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P. H AUKE , R. S CHMIED, T. R OSCILDE , V. M URG , D. P ORRAS , J. I. C IRAC M AX P LANCK I NSTITUTE OF Q UANTUM O PTICS , G ARCHING , G ERMANY
Motivation
Frustrated quantum magnets may exhibit exotic phases like spin-liquids, long-range chiral order or resonating valence bond phases.
t,
a a + H.c. + U n (n 1) + V n
Using the quantized motion of ions in the microtraps provided by an optical lattice, we provide a scheme to simulate a frustrated XY Hamiltonian on an anisotropic triangular lattice.
t1 t2 m
Tunneling of phonons t, is due to the dipoledipole component of the Coulomb interaction between ions: t, =
e2 3 80 r,
m m 3 n, m
n, m
It can be tuned by adjusting the direction of vibration m of the ion (via engineering of the optical lattice).
Phononphonon interaction U is induced by the anharmonicity of the optical lattice, tuneable by a sublattice.
+
For very large repulsive U only 0 or 1 phonon may exist at each site.
This effective two-level system can be mapped to spin operators + z a S , a S , n S + 1 (HolsteinPrimakoff transformation) 2
The result is an XY Hamiltonian:
2 U
HS = 2
t,
y y x x S S + S S
z V S
1 0 n
t,
Classical simulations
We use exact diagonalization on small lattices, a modied spin-wave theory [2], [3] projected entangled pair states (PEPS) and
to calculate the expected phase diagram of an antiferromagnetic XY Hamiltonian with frustrated nearest-neighbor interaction on an anisotropic triangular lattice (for S = 1/2 spins). modied spin-wave theory (msw):
S + a ai i
derivation of a mean eld Hamiltonian minimisation of free energy under constraint of Si = 0 (required by rotational symmetry) self-consistent equations advantages avoids 1/S expansion as in conventional
spin-wave methods
-0.2
exact, 4x5 PEPS, D=3, 10x10 modified spin waves
-0.3
1 t2/t1
1.5
1D-Neel
0.5
1 t2/t1
1.5
theoretical maximum
Energies
0.1
0.5 1 t2/t1 1.5 2
Six sin (Q ri ) Si + cos (Q ri ) Si , Siy cos (Q ri ) Si + sin (Q ri ) Si , Siz Si , with Q = (Qx , 0) being the wave vector along
which there is long-range order
0.5
1 t2/t1
1.5
disadvantages is based on assumption of long range order cannot account for spin-liquid phases
Correlations
Spinspin correlations (PEPS):
t1
7 6 5
x 4 Si, j Six , j
Conclusions
t2
Neel order persists down to values of t2 /t1 as small as 1.4 (classical: t2 /t1 2).
Outlook
Validate the phase diagram experimentally. How does dipolar (experiment) instead of
nearest-neighbor interaction (model) change the phase diagram?
7 6 5 4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1 0 0 5 10 15
x x 4 Si, j Si, j
Use of a planar array of microfabricated traps would enable to extend this quantum simulation scheme to arbitrary geometries, e.g. the Kagome lattice.
10 distance
15
Phase diagram:
j
i l
a) classical
References
[1] [2] R. Schmied, T. Roscilde, V. Murg, D. Porras, and J. I. Cirac. Quantum Phases of Trapped Ions in an Optical Lattice. New J. Phys. 10 045017, 2008. M. Takahashi. Modied spin-wave theory of a square-lattice antiferromagnet. Phys. Rev. B 40 2491, 1989. J. H. Xu, and C. S. Ting. Modied spin-wave theory of low-dimensional quantum spiral magnets. Phys. Rev. B 43 6177, 1991. S. Yunoki and S. Sorella. Two spin liquid phases in the spatially anisotropic triangular Heisenberg model. Phys. Rev. B 74 014408, 2006. H. Kawamura. Classical and Quantum Chiral Order in Frustrated XY Magnets. mat/0202109v1, 2002. arXiv:cond-
0.5
t2 / t1
b) quantum mechanical
gapped SL
gapless SL
gapped SL
0 0
0.5
1 t2/t1
1.5
~0.4
/ t1
[6]
T. Hikihara, M. Kaburagi, and H. Kawamura. Chiral order of Spin-1/2 frustrated quantum spin chains. arXiv:cond-mat/0007095v2, 2000.