3

1.4 3.60

1.5 3.37

3.49

Qmax = 3.6 m 3 / s

b)

A 20% i n c r e a s ei nf l o w

rate w i l l cause t h e pipe

to runfullunderpressure: Q
=

4.32 m 3 1 s ;
X

Vf

= 2.44 m l s

R e = 3.24

106 ;

h e n c e h = 0.016 (from Moody

d i a g r a m o r s o l v i n gC o l e b r o o k - W h i t ee q u a t i o n )

'.'

AV2

'f

- 0.016 X 2.442 - 19.62 X 1.5

= o.oo324

110

8.6 elocity istribution V d

V

5 = 5 . 7 5l o g
yO)

A t 0.2 yo f r o m e d b
V

(Oo2
V*

= 5 . 7 5 log

30

0.2 yo
k

30
( o * 8 y o ) = 5 . 7 5l o g
V*

0 . 8 yo k

A t 0.8 yo f r o m e d b

A v e r a g eo ft h e s e

5 . 7 5 v* log ( 2
(

302 X 0.16 X yo2

k2
30
X

1
1

m yo
k
0.398

= 5 . 7 5v *l o g

(i)

Mean v e l o c i t y f r o m v e l o c i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n

- 5 . 7 5v *

= 5.75 * og v l

k30 yo

0.434

which is c l o s e t o ( i )

Note t h a t ( i ) is i d e n t i c a l w i t h t h e l o c a l v e l o c i t y
d e p t ho f
0.6

f r o mt h es u r f a c e

a t w h i c hf i e l dm e a s u r e m e n t s

are commonly t a k e n .

111

2.303 yo o[ '

log' 0

' 0

' 0

at a

8.7 ee S

example 8 . 6 n d i g u r e . 1 9 a F 8
at inlet: 2g

of t e x t
V2
V2

E n e r g yr e l a t i o n s h i p

H = y + - + 0.25 2g

Uniform flow resistance e q u a t i o n :

b = 3 . 0 m:
H = 2.0 m;
So = 0.001:

Q =

s i d e s l o p e s = 1:l
p = 3.0

A = (3+y)y:

+ 2; *

n = 0.014

E v a l u a t e ( i ) a n d ( i i ) f o r a r a n g e of y

1 . 8 1 . 7 y1 .m) 1 . 5 1 . 0 0 . 5 (6
Q (

i>

m 31/1s111 4985 573358 . . 88 . . ..

2m .1 .1s. 47 . 0 . 1 0 34l 34 . 5 2 18 6

Q ii) (

From t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n p o i n t of c u r v e s ( i ) a n d ( i i ) ( s e e

example 8 . 6 ) :
y = 1.67 m;
Q = 17.6 m 3 / s

8.8

Refer t o example 8 . 4 n d i g u r e . 1 7 a F 8
= n3 = 0.013: n2 1 E i n s t eei q u i v a l ern tu g h n e s s : n o

of t e x t

0.025

a)

312 213

P1 = 2.704 m:

P = 8 . 4 0 8 m:

A = 7.875 m 2

R = 0.937 m

+ 2.704
= 0.0177

0 . 0 1 3 1 ' 5 ) /8 . 4 0 8

112

Q = 0.0177

7.875

(0.937)~~ (0.005)112

= 30.12 m 3 / s

Pavlovskji :

n =

C Pini2 112 p

2 . 7 0 4 ~ 0 . 0 1 3 ~ 3 . 0 ~ 0 . 0 2 5 + 2.704x0.013 + ~ 8.408
= 0.0182

Q = 29.29

m2/s
PR5
Pi Ri

Lotter:

n =

513

n.

1
R1 = R 2

For simple c h a n n e l s e c t i o n s t h e a s s u m p t i o n
-

.....R

may be made: 8 . 4 0 8 X 0.803

+

513

n =

0.013
n
=

2.704

5 /3 . 0 + L0.803 3 704) X 0 . 0 2 50 1 3 0.
Q = 33.95 m 3 / s

0,0157;

Refer t o F i g u r e 8 . 3 4 of t e x t
AI, A3;

P1,

relate t o flood p l a i n s

A2,

2
Ai

r e l a t e t o m a i nc h a n n e l
=

A3 = 40 y m 2 ;

A 2 = 3 0 0 + 5 0 y m2

P1 = 4 0 + y ;
Q = 2470 m 3 / s :

P2 = 6 5 m:
So = 0 . 0 0 1 2 5

113

n3 = 0,035;

0.025

E v a l u a t e Q f o r series of y : 2 . Y . 5m 4 . 3 . 2 . 1 . 0 6 (2 . )2 2 2 2 2

Q (m31s)

2147 2331 2524 2208 2395 2270 2460

.'.
8.10 oreconomic ection' F ' s
N = 0;
b = 2y

2.5 m

b + 2Ny = 2y

41 +

N2

= L T (

1 12 1 3 2 by ) b + 2 y

W (W)
n 4Y

W . ($)
n

y = 6.13 m;

b = 12.26 m

8.11

T r a p e z o i d s e c t i o 'n :c o n o m s c c t i o n ' al e ie
N = 1
b + 2y = 2y&;

b = 0.828 y

A = 1.828 y2;

P = 3.656 ; y

R = 0.5 y

75 =

y 2 (y ) 2 0 . 0 0 0 5 ) 1 1 2 0 . 51 3 (

Y 813 = 4 0 . 7 8
Y
= =

4.02 m
3.33 m

114

Q = 6 0 =

2213 ( 0 . 0 0 0 5 )

112 y 8 / 3

n 2
y = 3.67 m;

7.34 m
=

Excavation (including 0 . 1 m lining)

7.54 X 3.77

= 28.43 m 3 l m

Area of lining = 1 4 . 6 8 m 2 / m Let

X =

cost of excavation/m3
= 1 4 . 6 8 X 2x + 2 8 . 4 3 ~ = 57.79x

... Costlm

b) Trapezoidal unlined. n b + 2Ny = 2y J1 + N Z b = 0.0055 y A

=

= 0.025:

N = 1.5

2.1055 2: y

P = 4.211 : y

R = yI2

12 2 - 1 0 5 5 ( 0 . 5 ) ~ (~ . 0 0 0 5 ) 18 1 3 0 6 o = 0.025 Y y = 4.35 m

2.64 m

Area = 3 9 . 8 4 m 3 / m

Costlm = 39.84~
Relative cost alb
=

57.79139.84

= 1.45:l

8.13 Stable channel design:

Bed shear stress, T~ = 0.98 pgY So I 2 . 5 N / m 2

...

depth for critical tractive force on bed

Y Y 2.5/(0.0001
X 0.98
X

1000 X 9.81)

I 2.6 m

115

C h e c kd e p t h
'c

f o r c r i t i c a l t r a c t i v e force on s i d e s ;

sc

='c

bc

--

= 1.69 N/m2

...

0 . 7 5 pgy So

1.69

... ...
and

y % 2.297 Adopt y % 2.29 m

A = ( b + 2 . 1 4 4 5 ~ ) ~P ;
yields

= b +

2y41 + 2.14452

b = 20.5 m

8 . 1 4 Refer t o F i g u r e 8 . 2 9 R e c t a n g u l a rc h a n n e l .

of t e x t

.*.y 2
=

- Cc yo = 0.6
5 . 0 m1s
=

1 . 0 = 0.6 m

V2 = q / y 2 = 3.010.6

Froude mber: nu

F r2

= V2 1 = 2.061

5.0 1 d9.81

0.6

...
Y1 and

flow a t vena c o n t r a c t a i s s u p e r c r i t i c a l .

To f i n d upstream d e p t h

a1 V 1 2
2g = y 2 + -

= 0.0412 X 1 . 2 V2212g

.'. .*.

y1 + V I 2 / 2 g = y 2 + 1 . 2V 2 2 / 2 g

y1 + VI212g = 0.6 + 1.2494 X 25119.62

=

yl +

2.192m whence

116

a2v2a 2g

hL

+ 0.0494 V 2 2 1 2 g

y1 = 2.09 m

8.15 text.

Refer t o example 8 . 1 3a n dF i g u r e s8 . 2 5a n d8 . 2 6
c1

of

Y1

V12 - 2g

- y 2 +

c1 V 2 2

- + z

2g

When z i s less t h a n z c , y l example .13)). 8

y n( u n i f o r mf l o wd e p t h

(see

I t w i l l t h e r e f o r e be c o n v e n i e n t t o com-

p l e t e b) and c ) first.

b)
C )

Yc

=
z = z

1.45 m

a n dh e t specific energy a t z cl w i l l s t i l l be e q u a l t o t h e e n e r g y of u n i f o r m f l o w . When y 2 = y c ,

Es
1

( Y = Yn)

Yn +

c1

V212g

y,
E

= =

2.5 m;

V = 512.5 = 2 . 0 m l s
X

2.5 + 1.2

4119.62

s1
= 2.745 m

.'.

VC = q l y ,

= 5.011.45

=
X

3.448 m l s 3.44g2119.62

...

2.745 = 1 . 4 5 + 1 . 2 2 . 7 4 5 = 2.177 + zc

+ zc

...
a)

0.568 m

F o r z < zC ( < 0.568) 2.745 = y 2 + 1 . 2q 2 1 2 gy 2 2

+ z

Result :
Z

y1 = 2 . 5 0.1
2.373

0.2 2.24

0.3 2.097

0.4 1.937

0.5 1.739

y2

F o r z > z c' Y2 = Y,

a n d Y 1 > Y,
=

y1 + 1 . 2 9212g y12

1 . 4 5 + 1 . 2 q 2 1 2 g yc2 + z

117

Y1
Z

+ 1 . 5 2 9 1 ~=~ 2.177 + z ~
0.6
0.7

0.8

0.9

1.0

3.01 2.89 2.78 2.66 2.54 Y1 Result : y 2 - yc = 1 . 4 5 m -

8 . 1 6R e f e rt oF i g u r e8 . 2 7
Q = 1.6 m 3 / s :

of t e x t
B = 1 . 5 m:

b = 0.5 m

y l + a -v12 2g Assume f l o w i n t h r o a t

Y2

a v22 2g

is c r i t i c a l :

1.047 m

S p e c i f ie n e r g y c

at throat

1 . 0 4 7 + 1.1

1. 6 2 2g ( 0 . 5 ~ 1 . 0 4 7 ) ~

= 1.5707m

S p e c i f i ce n e r g y
=

a t u n i f o r mf l o w

0.92 +

1.1 X 1 . 6 2 2g ( 1 . 5 ~ 0 . 9 2 ) ~

0.995 m

..

Sincepecific nergy s e

a t t h r o a t at critical depth at

( a n dw h i c h thethroat)

is t h e minimum Es f o r t h e g i v e n d i s c h a r g e is g r e a t e r t h a n t h a t i n t h e u p s t r e a m s e c t i o n

a t u n i f o r mf l o w ,t h ef l o wm u s t
U p s t r e a md e p t h : Y1--

be c r i t i c a l i n t h e t h r o a t .

aV12

2g

1.5707 m

...

y1 = 1 . 5 4 4yd an 2

' 1

1.1 X 1 . 6 a 2g(1.5 X y1)2

= =

m 1.047 m

118

Q = g m b H 1312 aV1 H1 = y1 + - = 1.0 2g(1.5 2g

(see example 8.14)

1.1 X

Q2

12 )

H1 = 1.0 + 0.025 Q2

..

= 1.7049 X 0.5 (1.0 + 0.025 Q 2 )

312

= 0.8524 (1.0 + 0.025 Q2)312

1st approximation:
Q = 0.8524 (l.0)312
=

0.8524 m 3 I s

2nd approximation:

0.8524 (1.0 + 0.018) 312 = 0.8755 m3 / S

3rd approximation:

Q = 0.8524 (1.0 + 0.0191)

4th approximation:

312 0.877 m3/ =

Q = .8524 (1.0 + 0.0192) 312

0.877 m 3 / s

8.17

See Figure 8.29 of text

YS

3.56 m: Vs
=

2514 X 3.56
=

1.756 mls

--

1.756 J9.81 X 3.56

0.297

Yi = 1.78 (/l + 8 X 1.2 X 0.2972 yi

=

1)

0.639 ( > depth at vena contracta (0.6 m ) ) jump occurs

.*.Hydraulic
Upstream depth: y1 +

2
2g
* 9

aV

aV2
=
+

hL

1 2 (cV

v2 1) 2g

V2

119

y2

2 g
2544
X

hL 0.6) = 10.417 m l s

... hL
'*.

(-2

1 0.98

- 1) 10.4172/19.62

0.228 m

1 '

1.2 X 252 1.2 X 10.4172 = 0.6 + 19.62 X (4 X ylI2 19.62

+ 0,228

+ 2 . 3 8 9 1 ~ ~ ~ 7.465 m = Yl yl = 7.42 m: V1 = 25/4 X 7.42

F o r c eo ng a t e : Bpg yl2I2 + BpQ(Vl-V2) - Bpg ~
-

0.842 rnls

~ - Fx ~

=1 0

'Oo0
2

(7.42'

- 0.62)

+ 1.2 X 1000 X 25

Fx -

(0.842
= 786 kN

10.417)

8.18

See igure F

8.30 of t e x t 1.5
=

y2

0.6

0.9 m
t o s u s t a i nj u m p
=

Initialdepthrequired

0.639 m

y2 > 0.639;

t h e r e f o r e a jump w i l l n o t o r m . f

Apply momentum e q u a t i o n to (2) a n d ( 3 ) ( w h e r e y3 = ys> BPg yG212 T h i sy i e l d s

+

BpQ(V2-V3) - Bpg ~

yG

y3 J1 + 2BF3a(l

y3/y2) ( s e e p a g e 231)

F 3 = V 3 / G ( = Fs)

= 0.297

1 + 2
=

1.2

0.297'

(1

3.56 - 091 .

2.176 m
X

V2 UV2'

2514

0.9

6.944 mls

(rV12 YG y1+-2g

2g

hL

..

' 1

1 . 2 X 252 1 9 . 6 2 X 16 X y I 2

= =

5'25 m

Y 1 + 2.389/y12

5.25 m

.*. y1

5.157 m
=

V1 = 1 . 2 1 m/s

F o r co n e

gate
- 4000 -

(y12

y d 2 ) + Bp& ( V ,

- V,)
X

(5.1572

2.1762) + 1.2

1000

25

( 1 . 2 1 - 6.944)
= 257 kN

8.19

b = 8.0 m; Q = 40 m 3 / s

So

0.0002;

n = 0.015;

= 1.1;

C a l c u l a t eu n i f o r mf l o wd e p t hf r o mM a n n i n ge q u a t i o n : yn = 3 . 5 m :
A t c o n t r o ls e c t i o n ,
YO

5.0 m

y = 5.0 m, A = 4 0 . 0 m 2 , R = 2.222 m
Q2 y + 7= 2gA

S p e c i f i ce n e r g y

5.055 m

U s i n gt h e

'Direct S t e p 'm e t h o d ,s p e c i f y

Ay a n dt h e

c o r r e s p o n d i n g Ax i s o b t a i n e d f r o m
E2 - E
A = x
so

B,

=
so

AE

sf y1

w h e r e Ea a n d El a r e e v a l u a t e d a t y 2a n d
Note:

T h ec a l c u l a t i o n

of A h a sb e e nc a r r i e do u tb y x shown i n t h e

c o m p u t e r .T h ev a l u e so ft h eq u a n t i t i e s f o l l o w i n g t a b l e h a v eb e e n' r o u n d e do f f 'i n p a r t i c u l a r l y E a n dS f ;h o w e v e r fromthe

some cases,

A h a sb e e ne v a l u a t e d x

more e x a c t v a l u e s .

12 1

A x

5.055 5.0 2.222 40.0

7.759~10-~

4.9 9.2 .202 .958 .176~10-~ .968~10-~ 12.07 12.07 3 2 4 8 7 8 8 4.8 2.182 38.4 4.860 8 . 6 2 7 ~ 1 0 - ~8 . 4 0 2 ~ 1 0 - 58 4 1 . 2 31 6 5 3 . 3 1

4 . 73 7 . 62 . 1 6 14 . 7 6 39 . 1 1 5 ~ 1 0 - ~8 . 8 7 1 ~ 1 0 - ~8 7 5 . 2 72 5 2 8 . 5 8

Continuingthisresultsin: y(m>
4.6 4.3 4.0 3.7 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 4.4 4.1 3.8

4407

x(m> 3 4 4 4

8.20

Proceduredentical ithhat i w t
= 2.71

of p r o b l e m 8 . 1 9 .
m

U n i f o r mf l o wd e p t h

m;

yo = 4 . 0

C o m p u t a t i o n sp r o c e e du p s t r e a mu s i n gd i r e c ts t e pm e t h o d s w i t hi n t e r v a l s Note:

of dy

= 0.1

m.
off';

Some q u a n t i t i e s shown h a v e e e n r o u n d e d b '

see N o t e i n p r o b l e m 8 . 1 9 s o l u t i o n .
Y A

R
(m>

A x
sf

(m> (m2>
1 13 3 0 0 1 0 - ~ 4.143~ 3 7 46 6. .

(m>

8,
-

(m)

(m>
0

3 . 91 5 . 61 . 3 2 24 . 0 4 33 . 9 8 2 ~ 1 0 - ~3 . 8 6 2 ~ 1 0 - ~1 5 1 . 4 61 5 1 . 4 6 3 . 8 5 . 2 . 3 1 0 . 9 5 0 . 2 4 5 ~ 1 0 - ~4 . 1 1 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ 5 6 . 9 7 0 8 . 4 4 1 1 3 4 ' 1 3 3.7 4.8 .298 .858 1 1 3 4 . 5 3 3 ~ 1 0 - ~4 . 3 8 9 ~ 1 0 - ~1 6 3 . 5 54 7 1 . 9 9

Proceedingyields: y(m> 3.5 2.8 3.1 3.4 2.9 3.2 3.6 3.0 3.3

x(m) 6 4 3 . 6 2 5 . 1 0 1 9 2 3 0 4 6 4 7 3 1 0 5 2 4 6 8 1 1 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 2 3

12 2

8.21

Use d i r e c t s t e p intervalsof Note:

method, p r o c e e d i n g u p s t r e a m i n d e p t h

0.05 m.
off';

Some q u a n t i t i e s shown h a v e e e n r o u n d e d b '

see Note i n p r o b l e m

8.19 s o l u t i o n .

0.714 1.785 0.454 1.067 0.764 1.910 0.474 1.072 0.814 2.035

7.276~10-~ 6.005~10-~

6 . 6 4 0 6 ~ 1 0.943 0.943 0-~ 5.5136~10-~ 2.946 3.889

0.493 1.086 5 . 0 2 3 ~ 1 0 - ~

0.864 2.160 0.511

1.105 4 . 2 5 1 ~ 1 0 - ~ 4 . 6 3 7 ~ 1 05.357 9.246 -~

F u r t h e rc o m p u t a t i o n sy i e l d : y(m>

0.914 17.52 29.35 1.214 184

0.964

1.014 45.57

1.064 67.27 1.364 493

1.114 96.0 1.414 739

1.164 134 1.464 1355

x(m)
y(m)

1.264 253

1.314 349

x(m)

8.22 8.20;
Note:

This roblem p

is i d e n t i c a li nn a t u r e

w i t h 8.19 a n d

t h e o n l yd i f f e r e n c e

i s t h ec h a n n e lc r o s s - s e c t i o n .
off';

Some q u a n t i t i e s s h o w n a v e e e nr o u n d e d h b '

see Note i n s o l u t i o n
yn = 4.16 m

t o p r o b l e m 8.19.

12 3

076842.5 5.0 2.409 4.9 2.371 41.16 4.9819 4.8 2.333 39.84 4.8875

1.3886~10~

1 . 5 1 2 2 ~ 1 0 1 . 4 5 0 4 ~ 1 0 ~ 612.52 ~ 612.52 1 . 6 4 9 2 ~ 1 0 ~ . 5 8 0 7 ~ 1 0 ~ 1278.21 1 665.69

y(m)

4.7

4.6 2855

4.5 3849

4.4 5105

4.3 6900

x(m)

2016

124

8.23. Channel inlet level = 101.00 m; Water level at inlet = 104.00 m Head available = 104

101 = 3 m

Channel outlet level = 101.00 4 ~ 1 0 - ~100.40 m =

1500

Assuming channel to be with critical slope, the energy Eqn. at inlet gives:

H = 3 = yc

Vc2/2 g

0 . 02Vc2/2 g = 1.51 yc

Hence yc = 1.987 Mannings Eqn.

m and V = (gy,) 'I2 4.415 m/s. From , =

S = (Vcn)2/R4/3 = ....... .> So ( = 4 ~ 1 0 - ~ ) ,

Therefore the channel is of mild slope and the governing equations at inlet are:

Equations (i) and (ii) give by iteration,

y = 2.800 m (uniform flow depth) and the discharge

rate q = 5.564 m3/s.m. 125

For uniform flow to exist throughout the channel length the water level in the downstream reservoir = 100.400

2.80 = 1103.20 m m an M1

If the d/s reservoir water level = 103.50

profile would exist initiating from the downstream reservoir. If the length of the M1 profile is greater than the length of the channel. the channel inlet is drowned with reduced discharge in the channel. The length of the Ml profile can be obtained by step method between the depths 3.1 m (103.50 - 100.40) and 2.80 m. The calculations suggest that the length of the

channel (=l500 m) is less than. the length of the profile and hence the inlet is submerged thus reducing the flow rate.

8.24. For full pipe flow (assumption) the energy equation gives:

This results in a diameter, D := 2.250 m (H = 3.70 m

< 4 . 0 0 m). Check for the flow conditions

(verification of assumption): H/D = 1.65

> 1.2 -

this suggests inlet submergence. Using Mannings

E q n . with the maximum discharge (flowing full-non-

pressurised) we can get the allowable D = 2.320 m (< 126

2.250 m, the diameter provided). Hence the barrel flows full under pressure. If the entry loss coefficient is 0.25, the solution of Eqn. (i) gives D = 2.000 m with a maximum head, H = 3.930 m (< 4 . 0 0 0 m).

8.25. Weir discharge,

Qv

= 10 m3/s; Channel discharge

(u/s of weir) , Q~ = 100 m3/s. Discharge in channel d/s of weir, Q2 = 100.00 y2 = 2.70 m giving:

10.00 = 90.00 m 3 / s and solving for its normal depth,

Energy d/s of the weir, E2 = 2.723 m.

Assuming constant energy along the weir, El = 2.723 m u/s of the weir. From this energy the u/s water depth, y1 = 2.67 m. Assuming a weir ofsill height, gives
S

= 2.0 m, Eqn. 8.30

= -1.071
and

& =

-0.685.

127

The weir discharge coefficient:

(8.33)

K = 1.0 for (yl - s)/L >2.0

and

(8.34)

= 0.80

0.10 (yl - s ) / L

for (yl -

S) /L

< 2.0

(8.35)

From the spatially varied flow equation ( E q n . 8.31) we can write:

Assuming a crest length, L = say 1 m, we have (yl S)

/L = 0.67 (< 2.0) and hence K = 0.867 from E q n . (i) we

8.35 and CM = 0.627 from E q n . 8.33. From E q n . s)/L

then get, L = 46 m; this satisfies E q n . 8.35 as (yl -

< 2.0.

This trial solution suggests a very large crest length for a discharge of 10 m 3 / s and may be reduced considerably by decreasing the sill (crest) height,
S

from 2.0 m.

128