Vector Analysis

Electromagnetics (I)
Chapter 2 Vector Analysis

Vector algebra Coordinate systems Vector calculus
Maxwells Equations
The governing equations for electromagnetic energy involves vector and scalar calculation.
Vector Algebra
Vector Addition and Subtraction
Product of Vector
Multiplication by a scalar Dot (scalar) product Cross (vector) product
Product of Vector
Multiplication by a scalar
Dot (scalar) product
Product of Vector
Product of Vector
Cross (vector) product
A new product perpendicular to the plane containing the two Vectors.
Product of Three Vectors
Vector Triple Product
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
Metric Coefficients
A conversion factor, hi, is defined and used to convert a differential change of the coordinates,dui, into a change in length,dl, where ui may not be a length and thus a conversion factor is needed.
Differential Length change, Area, and Volume
1/2
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
(r, , z)
(r, , )
Cartesian Coordinates
Cartesian Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
10
Coordinate Transformation
Cylindrical coordinateCartesian coordinate
where
Cylindrical coordinateCartesian coordinate
Change of variables
11
Spherical coordinateCartesian coordinate
Change of variables
12
where
similarly,
A sin
Metric Coefficients
13
Differential Length change, Area, and Volume
1/2
Basic Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
14
Integrals Containing Vector Functions

Line Integrals
Integral of scalar functions
Cartesian coordinate
Integral of vector function (scalar line integral)
Cartesian coordinate
Scalar Line Integral
(i) In Cartesian coordinates.
15
Scalar Line Integral

(ii) In cylindrical coordinates.
Scalar Surface Integral
16
Scalar Surface Integral
Vector Calculus
17
Gradient
Gradient
For Cartesian coordinate
18
Example 2-16
The electrostatic field intensity E is derivable as the negative gradient of a scalar electric potential V; that is, E = V. (a)
(b)
Vector Fields
Field: directed field lines flux lines or streamlines (i) Direction of the vector field: directed line or curve. (ii) Magnitude of the field: density of the lines.
19
Divergence
Expression for Divergence

front surface (expanded as Taylor series)
back surface
Similarly,
20
Expression for Divergence

Recall
Divergence of a vector field
A = axAx + ayAy + azAz
Divergence of a Vector Field

General orthogonal coordinates
Cartesian coordinates
Spherical coordinates
Cylindrical coordinates
21
Divergence Theorem
Recall
Example 3-20
22
Vector Calculus
Gradient
For Cartesian coordinate
23
Divergence
Divergence of a vector field
Divergence of a Vector Field

24
Divergence Theorem
Recall
Curl
(Vortex source can cause a circulation of a vector field around the field)
25
Expression for Curl
Expression for Curl
Similarly,
26
Expression for Curl
Curl of a vector field in Cartesian coordinates
Curl of a vector field in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
Expression for Curl

27
Basic Orthogonal Coordinate Systems
Example 2-21
28
Stokes Theorem
where
Divergence Theorem
Recall
29
Example 2-22
For surface integral
Example 2-22
30
Two Null Identities

Identity I
Two Null Identities

Identity II
31
Identity II
Vector Field Classification
32
Helmholtzs Theorem
Helmholtzs Theorem
33
Helmholtzs Theorem
Helmholtzs Theorem
34
Example
35

Vector Analysis

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Vector Analysis

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Electromagnetics (I)

Chapter 2 Vector Analysis

Vector Addition and Subtraction

Dot (scalar) product

Product of Three Vectors

Vector Triple Product

Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

Differential Length change, Area, and Volume

Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

Differential Length change, Area, and Volume

Basic Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

Integrals Containing Vector Functions

Integral of vector function (scalar line integral)

Scalar Line Integral

(i) In Cartesian coordinates.

Scalar Line Integral

Scalar Surface Integral

Scalar Surface Integral

For Cartesian coordinate

Expression for Divergence

Expression for Divergence

Divergence of a vector field

A = axAx + ayAy + azAz

Divergence of a Vector Field

For Cartesian coordinate

Divergence of a vector field

Divergence of a Vector Field

Expression for Curl

Expression for Curl

Expression for Curl

Curl of a vector field in Cartesian coordinates

Curl of a vector field in general orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

Expression for Curl

Basic Orthogonal Coordinate Systems

For surface integral

Two Null Identities

Two Null Identities

Vector Field Classification

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