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Carbon Nanotubes
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General Fact
Graphite vs. Diamonds What's the difference between graphite and diamonds? Both materials are made of carbon, but both have vastly different properties. Graphite is soft; diamonds are hard. Graphite conducts electricity, but diamonds are insulators and can't conduct electricity. Graphite is opaque; diamonds are usually transparent. Graphite and diamonds have these properties because of the way the carbon atoms bond together at the nanoscale.

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A carbon nanotube is a Nano-size cylinder of carbon atoms. Imagine a sheet of carbon atoms, which would look like a sheet of hexagons. If you roll that sheet into a tube, you'd have a carbon nanotube. Carbon nanotube properties depend on how you roll the sheet. In other words, even though all carbon nanotubes are made of carbon, they can be very different from one another based on how you align the individual atoms. With the right arrangement of atoms, you can create a carbon nanotube that's hundreds of times stronger than steel, but six times lighter Engineers plan to make building material out of carbon nanotubes, particularly for things like cars and airplanes. Lighter vehicles would mean better fuel efficiency, and the added strength translates to increased passenger safety. Carbon nanotubes can also be effective semiconductors with the right arrangement of atoms. Scientists are still working on finding ways to make carbon nanotubes a realistic option for transistors in microprocessors and other electronics.

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Carbon Nanotube
Discovered in 1991 by Lijima It has Unique material properties They are nearly One-dimensional structures There are two types Single-walled and Multi-walled

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Introduction: Roll a Graphene sheet in a certain direction: nanotube structure Armchair structure
Zigzag structure Chiral structure

Single-walled carbon nanotubes exist in a variety of structures corresponding to the many ways a sheet of Graphene can be wrapped into a seamless tube. Each structure has a Wrapping Angle say (a).

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Rolling a graphene sheet to get SWNT

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Armchair
The armchair structures, with a = 30, have metallic character

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Zigzag
The zigzag tubes, for which a = 0, can be either semimetallic or semiconducting, depending on the specific diameter.

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Chiral
Nanotubes with chiral angles intermediate between 0 and 30 include both semimetals and semiconductors. (Armchair and zigzag refer to the pattern of carboncarbon bonds along a tubes circumference.)

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Special properties
Difference in chemical reactivity for end caps and side wall High axial mechanical strength Special electrical properties: Metallic Semi conducting

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Properties of nanotubes
CNTs have High Electrical Conductivity CNTs have Very High Tensile Strength CNT are Highly Flexible- can be bent considerably without damage CNTs are Very Elastic ~18% elongation to failure CNTs have High Thermal Conductivity CNTs have a Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient CNTs are Good Electron Field Emitters CNTs have a High Aspect Ratio (length = ~1000 x diameter

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MWNT
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Synthesis: overview
Commonly applied techniques:
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Arc-Discharge Laser ablation Techniques differ by: Type of nanotubes (SWNT / MWNT ) Catalyst used Yield Purity
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Synthesis: CVD

Gas phase deposition Large scale possible Relatively cheap

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Arc discharge

Relatively cheap Many side-products

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Synthesis: laser ablation

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Use of very strong laser Expensive (energy costs) Commonly applied

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Purification

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Contaminants:
Catalyst particles Carbon clusters Smaller fullerenes: C60 / C70

Demerits in purification of Nanotubes: Completely retain nanotube structure Single-step purification Only possible on very small scale:

Isolation of either semi-conducting SWNTs

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Purification techniques
Removal of catalyst:
Acidic treatment (+ sonication) Thermal oxidation Magnetic separation (Fe) Removal of small fullerenes Micro filtration Extraction with CS2 Removal of other carbonaceous impurities Thermal oxidation Selective functionalisation of nanotubes Annealing
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Applications
Thermal Conductivity of CNTs Field Emission of CNTs Conductive Plastics with CNTs Energy Storage using CNTs Conductive Adhesives and Connectors with CNTs Molecular Electronics based on CNTs Thermal Materials with CNTs Structural Composites with CNTs Fibers and Fabrics with CNTs Catalyst Supports using CNTs Biomedical Applications of CNTs Air and Water Filtration using CNTs Ceramic Applications with CNTs

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