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Lecture on-line Angular Momentum-II (3- D) (PDF) Angular Momentum-II (3-D) (PowerPoint) Handout for this lecture (PDF)
Tutorials on-line Vector concepts Basic Vectors More Vectors (PowerPoint) More Vectors (PDF) Basic concepts Observables are Operators - Postulates of Quantum Mechanics Expectation Values - More Postulates Forming Operators Hermitian Operators Dirac Notation Use of Matricies Basic math background Differential Equations Operator Algebra Eigenvalue Equations Extensive account of Operators
Extensive account of Operators Audio-visuals on-line Rigid Rotor (PowerPoint) (Good account from the Wilson Group,****) Rigid Rotor (PDF)(Good account from the Wilson Group,****) Slides from the text book (From the CD included in Atkins ,**)
Classical Angular Momentum The linear momentum of the particle with mass m is given by
dx p = mv where e.i px = mvx = m dt The angular momentum is defined as L = rXp
|r| |p| sin p r L =rXp
Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics We have in addition Angular Momentum in 3D
L = rXp = (ix +jy + kz)X (ipx + jpy +kpz) L = (rypz -rzpy)i + (rzpx -rxpz)j + (rxpy - rypx)k or i rXp = rx px j ry py k rz pz
F
dL dr dp dt = dt Xp + rX dt dL dp dt = mvXv + rX dt dp = rX dt
dL d dr d2 r dt = rX dt [m dt ] = rXm dt 2
d2r dt2
= F (Newtons Law)
Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics Angular momentum and central force in 3D r dL r r F = r F dt
r
For centro-symmetric systems in which the force works in the same direction as r we must have dL dt = 0 : THE ANGULAR MOMENTUM IS CONSERVED
Classical Angular Momentum Review of classical physics Angular momentum and r Examples : F central force in 3D
movement of electron around nuclei movement of planets around sun For such systems L is a constant of motion, e.g. does not change with time since dL dt = 0 In quantum mechanics an operator O representing a constant of motion will commute with the Hamiltonian which means that we can find eigenfunctions that are both eigenfunctions to H and O
x --> x
h px --> -ihx
Thus :
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
Only if all four operators commute We must now look at the commutation relations The two operators L1 and L2 will commute if [L1,L2 ] f(x,y,z) =(L1L2 - L2L1) f(x,y,z) = 0
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D Commutation relations for angular momentum operators of quantum mechanics in 3D
For the quantum mechanical operators L2 = L L representing the square of the length of the angular momentum
as well as the operators representing the three Cartesian components of the angular momentum vector L x ;L y ;Lz we have
[L y , L z ] = ihLx [L , L ] = ihL
z x
The function f must in other words satisfy the differential equations Lzf = af as well as L2 f = bf
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
It is more convenient to solve the equations in Angular momentum operators spherical coordinates
(x,y,z) (r, , ) r
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
We have that l can take the values : l = 0,1, 2, 3, 4.. and the possible eigenvalues for L2 are h 2 l(l + 1) L2 lm (, ) = h 2 l(l + 1) lm (, )
for a given l value m can take the 2l + 1 values - l, - l + 1,...,-1,0,1,...,l - 1,l and the possible eigenvalues for Lz are m h Lz lm (, ) = hm lm (, )
l 0
m 0
0 1
(, ) = Yl,m ((, ) =
l 2
m 0 1 2
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
Common eigenfunctions for Lz and L2 . Spherical harmonics 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| (, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|)
l 3
m 0 1 2 3 m
Y lm (, ) 7 (5cos 3 3 cos ) 16 m 21 (5cos 2 1)sin [ i] 64 105 sin 2 cos exp[ 2i] 32 35 sin 3 exp[ 2i] 64
4. You are not required to know the exact form of the eigenfunctions 2l + 1 (l | m!| |m| (, ) = Yl,m ((, ) = Pl (cos ) exp[im] 4 (l + | m!|) to Lz and L2
5. You should know that l can take the values : l = 0,1, 2, 3, 4.. and the possible eigenvalues for L2 are h 2 l(l + 1) L2 lm (, ) = h 2 l(l + 1) lm (, )
6. You should know that for a given l value m can take the 2l + 1 values - l, - l + 1,...,-1,0,1,...,l - 1,l and the possible eigenvalues for Lz are m h Lz lm (, ) = hm lm (, )
f f h h Lxf = -ih( yz - zy ) = -ih ux f f h h Lyf = -ih ( zx - xz ) = -ih uy Next h LxLyf = -ih Lxu y LxLyf LxLyf uy u y h h = -ih [ -ih ( y z - z y ) ] uy u y h = -h 2 [ y z - z y ]
Further
uy
f f = y (zx - xz ) y = 2f 2f z yx - x yz
uy y
Appendix : Commutator relations for combining terms angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 . Thus 2f 2f 2f 2f f h LxLyf = -h 2[ yx + yzzx - yxz2 - z2yx +zxyz ]
2f 2f 2f 2f f h LxLyf = -h 2[ yx + yzzx - yxz2 - z2yx +zxyz ] It is clear that LxLyf can be evaluated by interchanging x and y We get: f 2f 2f 2f 2f h LyLxf = -h 2[ xy + xzzy - xyz2 - z2xy +zyxz ]
Appendix : Commutator relations for angular momentum components Lx ; L y ; Lz ; L2 using the relations
2f 2f zy = yz We have
etc.
h h = ih Lz f ; [Lx,Ly] = ih Lz
C3 Y z X
z Y X
X Y
h [ Ly,Lz] = ih Lx
h [ Lz,Lx] = ih Ly We have shown that the three operators L x,L y,L z are non commuting What about the commutation between Lx ,Ly,Lz and L2
We have :
[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 + L2 + L2 , L x ] x y z
[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 , L x ] + [L2 , L x ] + [L2 , L x ] x y z
= L y [L yL x L xL y ] + [L yL x L xL y ]L y Z = ihL yL z ihL zL y
Y
= L z [L zL x L xL z ] [L zL x L xL z ]L z
= ihL zL y + hL yL z
X Y
In total
[ L2 , L x ] = [L2 + L2 + L2 , L x ] x y z
=0
=0
the normal convention is to obtain eigenfunctions that are at the same time eigenfunctions to Lz and L2.
How do we find the eigenfunctions ?
We have
Rotation..Quantum Mechanics 3D
h -ih S()T() = b S()T() or h -ih S() T()= b S()T() multiplying with 1/ S() from left T()
ib = T() h
ib T() = AExp[ ] h
We have the following relation x= r sin cos y= r sin sin z= r cos The same point is represented by (r,,+2) We must thus have ib ib ib ib Exp[ ] = Exp[ ( + 2 ) = Exp[ ] Exp[ 2] h h h h
Thus
b = m h
with
m = 0,1,2,......