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Lecture 14: Angular Momentum-II. The material in this lecture covers the following in Atkins.

Rotational Motion Section 12.7 Rotation in three dimensions

Lecture on-line Angular Momentum-II (3- D) (PDF) Angular Momentum-II (3-D) (PowerPoint) Handout for this lecture (PDF)

Tutorials on-line Vector concepts Basic Vectors More Vectors (PowerPoint) More Vectors (PDF) Basic concepts Observables are Operators - Postulates of Quantum Mechanics Expectation Values - More Postulates Forming Operators Hermitian Operators Dirac Notation Use of Matricies Basic math background Differential Equations Operator Algebra Eigenvalue Equations Extensive account of Operators

Extensive account of Operators Audio-visuals on-line Rigid Rotor (PowerPoint) (Good account from the Wilson Group,****) Rigid Rotor (PDF)(Good account from the Wilson Group,****) Slides from the text book (From the CD included in Atkins ,**)

Classical Angular Momentum Angular momentum in classical physics


Consider a particle at the position r Review of classical physics Position and velocity in 3D v
r k i j

Where r = ix + jy + kz The velocity of this particle is given by dx dy dz dr v = dt = i dt + j dt + k dt

Classical Angular Momentum The linear momentum of the particle with mass m is given by
dx p = mv where e.i px = mvx = m dt The angular momentum is defined as L = rXp
|r| |p| sin p r L =rXp

Review of classical physics Angular Momentum in 3D

The angular momentum is perpendicular to the plane defined by r and p.

Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics We have in addition Angular Momentum in 3D
L = rXp = (ix +jy + kz)X (ipx + jpy +kpz) L = (rypz -rzpy)i + (rzpx -rxpz)j + (rxpy - rypx)k or i rXp = rx px j ry py k rz pz

Classical Angular Momentum


Why are we interested in the angular o m e n t u m m Review of classical physics ? Angular Momentum in 3D Consider the change of L with time

F
dL dr dp dt = dt Xp + rX dt dL dp dt = mvXv + rX dt dp = rX dt

dL d dr d2 r dt = rX dt [m dt ] = rXm dt 2

d2r dt2

= F (Newtons Law)

Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics Angular momentum and central force in 3D r dL r r F = r F dt

r
For centro-symmetric systems in which the force works in the same direction as r we must have dL dt = 0 : THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM IS CONSERVED

Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics Angular momentum and r Examples : F central force in 3D

movement of electron around nuclei movement of planets around sun For such systems L is a constant of motion, e.g. does not change with time since dL dt = 0 In quantum mechanics an operator O representing a constant of motion will commute with the Hamiltonian which means that we can find eigenfunctions that are both eigenfunctions to H and O

Quantum mechanical representation of angular momentum operator Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D We have

L = rXp = iLx + jLy + kLz


where

Angular momentum operators of quantum mechanics in 3D

Lx = rypz - rzpy ; Ly = rzpx - rx py ; Lz = rxpy - ry px


In going to quantum mechanics we have

x --> x

; y --> y ; z --> z h h ; py --> -ihy ; pz --> -ihz

h px --> -ihx
Thus :

h h Lx = -ih(y z - zy ) ; Ly = -ih(z x - xz ) h L z = -ih(x y - yx )

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D

We have L = iLx + jLy + kLz


thus

Angular momentum operators of quantum mechanics in 3D

L.L = L2 =(iLx + jLy + kLz).(iLx + jLy + kLz) L2 = Lx2 + Ly 2 + Lz2

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Can we find common eigenfunctions to


L2 , Lx , Ly , Lz ?

Commutation relations for angular momentum operators of quantum mechanics in 3D

Only if all four operators commute We must now look at the commutation relations The two operators L1 and L2 will commute if [L1,L2 ] f(x,y,z) =(L1L2 - L2L1) f(x,y,z) = 0

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Commutation relations for angular momentum operators of quantum mechanics in 3D
For the quantum mechanical operators L2 = L L representing the square of the length of the angular momentum

as well as the operators representing the three Cartesian components of the angular momentum vector L x ;L y ;Lz we have

[L2 , L x ] = [L2 , L y ] = [L2 , L z ] = 0 [L , L ] = ihL


x y z

[L y , L z ] = ihLx [L , L ] = ihL
z x

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 .


How do we find the eigenfunctions ? The eigenfunctions f must satisfy Lzf = af and L2f = bf

The function f must in other words satisfy the differential equations Lzf = af as well as L2 f = bf

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
It is more convenient to solve the equations in Angular momentum operators spherical coordinates
(x,y,z) (r, , ) r

of quantum mechanics in spherical coordinates in 3D

We find after some tedious but straight forward manipulations

d h Lz = -ih [ ] d d2 d d2 1 h +cot + ] L2 = -h2[ d sin2 d 2 d 2

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D

Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 .

We must solve : Lz (, ) = b (, ) and L2 (, ) = c (, )


The eigenfunctions to L2 and L z are given by (, ) = Yl,m ((, ) 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| = Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)

Eigenfunctions are orthonormal Ylm* (, )Yl' m' (, ) r 2 sin dd = l,l' m,m'

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 .


(, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)

We have that l can take the values : l = 0,1, 2, 3, 4.. and the possible eigenvalues for L2 are h 2 l(l + 1) L2 lm (, ) = h 2 l(l + 1) lm (, )

for a given l value m can take the 2l + 1 values - l, - l + 1,...,-1,0,1,...,l - 1,l and the possible eigenvalues for Lz are m h Lz lm (, ) = hm lm (, )

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 . Spherical harmonics


(, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)

l 0

m 0

Y lm (, ) 1 4 3 cos 4 m 3 sin exp[ i] 4

0 1

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 . Spherical harmonics

(, ) = Yl,m ((, ) =

2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)

l 2

m 0 1 2

Y lm (, ) 5 (3cos 2 1) 16 15 cossin[ i] m 8 15 sin 2 exp[ 2i] 32

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D

Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 . Spherical harmonics 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| (, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)

l 3

m 0 1 2 3 m

Y lm (, ) 7 (5cos 3 3 cos ) 16 m 21 (5cos 2 1)sin [ i] 64 105 sin 2 cos exp[ 2i] 32 35 sin 3 exp[ 2i] 64

What you should learn from this lecture

1. you should know the definition of angular r r r momentum as L = rxp.

2. You should be aware of the commutation relations [L2 , L ] = [L2 , L ] = [L2 , L ] = 0


x y z

[L x , L y ] = ihL z ; [L y , L z ] = ihLx; [L z , L x ] = ihL y


3. You should realize that the above commutation has the consequence that we only can find find common eigenfunctions to L2 and one of the components , normally taken as Lz . Thus we can only know L2 and Lz precisely.

What you should learn from this lecture

4. You are not required to know the exact form of the eigenfunctions 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| (, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|) to Lz and L2
5. You should know that l can take the values : l = 0,1, 2, 3, 4.. and the possible eigenvalues for L2 are h 2 l(l + 1) L2 lm (, ) = h 2 l(l + 1) lm (, )
6. You should know that for a given l value m can take the 2l + 1 values - l, - l + 1,...,-1,0,1,...,l - 1,l and the possible eigenvalues for Lz are m h Lz lm (, ) = hm lm (, )

Appendix : Commutator relations for


We have

angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

f f h h Lxf = -ih( yz - zy ) = -ih ux f f h h Lyf = -ih ( zx - xz ) = -ih uy Next h LxLyf = -ih Lxu y LxLyf LxLyf uy u y h h = -ih [ -ih ( y z - z y ) ] uy u y h = -h 2 [ y z - z y ]

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

We have uy f f z = z (zx - xz ) uy f 2f 2f z = x + zzx - xz2

Further

uy

f f = y (zx - xz ) y = 2f 2f z yx - x yz

uy y

Appendix : Commutator relations for combining terms angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 . Thus 2f 2f 2f 2f f h LxLyf = -h 2[ yx + yzzx - yxz2 - z2yx +zxyz ]

2f 2f 2f 2f f h LxLyf = -h 2[ yx + yzzx - yxz2 - z2yx +zxyz ] It is clear that LxLyf can be evaluated by interchanging x and y We get: f 2f 2f 2f 2f h LyLxf = -h 2[ xy + xzzy - xyz2 - z2xy +zyxz ]

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 using the relations

2f 2f zy = yz We have

etc.

f f h h [ LxLy - LyLx] f = -h 2[ yx - xy ] = -h 2[ yx - xy ] f We have: Lz = -i h [ xy - yx ]

Thus: [ LxLy - LyLx] f

h h = ih Lz f ; [Lx,Ly] = ih Lz

h We have shown [Lx,Ly] = ih Lz

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .


By a cyclic permutation

C3 Y z X

z Y X

X Y
h [ Ly,Lz] = ih Lx

h [ Lz,Lx] = ih Ly We have shown that the three operators L x,L y,L z are non commuting What about the commutation between Lx ,Ly,Lz and L2

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

Let us examine the commutation relation between L2 and L x

We have :

[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 + L2 + L2 , L x ] x y z
[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 , L x ] + [L2 , L x ] + [L2 , L x ] x y z

For the first term


[L2 , L x ] = L2 L x L xL2 = L3 L3 = 0 x x x x x

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

For the second term


2 , L ] = L2 L L L2 [L y x y x x y = L2 L x L yL xL y + L yL xL y L xL2 y y

= L y [L yL x L xL y ] + [L yL x L xL y ]L y Z = ihL yL z ihL zL y
Y

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

For the third term


2 , L ] = L2 L L L2 [L z x z x x z = L2 L x L zL xL z + L zL xL z L xL2 z z

= L z [L zL x L xL z ] [L zL x L xL z ]L z

= ihL zL y + hL yL z

X Y

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .

In total
[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 + L2 + L2 , L x ] x y z

=0

ihL yL z ihL zL y +ihL zL y + hL yL z


Z X Y

=0

Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 .


We have shown [L2,Lx] = [Lx 2+Ly 2+Lz2,Lx] = O now by cyclic permutation [Ly 2+Lz2+Lx2,Ly] = [L2,Ly] = 0 [Lz2+Lx2+Ly2,Lz] = [L2,Lz] = 0 Thus Lx ,Ly,Lz all commutes with L 2 and we can find common L2 and Lx or L 2 and Ly eigenfunctions for or L 2 and Lz
Z X Y

the normal convention is to obtain eigenfunctions that are at the same time eigenfunctions to Lz and L2.
How do we find the eigenfunctions ?

We have

Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D

h -ih S()T() = b S()T() or h -ih S() T()= b S()T() multiplying with 1/ S() from left T()

ib = T() h

The general solution is

ib T() = AExp[ ] h

A general point in 3-D space is given by ( r,, )


Z rcos (x,y,z) (r, , ) r X rsin Y

We have the following relation x= r sin cos y= r sin sin z= r cos The same point is represented by (r,,+2) We must thus have ib ib ib ib Exp[ ] = Exp[ ( + 2 ) = Exp[ ] Exp[ 2] h h h h

Thus

ib 2b 2b + isin =1 Exp[ 2] = cos h h h


This equation is only satisfied if

b = m h

with

m = 0,1,2,......

Thus the eigenvalue b is quantized as b = hm m = 0,1,2,......

The possible eigenfunctions are T() = AExp[im] , m = 0,1,2,......

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