GOLDEN GATE BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY Southern California Campus L1212 21 & 22 Christian Theology Spring, 2012 Dr.

. John W. Shouse JohnShouse@aya.yale.edu 415-380-1515 (work); 415-382-6602 (home); 714-883-5944 (cell) 415-380-1302 (Fax) Sundays 5:00 9:20 PM (Saddleback Extension); Mondays 9:00 1:20 P.M. (Brea Campus) January 29 & 30, February 12 & 13, February 26 & 27 , March 11 & 12, March 25 & 26, April 15 & 16, April 29 & 30, May 13 & 14

COURSE DESCRIPTION: An introduction to Christian Theology surveying the doctrines of Christ, Salvation, the Spirit, the Church and Eschatology including an additional focus on the ethical implications of Christian thought and practice. (Catalogue Description) The churchs life is a consequence of her theology. Worship, prayer, discipleship, missions, and evangelism are all products of theological conceptions and convictions. This course will orient students to a foundational understanding of the nature and substance of Christian theology. It will introduce participants to the major contours of the Christian doctrines of Christ, the Spirit, Salvation, the Church, and Last Things from a standpoint which identifies with and affirms the evangelical Christian tradition. Special attention will be paid to the importance of language, metaphor, and narrative as necessary paths to Christian truth and experience.

COURSE OBJECTIVES: Upon the successful completion of this course, participants should be better able to: 1. Express a clear understanding of selected major Christian doctrines. (J1, F11, R18, R19) 2. Employ a theological method that includes Biblical exegesis, historical developments, philosophical insight, and experiential realities to articulate theological truth with accuracy, clarity and coherence; (R18) 3. Be knowledgeable concerning the characteristics and contours of several major theological traditions; (J1, R19) 4. Articulate their own personal theological positions; (C6, C7) and 5. Function as responsible pastoral theologians in applying Christian truth to contemporary life and the mission of the church. (C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, R16, M18, M19, M20, M21) (Developed by the Historical/Theological Department and adopted by the Faculty, 2004)

CORE VALUES OF CHRISTIAN THEOLOGY: As a consequence of this course participants should be better able to: Theoretical: Articulate the nature and task of Christian theology in the context of the mission of the church. Develop a theological method that is biblical, historical, experiential, contemporary, contextual and philosophically informed Deploy a variety of theological approaches and methodologies Contextually proclaim and relevantly teach the Word of God throughout the global faith community. Honor the importance and realize the imperative of the Great Commission Responsibly develop ones own doctrinal positions and critically evaluate them in terms of the biblical witness and theological canons Exercise biblically shaped leadership and ministry. Incorporate joyfully and consistently Christian theology into the practice of Christian living, ministry and worship. Function as responsible pastoral theologians in witnessing, teaching, defending, demonstrating and applying Christian truth to contemporary life. Give cogent and coherent expression to selected doctrines of the Christian faith, recognize and refute heresy and ground and defend the faith Engage philosophical tools to assist in the development of theological expressions that are coherent, consistent, comprehensive and clear. Reflect the character and mandate of Christ throughout the churchs life and ministry Carry Christ personally, publicly and corporately to others. Be rooted in the churchs experience, faith and 2

Methodological:

Historical:

Exegetical:

Missional:

Convictional:

Leading: Doxological:

Pastoral:

Doctrinal:

Philosophical:

Ethical:

Evangelistic:

Ecclesial:

corporate life. Baptistic: Value the baptist commitment to the priesthood of the believers and the community of discipleship.

STRATEGIES FOR REACHING OBJECTIVES (Course Learning Assignments and Exercises: Lecture. Students are responsible for all material presented in class. One absence during the semester is at the students discretion. Second absences require clearance and should entail dire emergencies. Reading: Students should be up to date in the reading and prepared and ready to be called upon for questions and/or contributions over the reading. Discussion. Students should come prepared with one insight or question from each chapter of the Erickson Table Talk For each class period students will read the assigned McGrath essays and come prepared to discuss the questions which follow each one. In addition, students will have one sentence for each McGrath reading which will either affirm, disagree, or probe some section of each entry. Comments should be written down in a one sentence form ready to contribute to the discussion. Facilitating Table Talk Students will facilitate at least once during the semester a Table Talk section using the McGrath Study Questions as a guide, and eliciting student engagement with each essay. Facilitators should contribute at least one probing question of the material to facilitate group discussion as well as soliciting the insights of others. Participation in Theological Debate Presentations From time to time students will participate in mock debates on theological issues. Students will be given materials in the preceding class period and assigned a position independent of ones personal convictions - and will be responsible to be able to present pertinent points both polemical (i.e. positive) and apologetic (i.e. defensive) with respect to assigned positions. Internet Reflection Essays Six essays not to exceed the rough equivalent of one, single space type-written page are to be entered by the end of the normal class meeting time on the weeks the class does not meet. The essay should not summarize the selection but personally engage the selection by either a) affirming b) disagreeing with or c) probing some specific aspect of the text for clearly stated reasons.

Examinations Two Exams will be given.. Each exam will count 30% of the total grade. Theological Credo: Credo comes from the Latin for I believe. This Credo should be constituted by a summative statement of your convictions concerning each of the major doctrines considered during this semester Christology (including both the Person and Work of Christ), Pneumatology, Soteriology, Ecclesiology, and Eschatology. Each Credo should be approximately one page long: Biblical: Include Biblical citations that support your summative confessions of belief. Reflect a familiarity with and authentic appropriation of historic, orthodox and evangelical traditions of the faith. Be a personal, convictional, and heartfelt articulation of each doctrinal position.

Faithful:

Personal:

A rubric to standardize assessment of the credo statements according to biblical, historical, and systematic ideas of importance is provided below. **Points added or subtracted from baseline grade of 94
CREDO GRADING RUBRIC UNACCEPTABLE OR MINIMALLY ACCEPTABLE Substantially less or more than one page per doctrine; Omits core features of particular doctrinal foci; All doctrines are not addressed covered -1 to -5 pts/doctrine No Scripture cited -2 pts/doctrine GOOD EXCELLENT GRADE

CONTENT

SCRIPTURAL SUPPORT

Adequately and with clarity addresses many of the core features of each doctrine; Adheres substantially to the one page-perdoctrine requirement. Two-four core scriptural citations per doctrine (references not quotations) Evidence of personal appropriation and articulation of the Doctrine. Evidence of personal experience and application

Adequately and with clarity addresses a comprehensive array of significant building blocks of each doctrine and shows significant attention to grammar and presentation. +2 pts/doctrine Five or more core Scriptural citations per doctrine (references not quotations) +1 pt/doctrine A Striking and Forceful (not necessarily novel) personal appropriation and articulation of the Doctrine. Evidence of personal experience/application. Quotes from sources other than Scripture; unique presentation +1 pt/doctrine

CREATIVITY

Little or no evidence of thought toward moving from systematic to pastoral theology and application

INSTRUCTIONS

Significant & frequent style errors on each page; late submission of assignment; Evidence of cutting and pasting -5 to -10 pts/entire doc

General adherence to Turabian style; submitted on time

Adherence to Turabian style +2 pts/entire doc

(At the conclusion of the second theology course, the student will submit a single comprehensive credo. This statement of beliefs will be comprised of no more than one page per doctrine studied. That list of doctrines will correspond directly to the number of doctrines studied in both L1211 and L1212. Thus, the artifact will be a combination of credo statements constructed for both L1211 and L1212, taken online or face-to-face. The student will upload his or her complete credo (statements from both classes) at the point they submit the specific statement for the second of the two classes, regardless of which one the student took last. These credo projects, with the one-page/doctrine requirement, will be assigned in each section of both classes taught across the entire GGBTS system.) A Semester Project. The project can by fulfilled in one of three ways: a Research Paper, an Analytical Review or a Theological Project. 1. Research Paper: The Research Paper should explore a theological theme or investigate a theological figure addressed during the course of this semester. It should reflect a minimum of seven outside sources. The paper is to be a minimum of ten pages. 2. Analytical Review: The Analytical Review is to be a critical review of one or more theological books of substance that represent significant contributions to the field or contrasting positions on similar themes. The paper is to be more than a simple book report. It should reflect a minimum of six sources outside the book or set of books that are being analyzed. The paper is to be a minimum of ten pages. 3. Theological Project: The Theological Project assignment is designed to allow students to deploy, integrate and express theological concepts in a mode that is particularly appropriate to their own interests, abilities and ministry settings. The project should be designed in a manner that requires outside research and energy of composition and creation that is roughly equivalent to that of the research paper or analytical review. A project might take the form of the development of five doctrinal sermons which show evidence (explicitly cited in a bibliography and footnoted through the sermon) of research and outside reading; the development of a series of Bible Studies or Training Sessions on Christian Doctrine (again showing and citing outside research in their development); the writing of a worship sketch or short play depicting one or 5

more theological themes developed in this class (with outside reference material used and cited); the creation of a visual work of art related to a theological theme in the course and an accompanying description and rationale showing outside research and theological grounding. The project should include a bibliography of at least three books and a reflection paper of at least five pages (in addition to whatever form the project itself takes) discussing the theological issues from the class, research and reading which are reflected and embodied in the project. MANDATORY ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES GGBTS engages in regular assessment of its academic programs. Student participation is essential to this process through the following three activities. 1. ePortfolio Reflections - All degree-seeking students must reflect on the work completed as part of required courses by commenting upon the manner in which the course contributed to his/her growth in relation to five Essential Leadership Characteristics selected by the student and referenced in the syllabus under Course Learning Outcomes. These reflections must be recorded in the student's ePortfolio and a copy emailed to the professor no later than the last scheduled meeting of the class. 2. CoursEval Assessments Each semester a link to a CoursEval survey for each course taken will appear in the student's MyGGBTS page. Students are required to complete this online evaluation of course/instructor no later than the last scheduled meeting of the class. A summary of results (without student ID) is released to the professor only after grades have been submitted for the course. 3. ePortfolio Artifacts The syllabi of certain courses identify specific assignments which the student will both turn in to the professor for a grade AND attach to their ePortfolio as a "learning artifact." The institution reviews these artifacts as a way of judging the effectiveness of the Seminary's academic program. The review normally occurs after the student's graduation and without reference to student identity. Students are encouraged to remove title page or header/footer containing their name prior to attaching the artifact to their ePortfolio.

TEXTBOOKS: Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum,, (Second Edition), Baker Academic 2009 Michael Hordern, The Christian Faith, Alister McGrath, The Christian Theology Reader, 4th Edition, Oxford: Blackwell, 2007

ADDITIONAL RESOURCES: Greg Boyd and Paul Eddy (ed.), Across the Spectrum, Grand Rapids: Baker, 2002 Millard Erickson, The Concise Dictionary of Christian Theology, Wheaton: Crossway Books, 2001. Stanley Grenz, Theology for the Community of God Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology Donald Musser & Joseph Price (editors), A New Handbook of Christian Theology, Abingdon, 2005 6

H. Wayne House. Charts of Christian Theology and Doctrine. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1992. James Packer, Knowing God John Piper, The Pleasures of God Steve Wilkens. Good Ideas from Questionable Christians and Outright Pagans. Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity Press, 2004.

GRADING: Class Participation Mid-Term Exam Final Exam Class Presentations Internet Reflections Theological Credo Research Paper, Analytical Review, or Theological Project 5% 30% 30% P/F P/F 5% 30%

All papers must be handed in hard copy not electronically unless by express permission of the professor.

CLASS SCHEDULE: January 29-30 VII. CHRISTOLOGY: CHRIST THE CENTER Housekeeping and Introductions The Person of Christ: Christ as Fully God and Fully Man: The Hypostatic Union Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 14 The Person of Christ Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 6: The Christology Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 4.8 Athanasius on the Two Natures of Christ 7

(Facilitator) 4.14 Cyril of Alexandria on the Incarnation, (Facilitator) 4.25 Francois Turretini on the Threefold Office of Christ, (Facilitator) 4.32 P. T. Forsyth on the Person of Christ, (Facilitator) The Christology Debate (Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 7 - The Atonement Debate)

February

Internet Reflection The Person of Christ Write on One of the Following: McGrath: 4.4 Tertullian on the Incarnation, 4.6 Origen on the Two Natures of Christ, 4.7 Arius on the Status of Christ, 4.9 Apollinarius of Laodicea on the Person of Christ, 4.10 Gregory of Nazianzus on Apollinarianism, 4.16 Leo the Great on the Two Natures, 4.17 The Chalcedonian Definition of the Christian Faith, 4.23 Gregory Palamas on the Divine Condescension in the Incarnation, 4.24 Martin Luthers Critique of Nestorianism, 4.29 Martin Khler on the Historical Jesus 4.31 Albert Schweitzer on the Failure of the Quest of the Historical Jesus, 4.34 Dorothy Sayers on Christology and Dogma, 4.36 Wolfhart Pannenberg on the Indispensability of the Historical Jesus 4.41 N.T. Wright on History and Christology

February

12-13

The Person of Christ II The Work of Christ: Christ as Prophet: The Work of Christ in His Life and Ministry 8

Christ as Priest: The Work of Christ in His Death and Atonement Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 15; The State of Humiliation: Christs Threefold Office Chapter 16; The State of Exaltation: The Servant Who Is Lord Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 7: The Atonement Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 4.37 Thomas F. Torrance on the Incarnation and Soteriology

5.1 Irenaeus on the Ransom Theory of the Atonement

5.33 James Packer on Penal Substitution

5.20 The Socinian Critique of the Idea of Satisfaction

5.23 Charles Wesley on Salvation in Christ

The Atonement Debate (Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 14 The Charismatic Gifts Debate)

February

20

Internet Reflection The Work of Christ Write on One of the Following: McGrath: 5.2 Irenaeus on Recapitulation in Christ 5.4 Athanasius on the Death of Christ 5.6 Pseudo-Hippolytus on the Crosss Cosmic Dimensions 5.7 Rufinus of Aquileia on the Fish-hook Theory of the Atonement 9

5.10 Augustine on Redemption in Christ 5.13 Anselm of Canterbury on the Atonement 5.14 Peter Abelard on the Love of Christ in Redemption 5.17 Thomas Aquinas on the Satisfaction of Christ 5.19 John Calvin on the Grounds of Redemption 5.21 John Donne on the Work of Christ 5.22 George Herbert on the Death of Christ and Redemption 5.29 Gustaf Aulen on the Classic Theory of the Atonement, 5:30 Vladimir Lossky on Redemption as Deification 5.31 Bernard Lonergan on the Intelligibility of Redemption 5.35 Colin Gunton on the Language of Atonement

February

26-27 VIII. PNEUMATOLOGY: THE GOD WHO IS SPIRIT The Person and Work of the Spirit: Pleroma: The Person of the Spirit and Praxis: The Fruits of the Spirit Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 17, Called to Be Saints: Christs Presence in the Spirit Chapter 18; Union With Christ Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 14 The Charismatic Gifts Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 3.10 Basil of Caesarea on the Work of the Holy Spirit

3.15 Augustine on the Holy Spirit

The Charismatic Gifts Debate (Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 8 The Salvation Debate)

March

Internet Reflection The Holy Spirit Write on One of the Following: 10

3.17 Cyril of Alexandria on the Role of the Holy Spirit 3.18 Fulgentius of Ruspe on the Holy Spirit and Eucharist 3.19 John of Damascus on the Holy Spirit

March

11-12 IX. SOTERIOLOGY: THE SALVATION WE ENJOY FAITH Predestination: The Shape and Plan of Salvation Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 19; Forensic Aspects of Union with Christ: Justification and Adoption Chapter 20; The Way Forward in Grace: Sanctification and Perseverance Chapter 21 The Hope of Glory: Those Whom He Justified He Also Glorified (Romans 8:30) Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 8 The Salvation Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 6.11 Augustine on Divine Election (Facilitator) 6.36 John Calvin on Predestination (Facilitator) 6.43 The Westminster Catechism on Predestination (Facilitator) 6.51 Karl Barth on Election in Christ (Facilitator)

The Salvation Debate (Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 9 The Sanctification Debate and Chapter 10 The Eternal Security Debate) Take-Home Exam Handed Out 11

March

19

Work on Take-Home Exam Internet Reflection Essay: Write on One of the Following: McGrath 6.2 Tertullian on the Origin of Sin 6.10 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Longing for God 6.11 Augustine on Divine Election 6.12 Augustine on the Nature of Predestination 6.13 Augustine on Fallen Human Nature 6.14 Augustine on Human Freedom 6.15 Augustine on Irresistible Grace and Perseverance 6.16 Pelagius on Human Responsibility 6.17 Pelagius on Human Freedom 6.18 Pelagius Rejection of Original Sin 6.37 Theodore Beza on the Causes of Predestination 6.43 The Westminster Confession of Faith on Predestination 6.46 Emil Brunner on Barths Doctrine of Election

March

25-26

Saving Faith and Sanctified Lives: The Facts and Fruits of Salvation Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 20; The Way Forward in Grace: Sanctification and Perseverance Chapter 21 The Hope of Glory: Those Whom He Justified He Also Glorified (Romans 8:30) Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 9 The Sanctification Debate and Chapter 10 The Eternal Security Debate

Theological Table Talk McGrath: 6.26 Thomas Aquinas on the Nature of Grace (Facilitator) 6.33 Martin Luther on Justifying Faith (Facilitator)

12

6.38 John Calvin on the Concept of Justification (Facilitator) 6.48 John Wesley on Justification (Facilitator)

The Sanctification Debate and The Eternal Security Debate (Assign Roles in The Church Governance Debate Take Home Exam Handed In

X.

ECCLESIOLOGY: THE BODY WE JOIN LOVE The Church: Love Embodied The Nature and Governance of the Church: Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter Chapter 22; The Kingdom of Grace and the New Covenant Church Chapter 23; Word and Sacrament: The Means of Grace The Church Governance Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 7.17 John Calvin on the Marks of the Church (Facilitator) 7.20 John Owen on the Nature of a Gospel Church (Facilitator)

(Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 12 The Baptism Debate and Chapter 13 The Lords Supper Debate)

13

April

Internet Reflection Write on One of the Following: McGrath 6.1 Irenaeus on Human Progress 6.8 Ambrose on the Unmerited Character of Salvation 6.10 Gregory of Nyssa on Human Longing for God 6.19 The Council of Carthage on Grace 6.32 Martin Luthers Discovery of the Righteousness of God 6.34 Martin Luther on Sin and Grace 6.35 Philip Melanchthon on Justification by Faith 6.37 John Calvin on Faith and the Promises of God 6.39 The Council of Trent on Justification 6.47 Jonathan Edwards on Original Sin

April

15-16

The Church: Love Embodied The Ordinances of the Church The Enacted Parables: Love Dramatized in Baptism and the Lords Supper Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 24; Baptism and the Lords Supper Chapter 25; The Attributes of the Church: Unity, Catholicity, and Holiness Chapter 26; Apostolicity: A Fellowship of Receivers and Deliverers Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 12 The Baptism Debate Chapter 13 The Lords Supper Debate Theological Table Talk McGrath: 7.24 The Bartmen Confession on the Identity of the Church (Facilitator) 7.30 Stanley Hauerwas on the Importance of the Church (Facilitator) Theological Table Talk McGrath: 8.16 Thomas Aquinas on Transubstantiation (Facilitator) 14

8.18 Martin Luther on the Doctrine of Transubstantiation (Facilitator) 8.26 John Calvin on the Nature of Sacraments (Facilitator) The Baptism Debate The Lords Supper Debate (Assign Roles in Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 11 The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate; Chapter 16, The Millenium Debate; and Chapter 17 The Hell Debate)

April

23

Internet Essay Write on One of the Following: McGrath: 7.1 Irenaeus and the Function of the Church 7.6 Augustine on the Mixed Nature of the Church 7.9 Thomas Aquinas on the Catholicity of the Church 7.11 Jan Hus on the Church 7.12 Martin Luther on the Marks of the Church 7.16 The First Helvetic Confession on the Nature of the Church 7.18 Richard Hooker on the Purity of the Church 7.19 The Westminster Confession on the Church 7.21 Schleiermacher on the Church as a Fellowship of Believers 7.22 Vatican I on Papal Primacy in the Church 7.25 Vatican II on the Nature of the Church 7.26 Zizioulas on Local and Universal Churches 7.27 Leonardo Boff on the Nature of Local Churches 8.19 Martin Luther on the Bread and Wine as a Testament 8.20 Martin Luther on Baptism 8.23 Huldrych Zwingli on This is My Body 8.24 Huldrych Zwingli on the Nature of Sacraments 8.28 The Council of Trent on Transubstantiation 8.31 Vatican II on the Eucharist 8.32 Edward Schillebeeckx on Understanding the Real Presence 8.43 Alexander Schmemann on the Eucharist

April

29-30

15

XI.

ESCHATOLOGY: THE FUTURE WE AWAIT HOPE The Future: Christ is Coming Again and Final States Michael Horton, The Christian Faith Chapter 27; A Dwelling Place Chapter 28; The Return of Christ and the Last Judgment Chapter 29; The Last Battle and Life Everlasting Gregory Boyd and Paul Eddy, Across The Spectrum: Chapter 11 The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate; Chapter 16, The Millenium Debate; Chapter 17 The Hell Debate Assigned Theological Table Talk McGrath: 10.12 Peter Lombard on the Appearance of Humanity in Heaven (Facilitator) 10.16 Jeremy Taylor on Death and Heaven (Facilitator) 10.23 Gabriel Fackre on the Last Things (Facilitator) 9.8 Clark Pinnock on Pluralists and Christology (Facilitator) 9.9 C.S. John Hick on Complimentary Pluralism (Facilitator) 9.10 C.S. Song on the Cross and the Lotus (Facilitator) McGrath 6.22 John Scotus Eriugna on the Nature of Paradise 10.1 Irenaeus on the Final Restoration of Creation 10.2 Theophilus of Antioch on Conditional Immortality 16

10.3 Tertullian on Hell and Heaven 10.8 Gregory of Nyssa on the Resurrection of the Body 10.10 Augustine on the Christian Hope 10.13 Benedict XII on Seeing God in Heaven 10.15 John Donne on the Resurrection 10.17 Jonathan Edwards on the Reality of Hell 10.20 Helmut Thielicke on Ethics and Eschatology 10.21 Richard Bauckham on Moltmanns Eschatology 10.22 Hans Urs von Balthasar on Hell 10.24 Philip Hughes on Everlasting Death 10.25 Kathryn Turner on Eternal Life

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate The Millenium Debate The Hell Debate Take Home Exam Handed Out

May

7:

No Internet Reflection Spring Reading Week Work on Take-Home Exam and Paper or Project Take Home Exam Handed In Credos Handed In, Student Presentations of Papers and Projects Projects and Papers Handed In

May

13-14

The above schedule is open to revision in astonishing ways, but assignments, alas, are due as scheduled.

17

The Christology Debate Across the Spectrum (Chapter 6) The Unavoidable Paradox of the God-man (The Classical View) Christ Relinquished His Divine Prerogatives (The Kenotic View) The Moderator: Posing the Question

The Unavoidable Paradox of the God-man (The Classical View) The Biblical Argument pp. 113-114 The Biblical Argument pp. 114-115

Supporting Argument 1: Rendering the Two Natures of Christ Coherent Supporting Argument 2: The Glory of Jesus Supporting Argument 3: The Inconsistency of the Kenotic View

Responding to Objections 1: How Are Two Minds Not Two Persons? Responding to Objections 2: This View is Not Biblical. Responding to Objections 3: Jesus Could Not Have Been Genuinely Tempted

Christ Relinquished His Divine Prerogatives (The Kenotic View) The Biblical Argument pp. 118-119 The Biblical Argument pp. 119-120

Supporting Argument 1: The Coherence of the Kenotic View Supporting Argument 2: The Humanity of Jesus Supporting Argument 3: The Example of Jesus

18

Responding to Objections 1: This View Undermines the Divinity of Jesus Responding to Objections 2: How Did Jesus Do Miraculous Deeds Responding to Objections 3: Pauls Interest was Not Metaphysical Responding to Objections 4: Who Ran the Universe During the Incarnation Responding to Objections 5: What of Christs Post-Ascension Humanity?

19

The Atonement Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 6) The Penal Substitution View (Christ Died in Our Place) The Christus Victor View (Christ Destroyed Satan and His Works) The Moral Government View (Christ Displayed Gods Wrath against Sin)

The Moderator: Posing the Question

The Penal Substitution View (Christ Died in Our Place) The Biblical Argument pp. 126-127 The Biblical Argument pp. 128-129

Supporting Argument 1: How Sinners are Reconciled to God Supporting Argument 2: Jesus Life and Death

Responding to Objections 1: This View Limits God Responding to Objections 2: This View Encourages Sinful Living Responding to Objections 3: Guilt Cannot Be Transferred Responding to Objections 4: This View Sets the Father Against the Son

The Christus Victor View (Christ Destroyed Satan and His Works)

The Biblical Argument pp. 132-334a The Biblical Argument pp. 134b-35

Supporting Argument 1: Church Tradition Supporting Argument 2: The Unifying Theme of Jesus Ministry Supporting Argument 3: The Unity of Jesus Death and Resurrection Supporting Argument 4: The Cosmic Dimension of Evil 20

Responding to Objections 1: This View is Imbalanced in Its Focus Responding to Objections 2: This View is Overly Speculative Responding to Objections 3: This View Gives Satan Too Much Credit

The Moral Government View (Christ Displayed Gods Wrath against Sin)

The Biblical Argument pp. 137-389a The Biblical Argument pp. 139b-41

Supporting Argument 1: The Coherence and Practicality of the View Supporting Argument 2: The Genuineness of Gods Forgiveness Supporting Argument 3: The Holiness and Unity of the Trinity

Responding to Objections 1: Jesus Bore Our Sins Responding to Objections 2: What Becomes of Gods Justice

21

The Charismatic Gifts Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 14) The Gifts are for Today (The Continuationist View) Tongues Shall Cease (The Cessationist View)

The Moderator: Posing the Question The Gifts are for Today (The Continuationist View) The Biblical Argument pp. 238 The Biblical Argument pp. 239-240a

Supporting Argument 1 The Weak Biblical Foundation for Cessationism Ephesians 2:20-22 Hebrews 2:4-6 I Corintheans 13:8-13 Supporting Argument 2 Church History Early Post-apostolic Church Cessationist Exageration Supporting Article 3 - Gods Guidance Today

Responding to Objections 1 The Pattern of Gods Miraculous Activity does not support this view. Responding to Objections 2 The Continuation of Charismatic gifts means that the Canon is Open

Tongues Shall Cease (The Cessationist View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 1243-244a) The Biblical Argument pp. 243b-244)

Supporting Argument 1 Church History Supporting Argument 2 The Canon is Closed 22

Supporting Argument 3 Practical Considerations

Responding to Objections 1 This View has a Naturalistic basis Responding to Objections 2 This View Contradicts Scripture Responding to Objections 3 This view cannot explain contemporary charismatic experiences

23

The Salvation Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 8) T U L I P (The Calvinist View) God Wants All to Be Saved View (The Arminian View)

T U L I P (The Calvinist View) The Biblical Argument pp. 147-149a The Biblical Argument pp. 149b-150

Supporting Argument 1 Logical Coherence: Supporting Argument 2 All the Glory is Gods: Supporting Argument 3. The Confidence of the Believer:

Responding to Objections 1 God is Not Fair: Responding to Objections 2 What About Our Freedom? I Responding to Objections 3 Does God Want All to be Saved?

God Wants All to Be Saved View (The Arminian View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 153-155a The Biblical Argument pp. 155b-157

Supporting Argument 1 Affirmation of Gods Perfect Love Supporting Argument 2 Confidence in Evangelism

Responding to Objections 1: View is Not Consistent with Election Responding to Objections 2: View Suggests that We Get Credit for our Salvation First Second Third 24

The Sanctification Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 9) Sanctification as a Declaration by God (The Lutheran View) Sanctification as Holiness in Christ and in Personal Conduct (The Reformed View) Sanctification as Resting-Faith in the Sufficiency of Christ (The Keswick Deeper Life View) Entire Sanctification as Perfect Love (The Wesleyan View) The Moderator: Posing the Question Sanctification as a Declaration by God (The Lutheran View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 163-164a The Biblical Argument pp. 164b-165

Supporting Argument 1 Christian Realism Supporting Argument 2 Faith and Pride

Responding to Objections 1 Faith Requires Expression Through Good Works Responding to Objections 2 This View Turns Imputed Righteousness into a Legal Fiction

Sanctification as Holiness in Christ and in Personal Conduct (The Reformed View) The Biblical Argument pp. 167-168 last full paragraph The Biblical Argument pp. 168 bottom partial paragraph -169

Supporting Argument 1 Balancing Realism and Optimism Responding to Objections 1 This view risks the danger of human pride Responding to Objections 2 Sanctification is more than moral imperatives

Sanctification as Resting-Faith in the Sufficiency of Christ (The Keswick Deeper Life View) 25

The Biblical Argument pp. 172-173 top half The Biblical Argument pp. 173 bottom half to 174

Supporting Argument 1 Experiencing freedom here and now. Responding to Objections 1 This view focuses exclusively on the act of surrender Responding to Objections 2 Resting-faith is itself a crisis Responding to Objections 3. Not all spiritual striving is of the flesh.

Entire Sanctification as Perfect Love (The Wesleyan View) The Biblical Argument pp. 176 -177 top half The Biblical Argument pp. 177 bottom half to 178

Supporting Argument 1: The root of the problem. Supporting Argument 2: Optimism and Dependency

Responding to Objections 1: This view minimizes the work of justification and misunderstands the work of the Holy Spirit. pp. 179-180 end of first paragraph p. 180 first full paragraph starting with Regarding Responding to Objections 2: Perfection is a heavy Burden pp. 180-181 end of first paragraph p. 180, first full paragraph to the end

26

The Eternal Security Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 10) Secure in the Power of God (The Eternal Security View) The Need to Persist in Faith (The Continual Security View) The Moderator: Posing the Question

Secure in the Power of God (The Eternal Security View) The Biblical Argument pp. 185-186 The Biblical Argument pp. 186-188

Supporting Argument 1: Perseverance by Grace Supporting Argument 2: Forever a Child of God Supporting Argument 3: Courtship and Marriage Supporting Argument 4: The Security of the Believer

Responding to Objections 1 Several Biblical Passages Contradict this View Responding to Objections 2 Eternal Security Undermines Free Will

The Need to Persist in Faith (The Continual Security View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 190-192 The Biblical Argument pp. 192-194

Supporting Argument 1: Cheap Grace

Responding to Objections 1: This View Contradicts the Security Passages in Scripture Responding to Objections 2: This View Promotes Insecurity 27

The Baptism Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 12) Baptism and Christian Discipleship View (The Believers Baptism View) Covenanting with the Community of God View (The Infant Baptism View) The Moderator: Posing the Question

Baptism and Christian Discipleship View (The Believers Baptism View) The Biblical Argument pp. 215-217 The Biblical Argument pp. 217 (first full paragraph) - 218

Supporting Argument 1: The Importance of Discipleship

Responding to Objections 1: Scripture Passages Oppose the View Responding to Objections 2: This View Ignores the Continuities Between the Old and New Covenants. Responding to Objections 3: This View has been Influenced by Modern Individualism Responding to Objections 4: This View Runs Counter to Church Tradition

Covenanting with the Community of God View (The Infant Baptism View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 220-222 The Biblical Argument pp. 222 (first full paragraph) - 223

Supporting Argument 1: Church Tradition Supporting Argument 2: Gods Initiative in Salvation

Responding to Objections 1: The Bible Contains No Explicit Reference to Infant Baptism Responding to Objections 2: Scripture Gives Faith as a Prerequisite to Baptism 28

The Lords Supper Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 13) This is My body: The Spiritual Presence View In Remembrance of Me: The Memorial View

This is My body: The Spiritual Presence View The Biblical Argument pp. 229 The Biblical Argument pp. 230

Supporting Argument 1: A Traditional Perspective Responding to Objections 1: The Language Surrounding the Lords Supper is Metaphorical

In Remembrance of Me: The Memorial View

The Biblical Argument pp. 231-232 The Biblical Argument pp. 232-233

Supporting Argument 1: Communion and Our Relationship with God Responding to Objections 1: This View is not Compatable with Scripture

29

The Destiny of the Unevangelized Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 11) No Other Name (The Restrictivist View) God Does All He Can Do (The Universal Opportunity View) Hope Beyond the Grave (The Postmortem Evangelism View) He Has Not Left Himself Without a Witness (The Inclusivist View)

No Other Name (The Restrictivist View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 199-200a The Biblical Argument pp.200a-201

Supporting Argument 1 Church History

Responding to Objections 1 This View is Unfair Responding to Objections 2 According to this View Babies and the Mentally Disabled Cannot be Saved

God Does All He Can Do (The Universal Opportunity View)

The Biblical Argument

Supporting Argument 1 Church Tradition Supporting Argument 2 Reason

Responding to Objections 1 There is inadequate Evidence for this View Responding to Objections 2 This View Compromises the Urgency of Missions

Hope Beyond the Grave (The Postmortem Evangelism View) The Biblical Argument pp. 205-206a The Biblical Argument pp.206b-207 30

Supporting Argument 1 Church History Supporting Argument 2 The Freewill Defense

Responding to Objections 1 Scripture Rules Out the Possibility of Salvation After Death Responding to Objections 2 This View Undermines Missions

He Has Not Left Himself Without a Witness (The Inclusivist View) The Biblical Argument pp. 209-210a The Biblical Argument pp.210b-211

Supporting Argument 1 Church History Supporting Argument 2 Gods Love an Justice

Responding to Objections 1 This View Constitutes a Drift Toward Pluralism Responding to Objections 2 This View Undermines Missions

31

The Millenial Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 16) The Return Before the Reign (Premillenial) The Working Toward & Waiting for a Coming Reign of Peace (Postmillennial View) The Symbolic Thousand-Year Conquest of Satan (Amillennial View)

The Return Before the Reign (The Premillenial View) The Biblical Argument pp. 264-265a The Biblical Argument pp. 265a-266b

Supporting Argument 1 Church Tradition Supporting Argument 2 The Deteriorating State of the World

Responding to Objections 1 This view has an inadequate foundation Responding to Objections 2 This view runs counter to the mustard seed pattern of kingdom expansion

The Working Toward & Waiting for a Coming Reign of Peace (Postmillennial View) The Biblical Argument pp. 268-269 The Biblical Argument pp. 270-271

Supporting Argument 1 Confidence for the future Supporting Argument 2 A Credible Eschatology

Responding to Objections 1 This view runs counter to church tradition Responding to Objections 2 How does this view explain evidence of a decaying world? Responding to Objections 3 There are scriptural problems with this view.

The Symbolic Thousand-Year Conquest of Satan (The Amillennial View) 32

The Biblical Argument pp. 274-275 The Biblical Argument pp. 276-278

Supporting Argument 1: Church

Responding to Objections 1: The Amillennial position spiritualizes Scripture Responding to Objections 2: This view offers a weak defense.

33

The Hell Debate: Across the Spectrum (Chapter 17) The Unending Torment of the Wicked (The Classical View) The Wicked Shall Be No More (The Annihilationist View)

The Unending Torment of the Wicked (The Classical View) The Biblical Argument pp. 282-283a The Biblical Argument pp. 283b-284

Supporting Argument 1 Supporting Argument 2 Supporting Argument 3 Supporting Argument 4

Church Tradition Sin Against an Infinite God Criminals Must Pay No Fear of Hell

Responding to Objections 1 Responding to Objections 2

Eternal Hell is Cruel Scripture Teaches Annihilation

The Wicked Shall Be No More (The Annihilationist View)

The Biblical Argument pp. 286-288a The Biblical Argument pp. 288b-290

Supporting Argument 1 Supporting Argument 2

Unending Suffering is Inconsistent with the Love of God Unending Torment is Inconsistent with Gods Victory

Responding to Objections 1 Responding to Objections 2

Scripture States that the Wicked will be Tormented Day and Night This View Undermines Fear of Hell

34

Systematic Theology Bibliography John W. Shouse, Ph.D. Systematic Theologies: Allen, Diogenes. Philosophy for Understanding Theology. Atlanta: John Knox Press, 1985. Barth, Karl. Dogmatics in Outline. New York: Harper and Brothers, 1986. , Church Dogmatics, Edinburgh: T & T Clark Basden, Paul, ed. Has Our Theology Changed? Southern Baptist Thought Since 1845. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994 Bloesch, Donald, Essentials of Evangelical Theology, Volumes I and II, San Francisco: Harper and Row, Publishers 1978 and1979. , A Theology of Word and Spirit, Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1993. , Holy Scripture, Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1994. , The Almighty God, Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1995. , Jesus Christ: Savior and Lord, Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 1997. , The Holy Spirit, Downers Grove: Inter-Varsity Press, 2000. Emil Brunner, The Christian Doctrine of God, The Christian Doctrine of Creation and Redemption, and The Christian Doctrine of the Church, Faith and the Consummation, Philadelphia: The Westminster Press, 1949. Brunner, Frederick Dale. A Theology of the Holy Spirit: The Pentecostal Experience and the New Testament Witness. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1970. Chan, Simon. Spiritual Theology: A Systematic Study of the Christian Life. Downers Grove: InterVarsity, 1998. Demarest, Bruce. The Cross and Salvation: The Doctrine of Salvation. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books, 1997. Dyrness, William A. Invitation to Cross-Cultural Theology: Case Studies in Vernacular Theologies. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992. Erickson, Millard J. Christian Theology, 2nd ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1998. ________ . The Word Became Flesh: A Contemporary Incarnational Christology. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House, 1991. Elwell, Walter. Evangelical Dictionary of Theology, current ed. Grand Rapids: Baker Book House. 35

Fee, Gordon D. Gods Empowering Presence: The Holy Spirit in the Letters of Paul. Peabody: Hendrickson Publishers, 1994. Ford, David F., ed. The Modern Theologians: An Introduction to Christian Theology in the Twentieth Century. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1997 Frackre, Gabriel, Ronald H. Nash, and John Sanders. What About Those Who Have Never Heard? Three Views on the Destiny of the Unevangelized. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1995. Garrett, James Leo. Systematic Theology, Vols 1 and 2. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 2001. George, Timothy, and David Dockery, eds., Baptist Theology. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1990. Gonzalez, Justo L. Maana: Christian Theology from a Hispanic Perspective (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1990) , Santa Biblia: The Bible Through Hispanic Eyes (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1996) Green, Joel B. and Max Turner. Between Two Horizons: Spanning New Testament Studies & Systematic Theology (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 2000) Green, Michael. I Believe in the Holy Spirit. Grand Rapids: William. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1986. Grenz, Stanley J. and John R. Franke. Beyond Foundationalism: Shaping Theology in a Postmodern Context. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 2001. Grenz, Stanley J. Theology for the Community of God. Nashville: Broadman & Holman, 1994. Grenz, Stanley & Roger Olson. Who Needs Theology? An Invitation to the Study of God. Downers Grove: IVP, 1996. Grudem, Wayne. Systematic Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1994. Henry, Carl F. H. God, Revelation, and Authority Vols. 1-6 (Waco, TX: Word Books, 1976) Henry, Carl F. H. The Identity of Jesus of Nazareth. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992. Lewis, Gordon R., and Bruce A. Demarest. Integrative Theology. Grand Rapids: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996. Lindbeck, George A. The Nature of Doctrine: Religion and Theology in a Postliberal Age. Louisville: Westminster John Knox Press, 1984. 36

McClendon, Jr., James Wm. Systematic Theology: Ethics, Volume I, Doctrine, Volume II, and Witness, Volume III. Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1994 2000. McGrath, Alister E., Christian Theology: An Introduction, 3rd ed., Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 2002.. McGrath, Alister E., A Christian Theology Reader, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Blackwell Publishers, Inc., 2001. Daniel Migliore, Faith Seeking Understanding: An Introduction to Christian Theology, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1991. Moltmann, Jrgen. The Church in the Power of the Spirit: A Contribution to Messianic Ecclesiology. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1993. Moule, C. F. D. The Origins of Christology. London: Cambridge University Press, 1977. Packer, J. I. Keep in Step with the Spirit. Grand Rapids: Fleming H. Revell, 1984. Pinnock, Clark. Flame of Love: A Theology of the Holy Spirit. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1996. Wolfhart Pannenberg, Systematic Theology, Volumes 1, 2, and 3, Grand Rapids: Eerdmans Reymond, Robert L. A New Systematic Theology of the Christian Faith. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers, 1998. Robinson, James B., and David S. Dockery, eds. Beyond the Impasse?: Scripture, Interpretation, and Theology in Baptist Life. Nashville: Broadman Press, 1992. Stone, Howard W., and James O. Duke. How to Think Theologically. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996. Volf, Miroslav. After Our Likeness: The Church as the Image of the Trinity. Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1998. Ward, Graham, ed. The Postmodern God: A Theological Reader. Oxford: Blackwell, 1997. Witherington III, Ben. The Jesus Quest. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press, 1995. Wright, N. T. Jesus and the Victory of God. Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 1996. The Resurrection, Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2003. 37