SAFETY OF VEHICLES

Pratik Wasnik Tushar Aneyrao Group No.: - M-P-4 Mechanical Department, 7th sem, St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engineering & Technology
Abstract- In this paper we present the newly invented technologies for the safety of vehicles. The technologies are Brake override system, Hill Start Assist. These technologies use components of a vehicle such as brake, computer below the hood, accelerator etc. Some technologies are work automatically while few remaining technologies are applied manually. These technologies increase the control on the vehicle and hence the safety. When a vehicle in on hill then Hill start Assist is used and when it is turning the other technologies are used. From the time these technologies are invented many experiments are done to improve their performance. Many countries are about to make these technologies compulsory where as ABS, Air bags and seat belts are already compulsory. Technologies- Brake-override system, Hill start Assist. I. INTRODUCTION: In this paper we are explaining latest safety features and technologies, which are being used in automobile sectors for safety of vehicles. These technologies reduce the chances of accidents, also provide safety to the 1. BrakeOverride System: Brake systems used to be simple. When you pressed the pedal, a mechanical system physically used brake shoes to stop the car at the wheels. While the friction of brake pads is still at work when you stop your car, electronic advances like ABS, brake assist and now brake override systems have changed what happens between putting your foot down and stopping the car. There isn't necessarily a direct connection between your foot on the pedal and the brake pad on the wheel. Brake override is also known as a smart pedal. In these brake systems, sensors recognize when the gas pedal and brake pedal are being pressed at the same time. They also recognize that this isn't how people normally drive, and that something is going wrong. The car's central computer then has a variety of ways it can slow the car down safely. 2. Hill Start Assist: It's a situation that every driver is familiar with. You're driving your car up a hill and at the top of the incline is an intersection with a traffic light. The light is red and there are already two or three cars stopped in front of you. You ease down on the brake pedal and come to a stop behind them. Soon, another car pulls up just a few feet behind you. As the light turns green, you release the brake. If you're driving a manual transmission, you step on the clutch with your left foot and move your right foot to the accelerator pedal. At this point there's nothing stopping your car from rolling backward except the braking force of the engine, and if you're using a clutch even that force is gone. Gravity starts pulling you back down the hill, straight toward the bumper of the car behind you. What do you do? Do you panic and hit the brake? Do you let your car drift into the next car in line? Well, probably not. If you've been driving for any length of time, your reflexes take over. You simply step on the accelerator and gradually bring the engine up to speed. If you're driving a manual transmission, you press the accelerator as you simultaneously let up on the clutch. The car moves forward. Disaster averted!

II. BRAKE OVERRIDE SYSTEM

The technological breakthrough that made brake override systems possible is the same thing that made so many of our safety systems possible: a fully integrated electronic system In the case of brake override systems, the system requires sensors at the brake and gas pedals, a computer to make decisions for what the car should do and wiring to connect it all. If it detects a problem, like the driver holding the brake while the car is speeding up, there are several ways for the computer to engage the brake override and "derate" the engine, as the auto guys call the reduction of power. It can: Adjust the throttle position Reduce the amount of fuel getting to the engine Change the timing Which course of action the car takes depends on what the manufacturer has programmed the computer to do when the gas and brake pedals are both pressed. No matter which method the car uses, the goal is the same -- the car will slow to a stop.

2.1: Components

a. Sensors b. Computer
2.2: Working

In case of emergency when driver applies both, brake and accelerator pedal then there is excessive force on brake shoe and brake drum. The sensors detect simultaneous operation of brake pedal and accelerator pedal and signal by sensor is sent to the computer. According to signals computer generates a command to the engine, which operates throttle valve and reduces the power.

Fig1: Principle of brake override system Toyota, for example, uses accelerator pedal sensors, brake light switch circuitry and vehicle speed sensors to detect when a vehicle may be going out of control. If the vehicle is traveling at 5 mph (8 kmph) or more and the brake pedal is pressed for a half second or more, then the system puts the engine in idle to slow it down. The half-second allowance keeps the system from trying to stop the car during hill starts or when the driver is rocking the car to find traction in snow or mud.

Fig 2: Process flow chart

III. HILL START ASSIST

It's a situation that every driver is familiar with. You're driving your car up a hill and at the top of the incline is an intersection with a traffic light. The light is red and there are already two or three cars stopped in front of you. You ease down on the brake pedal and come to a stop behind them. Soon, another car pulls up just a few feet behind you. As the light turns green, you release the brake. If you're driving a manual transmission, you step on the clutch with your left foot and move your right foot to the accelerator pedal. At this point there's nothing stopping your car from rolling backward except the braking force of the engine, and if you're using a clutch even that force is gone. Gravity starts pulling you back down the hill, straight toward the bumper of the car behind you. It's a great addition to the bevy of electronic safety and regulatory devices that keep you driving safely

Fig 3.2: Vehicle Moving without Hill Start Assist

3.1: Components
Angle sensors: These detect the angle of the car on an incline, which corresponds to the slope of the hill the car is on. Pressure sensors: These are part of the suspension system of the car and can detect the vehicle's weight, including the weight of passengers and cargo. This can also be done by piezoelectric sensors or strain gauges. These sensors produce an electrical signal proportional to the weight of the vehicle. Torque sensor: Torque is the rotational force from the engine that eventually accelerates the vehicle from a complete stop. The torque sensor can detect how much torque is being transmitted to the wheels via the drive train. Wheel-speed sensors: These detectors, usually placed on the axles, can determine the speed and direction the wheels are turning. Electronic Control Unit (ECU): This is the vehicle's embedded computer system that receives signals from the various sensors. The ECU decides when the brakes need to be applied based on that input. The ECU can also calculate the traveling resistance, which is a function of the car's weight (determined by the pressure sensors) and the slope of the hill that the car is on (determined by the angle sensors). Traveling resistance is used to calculate how much engine torque will be necessary to move the vehicle uphill. Brake actuator: An actuator is a device that converts an electrical signal into a physical movement. The brake actuator receives a signal from the ECU telling it to trigger the brakes. It then activates brake valves, sending brake fluid to the brakes to hold the vehicle in place, which keeps it from rolling back down the hill.

Fig 3.1: Vehicle Moving with Hill Start Assist

3.3: Working
The techniques most commonly used to implement hill-start control are: incline detection, backward motion detection, clutch detection, accelerator detection, brake detection and engine torque detection. Clutch detection: One of the most obvious applications of hill-start control is in cars with a manual transmission or stick shift. To start a car with a manual transmission, it's necessary to step on a clutch, which disengages the engine from the transmission. While the engine is disengaged, the car is no longer held in place by the engine's braking power, and if the brakes are also disengaged, which is usually the case while accelerating, the car can roll freely, especially if it's on an incline. Incline detection: If a car is stopped on an incline while the motor is still running, there's a good chance that some kind of hill-start control will be needed. A sensor that detects an incline of more than a certain amount -- say, three degrees or more -- can send a signal to the hill-start control indicating that the vehicle has the potential to start rolling. The disadvantage of incline detection is that sometimes a car maybe on an incline without needing the hill-start control -- for instance, when a tire slips into a pothole. Engine torque detection: This simply detects whether the engine is producing sufficient torque to accelerate the car forward. If it is, then the car is no longer in danger of rolling backward and the hill-start control is turned off. Brake detection: This detects whether the brakes are in use and whether there is sufficient braking force to hold the car in place. Backward motion detection: Although it isn't strictly necessary, some systems may include a means of detecting the fact that the car is rolling backward. Systems that use incline detection work roughly like this: The incline sensor detects when the car is on a hill. A brake sensor determines whether a brake is being applied. If it's not, then the car is in danger of rolling backward, so the system automatically activates the vehicle's brakes to keep the car stationary. In a vehicle with a manual transmission, clutch detection and brake detection can be used together to sense when the vehicle is in danger of rolling backward and the brake can be activated.

3.4 Benefits
1. It makes driving easier in certain situations. 2. Another way that hill-start control helps out is that it means less wear and tear on other parts of the car, such as the handbrake, that you might use to do the same job manually. 3. In a manual transmission-equipped car you don't have to ride the clutch when starting out on a hill, meaning there's less wear on the clutch. 4. By preventing the car from rolling backwards, hill-start control puts less strain on the engine and drive train

IV. 1.

REFERENCES

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-

safety/safety-regulatory-devices/hill-startcontrol1.htm
2. 3.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_Start_Assist http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-

safety/safety-regulatory-devices/brakeoverride-systems.htm