AN INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTERS THIS CLASS IS DESIGNED AS A BEGINNERS CLASS IN COMPUTING OBJECTIVESLearn Basic Computer Terminology Difference Between Hardware

dware and Software Understanding Computer Components Basic Keyboard and Mouse Usage Proper Care For your PC

DEFINITION What is a Computer? computer n. Pronunciation key (km-pytr)

A device that computes, especially a programmable electronic machine that performs high-speed mathematical or logical operations or that assembles, stores, correlates, or otherwise processes information. One who computes. (American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed. Pub. 2000)

THE LANGUAGE OF COMPUTERS Binary Numbers Binary Numbers 1 of 3 Computers speak binary. Binary language consists of combinations of 1's and 0's that represent characters of other languages (in our case the English language). Dont make the mistake of thinking that little 1's and 0's are running around inside of the computer. We humans prefer to think of 1's and 0's because its easier than visualizing positive and negative current flows or open and closed circuits which is what actually happens inside computers. A combination of eight bits represents one character in our language. One character in our language (eight bits) is referred to as a byte. (For example: 01000001 is a byte that represents an uppercase A; each 1 or 0 is a bit.) Binary Numbers 2 of 3 Kilobytes, Megabytes, and Gigabytes If you understand that a byte is one character in our language, youve got it made because: 1000 bytes = 1 kilobyte

(1,000 characters = 1 kilobyte) 1,000,000 bytes = 1 megabyte (1,000,000 characters = 1 megabyte) 1,000,000,000 bytes = 1 gigabyte (1,000,000,000 characters = 1 gigabyte)

Binary Numbers 3 of 3 Disk Capacity Its important to know how large your files are because eventually you wont have enough space on your disk to hold more files. Knowing the total capacity of your disk, how much space is left on your disk, and how large the file is, you can make accurate decisions as to whether to save the file to the current disk, or save the file to a different diskette with more disk capacity. Keep in mind that a low density floppy diskette holds 720 kilobytes of data, and a high density floppy diskette holds 1.44 megabytes of data. Put in easier to understand terms, a low density disk can hold approximately 300 typed pages and a high density can hold approximately 600 typed pages. Zip disks have 100 megabytes of disk capacity (about $10.00 each) or 250 megabytes of disk capacity (about $15.00 each). CD-ROMS have 650 megabytes of capacity (about $1.00 each) or 700 megabytes of capacity (about $1.50 each). Super Disks have 120 megabytes of disk capacity (about $12.00 each). Hard drives (disk drives inside of the computer) might hold anywhere from 30 megabytes (old computers) to 80 gigabytes (new computers) of data. Most computers today are sold with anywhere from a 5 gigabyte (portable/laptop computers) to a 120 gigabyte (desktop computers) disk capacity. Uses for a PC Word Processing Desktop Publishing Database Management Spreadsheets Communication Finance Education

Entertainment News and Information Doorstop Hardware Overview PC Versus MAC SYSTEM COMPONENTS CPU/PROCESSOR

The CPU refers to the microprocessor chip. Sometimes the Tower is called the CPU. Its speed is measured in Megahertz (MHZ) (Millions of cycles per second) or Gigahertz (GHZ) Billions of cycles per second. (A cycle is the time required for the CPU to execute an instruction step). SYSTEM COMPONENTS Ram Random Access Memory

Ram is the memory used by the computer to run programs. The amount of Ram available will determine how fast a program will run and how many windows can be open at one time. Ram memory is considered Volatile because it disappears when the power is turned off. SYSTEM COMPONENTS Hard Drive

The Hard Drive is the computers main, long term storage. It is referred to as non-volatile storage, because it does not disappear when the power is turned off. The size of the Hard Drive is measured in Gigabytes. (Billions of Bytes). RAM VERSUS HARD DRIVE

If we use the analogy of a desk: Then the work we are doing on the desk top would be using the RAM and the work we store in the file drawers would be on the HARD DRIVE. SYSTEM COMPONENTS

Mother Board

(This is where most of the electronics is located). Case (Tower,Chassis,Box) Modem (Modulator Demodulator). (Used for internet access with phone line). Power Supply 250 500 Watts DO NOT OPEN (This is the power source that makes everything go). Audio Card This is the voice of your system). Floppy Drive 1.44 MB (This item is fast becoming obsolete). Network Card (Used to connect to high speed internet access e.g. Cable or DSL lines). Tape Drive Can store Gigabytes of data. Video Card (Provides visual images to the monitor. Also used in computer games, to provide additional memory for visual effects). PERIPHERALS

Monitors CRT Vs LCD Printers (Might be Ink Jet, Bubble Jet, Laser or whatever the manufacturers invent tomorrow). Video Cameras (Also called webcams)

POWER PROTECTION Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) 280 VA 400 VA (Essentially a battery back-up in case of a power failure) KEYBOARD The Keyboard (This is the primary input device) Alphanumeric Keys Numeric Keypad Enter (Return) Key Spacebar Modifier keys: CTRL, ALT, SHIFT State keys: Caps, Scroll, Numlock Windows keys MOUSE Holding the mouse Grip between thumb and ring finger (Right handed grip shown, Lefties use other hand) Mouse Pointer Left Clicking Right clicking Double clicking (Use the left side, Click twice) Click and drag Scroll wheel and optional buttons SOFTWARE Operating systems

Applications Data OPERATING SYSTEMS

MS-DOS Windows 95,98,Me Windows NT, 2000,XP Linux APPLICATIONS

MS Word (Your basic Word Processor) MS Excel Your basic Spread Sheet) MS Power Point (For sales presentations) MS Outlook (Your desktop Personal Information Manager, (PIM)) MS Internet Explorer (Your internet Browser) Windows Calculator (Your basic calculator, also available is a scientific calculator) WordPerfect Lotus 1-2-3 QuickBooks CorelDraw HyperCam Photo Paint ETC. ETC.ETC. ETC. DATA Adobe Acrobat Photoshop Notepad WinZip Media Player StarCraft Ad Infinitum

Letters written using a word processor like MS WORD. Spread sheets designed in EXCEL. Presentations created in Power Point Music on a CD. Photos from your digital camera COMPUTER CAVEATS

Magnets (They destroy Data on floppy drives and hard drives) Laser Printers and Power. Keep PC off the floor. When in doubt Reboot. Save your work often. Power Strips Use the Power buttons on the PC and peripherals. Dont eject a floppy when the light is on. Keep floppies out of sunlight. Proper handling of CDs OK to wash CDs in mild soapy water or get a CD cleaner (inexpensive) Dont push the CD tray in use the button. Dust Kills Its a good idea to blow the dust out of your computer regularly. STATIC KILLS! Get yourself an anti static strip or mat. AN INTRODUCTION to WINDOWS XP This is the operating system most of us will be using POINTERS (CURSORS)

I-beam cursor Insertion point cursor

(Which flashes on and off, and is positioned using the I-beam cursor and a click of the mouse button) BREAK POINT

Lets get some hands on experience Find the Windows key. Bottom row second key from the left side. Press once, (this is the same as left clicking on the start button). Bring the cursor arrow over the All Programs Arrow head. Notice how the program files are displayed.

2nd presentation Introduction to Computers What Is A Computer? A computer is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions (software) stored in its own memory unit, that can accept data (input), manipulate data (process), and produce information (output) from the processing. Generally, the term is used to describe a collection of devices that function together as a system. What Does A Computer Do? Computers can perform four general operations, which comprise the information processing cycle. Input Process Output Storage

Data and Information All computer processing requires data, which is a collection of raw facts, figures and symbols, such as numbers, words, images, video and sound, given to the computer during the input phase. Computers manipulate data to create information. Information is data that is organized, meaningful, and useful. During the output Phase, the information that has been created is put into some form, such as a printed report. The information can also be put in computer storage for future use. Why Is A Computer So Powerful? The ability to perform the information processing cycle with amazing speed. Reliability (low failure rate).

 Accuracy. Ability to store huge amounts of data and information. Ability to communicate with other computers. How Does a Computer Know what to do? It must be given a detailed list of instructions, called a compute program or software, that tells it exactly what to do. Before processing a specific job, the computer program corresponding to that job must be stored in memory. Once the program is stored in memory the compute can start the operation by executing the program instructions one after the other. What Are The Primary Components Of A Computer ? Input devices. Central Processing Unit (containing the control unit and the arithmetic/logic unit). Memory. Output devices. Storage devices. Input Devices Keyboard. Mouse. The Keyboard The most commonly used input device is the keyboard on which data is entered by manually keying in or typing certain keys. A keyboard typically has 101 or 105 keys.

The Mouse Is a pointing device which is used to control the movement of a mouse pointer on the screen to make selections from the screen. A mouse has one to five buttons. The bottom of the mouse is flat and contains a mechanism that detects movement of the mouse. The Central processing Unit

The central processing unit (CPU) contains electronic circuits that cause processing to occur. The CPU interprets instructions to the computer, performs the logical and arithmetic processing operations, and causes the input and output operations to occur. It is considered the brain of the computer. Memory Memory also called Random Access Memory or RAM (temporary memory) is the main memory of the computer. It consists of electronic components that store data including numbers, letters of the alphabet, graphics and sound. Any information stored in RAM is lost when the computer is turned off. Read Only Memory or ROM is memory that is etched on a chip that has start-up directions for your computer. It is permanent memory. Amount Of RAM In Computers The amount of memory in computers is typically measured in kilobytes or megabytes. One kilobyte (K or KB) equals approximately 1,000 memory locations and one megabyte (M or MB) equals approximately one million locations A memory location, or byte, usually stores one character. Therefore, a computer with 8 MB of memory can store approximately 8 million characters. One megabyte can hold approximately 500 pages of text information. Output Devices Output devices make the information resulting from the processing available for use. The two output devices more commonly used are the printer and the computer screen. The printer produces a hard copy of your output, and the computer screen produces a soft copy of your output.

Storage Devices Auxiliary storage devices are used to store data when they are not being used in memory. The most common types of auxiliary storage used on personal computers are floppy disks, hard disks and CD-ROM drives. Floppy Disks A floppy disk is a portable, inexpensive storage medium that consists of a thin, circular, flexible plastic disk with a magnetic coating enclosed in a squareshaped plastic shell. Structure Of Floppy Disks

 Initially Floppy disks were 8-inches wide, they then shrank to 5.25 inches, and today the most widely used folly disks are 3.5 inches wide and can typically store 1.44 megabytes of data. A folly disk is a magnetic disk, which means that it used magnetic patterns to store data. Data in floppy disks can be read from and written to. Formatting is the process of preparing a disk for reading and writing. A track is a narrow recording band that forms a full circle on the surface of the disk. The disks storage locations are divided into pie-shaped sections called sectors. A sectors is capable of holding 512 bytes of data. A typical floppy stores data on both sides and has 80 tracks on each side with 18 sectors per track. Hard Disks Another form of auxiliary storage is a hard disk. A hard disk consists of one or more rigid metal plates coated with a metal oxide material that allows data to be magnetically recorded on the surface of the platters. The hard disk platters spin at a high rate of speed, typically 5400 to 7200 revolutions per minute (RPM). Storage capacites of hard disks for personal computers range from 10 GB to 120 GB (one billion bytes are called a gigabyte). Compact Discs A compact disk (CD), also called an optical disc, is a flat round, portable storage medium that is usually 4.75 inch in diameter. A CD-ROM (read only memory), is a compact disc that used the same laser technology as audio CDs for recording music. In addition it can contain other types of data such as text, graphics, and video. The capacity of a CD-ROM is 650 MB of data. Computer Software Computer software is the key to productive use of computers. Software can be categorized into two types: Operating system software Application software.

Operating System Software Operating system software tells the computer how to perform the functions of loading, storing and executing an application and how to transfer data. Today, many computers use an operating system that has a graphical user interface (GUI) that provides visual clues such as icon symbols to help the user. Microsoft Windows 98 is a widely used graphical operating system. DOS (Disk Operating System) is an older but still widely used operating system that is textbased. Application Software Application Software consists of programs that tell a computer how to produce information. Some of the more commonly used packages are:

Word processing Electronic spreadsheet Database Presentation graphics

Word Processing Word Processing software is used to create and print documents. A key advantage of word processing software is that users easily can make changes in documents. Electronic Spreadsheets Electronic spreadsheet software allows the user to add, subtract, and perform user-defined calculations on rows and columns of numbers. These numbers can be changed and the spreadsheet quickly recalculates the new results. Database Software Allows the user to enter, retrieve, and update data in an organized and efficient manner, with flexible inquiry and reporting capabilities. Presentation Graphics Presentation graphic software allows the user to create documents called slides to be used in making the presentations. Using special projection devices, the slides display as they appear on the computer screen.

3rd presentation Computer Fundamentals Computer Control Modern automotive control systems consist of a network of electronic sensors, actuators, and computer modules designed to regulate the powertrain and vehicle support systems. The powertrain control module (PCM) is the heart of this system. Automotive computers use voltage to send and receive information. Voltage is electrical pressure and does not flow through circuits, but voltage can be used as a signal. A computer converts input information or data into voltage signal combinations that represent number combinations. A computer processes the input voltage signals it receives by computing what they represent, and then delivering the data computed or processed form.

in

The Four Basic Computer Functions The operation of every computer can be divided into four basic functions.

Input Each sensor transmits its information in the form of voltage signals. Processing Input voltage signals received by a computer are processed through a series of electronic logic circuits maintained in its programmed instructions. These logic circuits change the input voltage signals, or data, into output voltage signals or commands.

The Four Basic Computer Functions (continued) Storage Computers have two types of memory: permanent and temporary. Permanent memory is called read-only memory (ROM) because the computer can only read the contents. This data is retained even when power to the computer is shut off. Part of the ROM is built into the computer, and the rest is located in an IC chip called a programmable read-only memory (PROM) or calibration assembly. Temporary memory is called random-access memory (RAM) because the microprocessor can write or store new data into it as directed by the computer program, as well as read the data already in it. Automotive computers use two types of RAM memory: volatile and nonvolatile. Volatile RAM memory is lost whenever the ignition is turned off. However, a type of volatile RAM called keep-alive memory (KAM) can be wired directly to battery power. Nonvolatile RAM memory can retain its information even when the battery is disconnected.

The Four Basic Computer Functions (continued) Output After the computer has processed the input signals, it sends voltage signals or commands to other devices in the system, such as system actuators. An actuator is an electrical or mechanical device that converts electrical

energy into a mechanical action, such as adjusting engine idle speed, altering suspension height, or regulating fuel metering. Digital Computers In a digital computer, the voltage signal or processing function is a simple high/low, yes/no, on/off signal. The digital signal voltage is limited to two voltage levels: high voltage and low voltage. The signal is called digital because the on and off signals are processed by the computer as the digits or numbers 0 and 1. The number system containing only these two digits is called the binary system. A digital computer changes the analog input signals (voltage) to digital bits (binary digits) of information through an analog-todigital (AD) converter circuit. Parts of a computer Central Processing Unit (CPU). The microprocessor is the central processing unit of a computer. Computer memory Computer programs

Digital Computers (continued) Clock rates and timing The microprocessor must have some way of knowing when one signal ends and another begins. That is the job of a crystal oscillator called a clock generator.

Reference Voltage Vehicle computers apply a 5-volt reference voltage to the following sensors: Throttle position (TP) sensor Manifold absolute pressure (MAP) sensor Barometric pressure (BARO) sensor Fuel tank pressure (TFP) sensor This reference voltage is commonly referred to as the V-ref.

The Big Seven:

Inputs that indicate engine operating conditions

Basic Information the PCM needs: Airflow Coolant Temperature Engine Speed/ Crank Position Camshaft Position Exhaust Oxygen Content Intake Air Temperature Throttle Position

Basic Inputs: Major Inputs: Engine Speed Airflow

Correction Inputs (fuel trim): CMP CTS IAT 02S TPS

Major Outputs: Injector Pulse Width Ignition Spark Output Idle Speed Control Long Term Fuel Trim Correction

CHAPTER SUMMARY 1. The Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) standard J-1930 specifies that the term powertrain control module (PCM) be used for the computer that controls the engine and transmission in a vehicle.

2. The four basic computer functions include input, processing, storage, and output. 3. Read-only memory (ROM) can be programmable (PROM), erasable (EPROM), or electrically erasable (EEPROM). 4. Computer input sensors include engine speed (RPM), MAP, MAF, ECT, O2S, TP, and VS. 5. A computer can only turn a device on or turn a device off, but it can do the operation very rapidly.

4th presentation Types of Devices Digital versus Analog A digital device uses discrete data. Discrete data is distinct or separate. Ex: Numbers or digits. Most computers today are digital. Their circuits have only two possible states, such as Off and On or 0 and 1. Digital versus Analog An analog device operates on continuously varying data.

 Continuously varying data has an infinite number of possible states. Digital versus Analog A digital thermometer will give a specific numerical reading when used to measure someones body temperature. An old fashioned mercury thermometers reading of someones body temperature could be interpreted differently by different users. Computer Hardware Central Processing Unit - also called The Chip, a CPU, a processor, or a microprocessor Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices Central Processing Unit - also called The Chip, a CPU, a processor or a microprocessor Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices Central Processing Unit - also called The Chip, a CPU, a processor or a microprocessor Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices Central Processing Unit - also called The Chip, a CPU, a processor or a microprocessor Memory (RAM) Storage Devices Input Devices Output Devices

CPU Types CPU or microprocessor is often described as the brain of a computer. CPU is an integrated circuit or chip which processes instructions and data. CPU types. Intel Pentium II, III, IV Intel Celeron AMD Athlon CPU speed is measured by the number of completed instruction cycles per second Currently, CPU speeds range from 600 megahertz (MHz or million cycles per second) to 4 gigahertz (GHz or billion cycles per second). Always check new softwares requirements for CPU type and speed before purchasing Microcomputer Platforms All microcomputers are based on a small number of designs (interior architecture) or computer platforms. PC architecture is based on the first IBM microcomputers. Generally, PCs use Microsoft Windows as their operating system. Apple computers or Macs are based on proprietary architecture manufactured exclusively by Apple Computer, Inc. Compatibility refers to computers that operate in essentially the same way. Compatibility across platforms is limited! You must know which platform your computer runs on before purchasing software. All software is designed for a specific platform. Windows, Mac or Unix versions Memory (RAM) RAM or Random Access Memory Waiting room for computers CPU. Holds instructions for processing data, processed data, and raw data. Ram is measured by:

 Capacity (in Megabytes or Gigabytes) Speed (in Nanoseconds) Amount of RAM installed will determine. Which software applications will run (efficiently)? simultaneously

How many software applications can be open (multitasking ability)? RAM upgrades are cost-effective and easy to install.

Check your computer manual for RAM type (DIMM, SDRAM) and speed (100, 90ns). All software applications will have RAM specifications listed on their packaging. Many applications list both a minimum and a recommended amount of RAM necessary to run the software. Be cautious about buying software for a system based on minimum requirement. Storage Technology Electronic devices that store, retrieve, and save instructions and data. Todays microcomputers or PCs include several types of storage devices. Capacity and speed are important considerations when selecting a new storage device for a PC. Magnetic storage devices store data by magnetizing particles on a disk or tape. They have a limited life-span of 1 to 5 years, depending on the device. Optical storage devices store data as light and dark spots on the disk surface. They have an unlimited life-span. Storage Devices Hard Disk Drives Capacity is measured in gigabytes (GB or billions of bytes). Typically permanently installed. Used to store operating system, application software, utilities and data. Magnetic storage device. Floppy Disk Drives

 Capacity is 1.44 to 2.0 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Storage device with the smallest capacity Most portable storage media Magnetic storage device. CD-ROM Drives Typically installed on all new computer systems. (Were add-on device until the mid 1990s). Capacity is 600 to 750 megabytes (MB or millions of bytes). Most mass-produced commercial software is packaged on a CD. CD-ROM Drives Used more often now for backup storage as CD-RW (read/write) technology has become less expensive. Data is read from CD by a laser. Optical storage device. Other Types of Drives Zip Drives Several different capacities are available. Tape Drives Generally used for system backups, becoming less common. DVD drives Can also read CDs, now more common as a standard device on new computer systems. Input Devices Input is all information put into a computer. Input can be supplied from a variety of sources: A person A storage device on computer Another computer A peripheral device Another piece of equipment, such as a musical instrument or thermometer

 Input devices gather and translate data into a form the computer understands. Primary input device: Keyboard - Most common input device; used to type in commands and data. Mouse or trackball enhances users ability to input commands, manipulate text, images. Joystick useful in education as an adaptive or assistive input device. Scanners are peripheral input devices which allow users to import: Text Graphics Images Specialized software aids in translating information into a format the computer can understand and manipulate. Digital Cameras are peripheral input devices that allow users to create pictures and/or movies in a digital format. Some require specialized software to import images into the computer. Some record digital images directly to a disk that can be read by the computer. Output Devices Monitors are the most commonly used output device. Most monitors use a bitmap display. Allows user to resize the display. Divides the screen into a matrix of tiny square dots called pixels. The more dots a screen can display, the higher the resolution of the monitor. Monitors are connected to a computer system via a port integrated on the video adapter or graphics card. Graphics cards convert digital data output from software to analog data for display on monitors.

Typically have additional memory chips on card, 4MB to 64MB. Printers Dot matrix Seldom used in a classroom. Still frequently used in business. Bubble or ink jet Laser Projection systems or classroom TVs can display information from a computer system on a larger screen for whole-class instruction. Networks A collection of computers and other devices that communicate to share data, hardware, and software. A stand-alone computer is called a workstation on a network. A workstation provides access to: Your computers local resources Network resources A server is a computer connected to a network that distributes and stores resources for other network users. With proper licensing, many network users can use the same applications and data files simultaneously and share other resources, such as storage space or a printer. Local Area Network (LAN) a network located in a limited area. LANs are found in most businesses. Many campuses use LANs. A network interface card (NIC) a key hardware component. Connects a workstation to the network. A circuit board that sends data between the workstation and the network.

 Wide Area Network (WAN) a network that covers a large geographical area. TENET is a classic example. All types of networks require special networking hardware and networking software to allow different computers to communicate with each other. The Internet - largest of all networks. Communication standards called protocols allow for global exchange of information. Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Internet Protocol (IP) Intranets are LANs or WANs that use these communication standards or TCP/IP. Special hardware (modem) and software (browser) are required. Options and Tradeoffs Speed versus Cost How fast are you able to access and save data on the hard drive? How fast will application software open? How quickly will software respond to commands? How quickly will your printer produce a document? Capacity versus Cost How many applications can you store on a hard disk drive? How much data can you store on a secondary storage device? How many applications can be opened simultaneously? Quality versus Cost Pentium versus Celeron Laser printer versus Ink Jet printer Limited functionality editions versus full versions of software 15 inch monitor versus 21 inch monitor Speed versus Cost Capacity versus Cost

 Quality versus Cost Cost-Cost-Cost Software Instructions and associated data, stored in electronic format, that direct the computer to accomplish a task. System software helps the computer carry out its basic operating tasks. Operating systems Utilities System Software An Operating System (OS) is the master controller within a computer. EX: Windows, MacOS, DOS, UNIX, Linux An operating system interacts with: All hardware installed in or connected to a computer system. All software installed or running from a storage device on a computer system. Microsoft Windows Most popular operating system. Supports a vast array of application software and peripheral devices. MacOS For Macintosh computers. Proprietary system. Does not have same functionality and support for software and peripheral devices. Network operating system (NOS) Manages network resources. Maintains security. Tracks user accounts. Handles communication between workstations and servers. Popular network operating systems

Windows NT, Novell Netware, UNIX Utilities Utilities augment functionality of operating systems. Utilities includes device drivers and Troubleshooting capabilities. Utilities provide file management capabilities such as copying, moving or renaming a file. Norton Utilities includes an undelete function that can recover deleted files. Symantec and McAfee Virus checkers add protection for all system and data files. Application Software Accomplishes specific tasks for users. Enables a computer to become a multi-purpose machine. Produce worksheets and reports. Automate record keeping like attendance and grades. Create flow charts and graphic organizers. Communicate worldwide. Productivity Software Spreadsheets Databases Presentation Software Document Preparation Word Processing Desktop Publishing Project Management Software Graphics Creation and Manipulation Animation and 3D Graphics Video Editing Internet Connectivity Website Creation and Management

 Groupware Financial Management Educational Games and Tutorials Programming Languages Basic building blocks of any software. Programming languages allow a programmer to write instructions that a computer can understand. Programming languages have some resemblance to the English language. BASIC Pascal Fortran C++ Java Instructional Support What problems do you need solved and which application software will help solve the problems? Integrated Learning Systems Computer Assisted Instruction Drill, Tutorial, Simulation Textbook Resources Research and Information Access What technology-based resources are available? Technology Plan (District-wide) Technology Plan (Building) Curricula Plan What technology-based resources are available? Stand-alone computer(s) in the classroom Networked computers in the classroom Computer laboratory

 Computer for every kid

5th presentation Computer Fundamentals 1. Binary Representation: the power of 0 and 1 2. Data Storage: how to record 0 and 1 3. Logic Table and Circuit: how to process 0 and 1 Objectives Be able to convert from binary to decimal and decimal to binary Understand why the binary representation of numbers is important Understand the different ways of representing numbers

Arabic Numerals 0123456789 Arabic numerals or Hindu numerals are the ten digits (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9). They are descended from the Hindu-Arabic numeral system developed by Indian mathematicians. The Indian numerals were adopted by the Persian mathematicians in India, and passed on to the Arabs further west. From there they were transmitted to Europe in the Middle Ages. The use of Arabic numerals spread around the world through European trade, books and colonialism. Today they are the most common symbolic representation of numbers in the world Decimal Numeral Numbers It is a based on the Arabic numeral system. It uses positional notation Use same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, tens place, hundreds place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 100,101,102,103, etc. Example: In decimal, 1472 means =2

2 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 100 (1)

7 - is in the tens place so multiply it by 101 (10) 4 - is in the one-hundreds place so multiply it by102(100)

=70 =400

1 - is in the one-thousands place so multiply it by 103 (1000) =1000 1000+400+70+2=1472 Binary Numeral Numbers It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means =1 =0 =4

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4)

1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8 => 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means =1 =0 =4

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4)

1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8

=> 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers It is a based on the binary representation (0, 1). It also uses positional notation Use the same symbols for different orders of magnitude, but in different places, e.g., ones place, twos place, fours place.

Each next-place (order) digit adds 20,21,22,23, etc. Example: In binary, 1101 means =1 =0 =4

1 - is in the ones place so multiply it by 20 (1) 0 - is in the twos place so multiply it by 21 (2) 1 - is in the fours place so multiply it by 22 (4)

1 - is in the eights place so multiply it by 23 (8) =8 => 1 x 23 + 1 x 22 +0 x 22 +1 x 20 = 8+4+0+1 = 13 Binary 1101 = Decimal 13 1101 B = 13 D Binary Numeral Numbers Binary 0 1 10 100 1000 10000 100000 Decimal 0 1 2 4 8 16 32

1000000 Decimal 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

64 Binary 0 1 10 11 100 101 110 111

From Binary to Decimal For an 8-bit binary, what is the largest number in decimal?

Binary 11111111 = ?

From Decimal to Binary Division by 2 with remainder Dividing each new quotient by two and writing the remainders to the right of each dividend. Stop when the quotient is 0 Starting with the bottom remainder, read the sequence of remainders upwards to the top. Exp: what 2)13 2)6 2)3 is decimal 13 in binary? 1 0 1

2)1 0

The answer: 1101 Binary Arithmetic adding Use the same principles as adding two decimal numbers Add the two digits Carry the results to the next column 11 10110 + 00111 _________ 11101 Check the answer: 101102 = 22 001112 = 7

111012 = 29 Binary Arithmetic subtraction Use the same principles as subtracting two decimal numbers: borrow from the next place ** 11101 00111 _________ 10110 Check the answer: 111012 = 29 001112 = 7

101102 = 22 Binary Arithmetic

Multiplication in binary is also similar to its decimal counterpart Division in binary is also similar to its decimal counterpart

Objectives Understand how a computer stores binary data Understand the data encoding

Question? You are a "forensic computer scientist" and are given a disk drive. You inspect the disk drive and find that it contains a list of 1s and 0s. What do you do? Data Density Standard IBM punch card, 7-3/8 inch by 3-1/4 inch, 80 columns (~1950) 1 GB memory stick (~2000) Standard A4 paper, 8 inch by 11 inch, 50 lines and 30 columns (human)

Storing Data There are many ways to store binary data On papers with holes (punch card) On papers with inks (scantron) Using electronic charges (CCD for pictures) Using magnetized material Magnetic tape (audio, video, data) Computer Hard Disk Drive (HDD)

Storing data as pits or lands (CD-ROM) differences in reflected light to optically read them

Storing Data Transistors A semiconductor device used to switch and amplify electronic signals For CPU (Central Processing Unit) For memory

For flash memory (memory stick) Flash memory is not volatile, keeping the state of the data when power is off. It is portable (~1998)

Bits

Data formats media change, but the underlying data remains basically constant

Bits are the individual zeros and ones that are stored by computers. A Bit can have two different states (0 or 1), and is a single digit long. Any system that has two states can be thought of as a bit: 0 or 1 off or on yes or no true or false high or low open or closed

Bytes A Byte is a group of eight Bits grouped together. One Byte (8 Bits) can be used to represent: Word Multiple Bytes can be grouped together to form Words. The length of a Word varies depending on the hardware and operating system, and a Word can be: Question? 4 Bytes long (32 Bits) 8 Bytes long (64 Bits) 16 Bytes long (128 Bits - this is not common) Numbers from 00000000 to 11111111 in binary Numbers from 0 to 255 in decimal Numbers from 00 to FF in Hexadecimal

Explain in basic terms the meaning of the following: "The old monitor only supports 8-bit color, my monitor supports 24-bit color". Encoding One of key ideas of understanding computing Encoding text involves transforming it into an "encoded" number (e.g., ASCII code) Music (e.g, au), video (e.g., mpg), pictures (e.g, gif) and almost everything else can be represented as an "encoded" numbers Once the data is transformed into encoded numbers, it can then be translated into a binary number

Example of Encoding ASCII Code: stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange When a string is stored in a computer's memory, each character is given a number representation which is assigned to it in the ASCII Table

ASCII Table

ASCII Table Extended

Example of Encoding

Encoding Hello CDS 130

String broken to words, words broken to characters (bytes) Example of Encoding Encoding Hello CDS 130

Characters to ASCII number Example of Encoding Encoding Hello CDS 130

ASCII number to binary number

Question? What is 01001010 01011010? Encoding your name initials to binary using ASCII table? Logic Circuits and Logic Tables Motivation We know how binary numbers work, now we need to make machines that can compute on these numbers Objectives Understand how transistor works Explain what a logic circuit and logic table are Explain how logic circuits can be combined to manipulate binary numbers and do calculations

Transistors A transistor is a semiconductor device used to switch and amplify (with gain X 100) electronic signals It has three pins Transistors When a small current is applied between Base and Emitter, a large current is generated between Collector and Emitter; the gain or amplification is about 100 times. It acts as an electronic switch: on and off, high and low, 1 and 0. The large current is also necessary for cascading the state through other transistors for complex calculations. Base (B): Emitter (E): acting as gate acting as drain

Collector (C): acting as source

The Hydraulic Analogy It is often easier to think of electronic current flow in terms of water flow.

 Transistors

A small water flow from B pushes the black plunger upward, allowing a large flow from C to E. This is the amplification.

Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low perunit cost. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices have been in service for more than 50 years.

Logic Circuits Using transistors, we can create logic circuits Each circuit has one output and several inputs The relationship between the inputs and the output determines the type of circuit The logic circuit can be defined by the logic table

Logic Table Logic tables are used to define the inputs and outputs of logic circuits Each input and output has two possible states We sometimes use 1 or 0 true or false

Type - AND gate

The diagram of the AND gate looks like a capital letter D with two "prongs" on the left (the inputs) and one "prong" on the right (the output). if either of the inputs is 0, then the output of the AND gate is 0. Thus, in order to get an AND gate to output 1, both inputs to it must be 1

Type - OR gate

if either of the inputs is 1, then the output of the OR gate is 1. Thus, in order to get an OR gate to output 0, both inputs to it must be 0

Type - NOT gate

The operation of reversing the input state

Type - NAND gate

The output of the NAND gate is the negation, or reverse of the output of an AND gate with the same inputs (0 negated equals 1, and 1 negated equals 0).

Type - NOR gate

NOR stands for "Negated OR". Thus, the output of the NOR gate is the negation, or reverse of the output of an OR gate with the same inputs.

Type - XOR gate

EOR stands for "Exclusive OR". The thing to remember about EOR gates is this: An EOR gate will output 1 only if one of the inputs is 1 and the other input 0. If both inputs are the same (1 and 1, or 0 and 0), then EOR outputs 0

Adding Binary Numbers When adding two binary numbers, the most complex operation is 1+1+1=11 This only happens when we carry data from a previous column

You can think of the problems as

carry in + Digit A + Digit B = result + carry out If you can do this operation, you can repeat it to add any two binary numbers

Adding Binary Numbers

Two EOR gates and three NAND gates Adding Binary Numbers

If A = 1, B = 0, and carry in = 1:

The upper left EOR gate output is 1 The lower left NAND gate output is 1 The center NAND gate output is 0 The upper right EOR gate (sum) output is 0 The lower right NAND gate (carry out) output is 1

A 3-bit Adding Machine

Computer A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of instructions called a computer program By now, we shall know the basic of a computer: Machine: electronic machine built upon electronic logic circuits Manipulate: the operation of logic circuits

Data: encoded into binary data

Next, we need to learn (1) how scientific data are obtained or generated, and (2) how to program?

6th presentation BASIC COMPUTER OPERATION OUTLINE Computer Hardware Operating systems Terms Disk capacities Viruses Applications and Documents Installation/reinstallation Internet Applications Computer Hardware Case Power switch Reset switch Hard drive Floppy CD/DVD Serial ports Parallel port USB port Keyboard/mouse Network card Modem Sound card

 Video card RAM Motherboard Fan Cables The basic system including keyboard, mouse and monitor. Cabling For items in or attached to a system to work properly they must be securely connected. Operating systems All computer systems have an operating system. Currently, there are three dominate typical user operating systems. Macintosh OS, Microsoft Windows OS, Terms A: Floppy disk C: Local disk D: Local disk (partition) Linux.

RAM = Random Access Memory. The thinking space available to a computer to use while performing operations. The space is emptied out when the computer is turned off. DIRECTORY = An organizational structure on disks to file management easier. Directories also become a local region for the computer to hunt for other files related to the current file. DOCUMENT = A file created using an application. The file is only useful using the application that created it or a similar application that can convert it. APPLICATION = A program that allows a computer to perform a certain function. Disk capacities

 Floppy:

1.4 MB

Hard disk: CD DVD

20 GB 160 GB 700 - 800 MB 4.7 GB 17 GB

Backup Floppies, CDs Identify and use icons, windows, menus Point, click, double-click, drag & drop Minimize and maximize a window Use pull-down menus Select, open, and move an icon Select, open, move, and close a window Resize a window Scroll a window Activate and de-activate a window Start an application and create a document Name, save, retrieve, revise a document Name a document (!) Save a document Retrieve a document from floppy disk Retrieve a document from hard disk Re-name a document Edit and re-save a document Print a document Create and name folders

 Save, open, and place documents inside folders Applications Open and work with more than one application at a time To switch between them for Windows: click on the application at the "TASKBAR" down on the screen Alt &TAB button FTP (File Transfer Protocol) The simplest and most secure way to exchange files over the Internet. FTP Client is the software that is designed to transfer files back-and-forth between two computers over the Internet. It needs to be installed on the computer and can only be used with a live connection to the Internet. (Browsers, WS-Ftp, SSH, Cute-Ftp,...)

Viruses Viruses are programs that reproduce themselves into the files of your computer Anti-virus software and automatic update Mcafee Virus Scan Configuration of Automatic Mcafee Virus Update via FTP http://www.math.metu.edu.tr/department/doc/virus/virus_update.html Current security patches applied to operating system and applications. Do not open any unexpected attachments that are e-mailed to you. (Particularly .exe files.)

7th presentation SBS Technology Training Series Computer Fundamentals Prerequisites: Desire to learn about computers. Learn the basic functions of various parts of a computer Discover the various types of the computers and their roles Understand what a CPU does

Parts of a Computer Hardware is any physical part of a computer that you can see or touch. A computers monitor, CD-ROM or DVD drive, mouse, keyboard, and printer are all different types of hardware. Let us begin by taking a closer look at the physical parts that constitute a computer.

Parts of a Computer Figure 1-1 A typical computer setup.

Parts of a Computer Your desk probably contains a jumble of equipment commonly known as a computer. But what is all that stuff? What does a computer do? Unlike many other tools or appliances that have limited purposes, a computer can do any number of things: Write letters Browse the Internet Send e-mail messages to people around the world Play games Help you balance your budget and thats just the beginning of what you can do with a computer!

Two basic components make up a computer: hardware and software. You simply cant have one without the other. All computer parts that you can physically see or touch are called hardware. Hardware includes the computers monitor, case, keyboard, mouse, and printer. Computer programs that tell hardware how to operate are called software.

Parts of a Computer Component Description

Case or System Unit

The main computer box, technically known as the system unit, important part of a computer. It contains the guts and brains o computersomething well talk about later. The system unit co of holes or ports where you plug in the rest of the computer sy

Monitor

The monitor resembles a television set, and is where the comp displays information.

Keyboard

The keyboard is the thing you type on to tell your computer

Mouse

Unlike the keyboard, the mouse is another input device that yo communicate with your computer.

Speakers

Most computers can make sounds, just like a stereo system can even listen to audio CDs on most computers or watch DVD

Printer

A printer is where a computer writes down information or o paper, or a hardcopy.

Types of Computers

Computer
Supercomputer

Description

A supercomputer is the most powerful computer availa Capacity: Gargantuan the largest in the world Speed: Extremely fast the fastest supercomputer is located at the Yokohama Institute for Earth Sciences in Cost: Extremely expensive tens of millions of dollar

Users: Only used by very large organizations that need calculating power weather forecasting and climate r most common uses of supercomputers

Mainframe

A mainframe is a big, powerful, expensive computer th users at the same time. Large systems such as these c processing and storage. Capacity: Enormous - the capacity of several hundred PCs Speed: Very fast - much, much faster than a PC Cost: Very, very expensive - can usually only be afford organizations Users: Only used by large businesses and organization

Computer
Minicomputer

Description

Minicomputers are mid-sized, multi-user computers that are sm powerful than mainframe computers. Minicomputers are comm servers in a network. Capacity: Less than a mainframe computer, but greater then a Speed: Slower than a mainframe computer, faster than a micro Cost $18,000- $500,000 Users: Only organizations that cannot afford or do not need the power of a mainframe system

Networked Computer

A network is a group of computers that are connected so that t equipment and information. Most people on a network use wo simply PCs that are connected to the network. A sewer is a cen users on the network can save their files and information. Capacity: (Workstation) Same as a PC, only needs a network c than a PC, often more than 100 GE Speed: (Workstation) Same as a PC (Server) Generally faster than a PC, may use multiple CP Cost : (Workstation) Same as a PC (Server) More expensive than a PC but not as costly as a main Users: (Workstation) People in a networked office or organizat (Server) Generally a network administrator or engineer

Computer Description

A laptop, or notebook, is a lighter and more portable version can run on batteries. Capacity: Average hard disk size is 10 GB to 40 GB Speed: Fast, but slightly less than a PC. Average speed is fr Cost: Fairly inexpensive, but more than an equivalent PC Users: People on the move, especially business people and

A PDA, or Personal Data Assistant, is a handheld computer used to keep track of appointments and addresses. Capacity: Much smaller than a PC - 8MB to 64 MB of storage Speed: Much slower than a PC -8 MHz to 266 MHz Cost: Expensive when compared to the capacities of a PC Users: Business people and others who need to be organize

Central Processing Unit Some say the CPU is the brain of the computer while others describe it as the heart. The CPU does all the work: It calculates, it processes, and it keeps things running smoothly. Originally, CPUs were given wildly inventive names like 8088. The next few names in the seriesthe 286, the 386, and the 486were actually just shortened names for 80286, 80386, and 80486. Then, what would have been the 586 was dubbed the Pentium. After that, the names became rather mysterious: Pentium Pro and Pentium MMX. Finally, the names returned to a semiordered numbering system (albeit a mix of Roman and Arabic numerals): Pentium II, Pentium III, and Pentium 4. And thats where we are at the moment. Both the Pentium III and the Pentium 4 are still quite common. Intel makes most CPUs. In fact, Intel is the company that came up with the name Pentium. However, AMI) and VIA Technologies are two other wellknown CPU manufacturers. Their CPUs are less expensive and use a different naming system (such as the AML) Athion and the AMD fluron).

Intel actually makes a less expensive version of the Pentium as well, which it calls the Celeron. The Celeron does what the Pentium does, but not as quickly. Speed is what the CPU is all about, and each successive version of the CPU gets progressively faster. A CPUs speed is measured in megahertz (MHz) or, for newer models, in gigahertz (GHz). A megahertz equals millions of cycles per second; a gigahertz equals billions of cycles per second. Higher numbers equate to higher speeds. You might see an Intel Pentium 4 at 3.06 GHz, a Pentium III at 1.40 GHz, and a Celeron at 2.20 GHz. Another common measure of a CPU is how many bits it can handle at a time. A bit is the tiniest piece of information processed by a computer. Eight bits make up one byte, and one byte equals one character. Computers used to only be able to handle 8 or 16 bits; now theyre up to 32 and 64 at a time. Dont worry if all of this seems a bit confusingwell cover bits and bytes in greater detail in a later lesson.

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