INTRODUCTION

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY saw an enormous increase in the ability to produce wealth. Steam and electricity, mechanization, specialization, and new business methods greatly increased the power of labor. Who could have foreseen the steamship, the railroad, the tractor? Or factories weaving cloth faster than hundreds of weavers? Who could have heard the throb of engines more powerful than all the beasts of burden combined? Or envisioned the immense effort saved by improvements in transportation, communication, and commerce? Surely, these new powers would elevate society from its foundations, lifting the poorest above worry for the material needs of life. Imagine these new machines relieving human toil, muscles of iron making the poorest worker's life a holiday, giving our nobler impulses room to grow. Given such bountiful material conditions, surely we could anticipate the golden age long dreamed of. How could there be greed when everyone had enough? How could things that arise from poverty -- crime, ignorance, brutality -- exist when poverty had vanished? Such were the dreams born of this wonderful century of progress. True, there were disappointments. Discovery upon discovery, invention after invention still did not lessen the toil of those who most need relief or bring plenty to the poor. But it seemed there were so many things that could be blamed for this failure that our faith has hardly weakened. Surely we would overcome these difficulties in time. Yet we must now face facts we cannot mistake. All over the world, we hear complaints of industrial depression: labor condemned to involuntary idleness; capital going to waste; fear and hardship haunting workers. All this dull, deadening pain, this keen, maddening anguish, is summed up in the familiar phrase "hard times." This situation can hardly be accounted for by local causes. It is common to communities with widely differing circumstances, political institutions, financial systems, population densities, and social organization. There is economic distress under tyrannies, but also where power is in the hands of the people. Distress where protective tariffs hamper trade, but also where trade is nearly free. Distress in countries with paper money, and in countries with gold and silver currencies. Beneath all this, we can infer a common cause. It is either what we call material progress, or something closely connected with it. What we call an industrial depression is merely an intensification of phenomena that always accompany material progress. They show themselves more clearly and more strongly as progress goes on. Where do we find the deepest poverty, the hardest struggle for existence, the greatest enforced idleness? Why, wherever material progress is most advanced. That is to say, where population is densest, wealth greatest, and production and exchange most highly developed. In older countries, destitution is found amid the greatest abundance. Conversely, workers emigrate to newer countries seeking higher wages. Capital also flows there seeking higher interest. They go where material progress is still in earlier stages. The older countries, where material progress has reached its later stages, is where poverty occurs. Go to a new community where the race of progress is just beginning, where production and exchange are still rude and inefficient. The best house may be only a log cabin; the richest person must work every day. There is not enough wealth to enable any class to live in ease and luxury. No one makes an easy living, or even a very good one -- yet everyone can make a living. While you won't find wealth and all its effects,

neither will you find beggars. No one willing and able to work lives in fear of want. Though there is no luxury, there is no poverty. But just when they start to achieve the conditions civilized communities strive for, poverty takes a darker turn. This occurs as savings in production and exchange are made possible by denser settlement, closer connection with the rest of the world, and labor-saving machinery. It occurs just as wealth consequently increases. (And wealth increases not only in the aggregate, but in proportion to population.) Now, some will find living better and easier -- but others will find it hard to get a living at all. Beggars and prisons are the mark of progress as surely as elegant mansions, bulging warehouses, and magnificent churches. Unpleasant as it may be to admit, it is at last becoming evident that progress has no tendency to reduce poverty. The great fact is, poverty, with all its ills, appears whenever progress reaches a certain stage. Poverty is, in some way, produced by progress itself. Progress simply widens the gulf between rich and poor. It makes the struggle for existence more intense. Wherever these forces are at work, large classes are maintained on charity. Yes, in certain ways, the poorest now enjoy what the richest could not a century ago. But this does not demonstrate an improvement -- not so long as the ability to obtain the necessities of life has not increased. A beggar in the city may enjoy many things that a backwoods farmer cannot. But the condition of the beggar is not better than that of an independent farmer. What we call progress does not improve the condition of the lowest class in the essentials of healthy, happy human life. In fact, it tends to depress their condition even more. These new forces do not act on society from underneath. Rather, it is as though an immense wedge is being driven through the middle. Those above it are elevated, but those below are crushed. Where the poor have long existed, this effect is no longer obvious. When the lowest class can barely live, it is impossible to get any lower: the next step is out of existence altogether. This has been the case for a long time in many parts of Europe. But where new settlements advance to the condition of older ones, we see that material progress not only fails to relieve poverty, it actually produces it. In the United States, it is obvious that squalor and misery increase as villages grow into cities. Poverty is most apparent in older and richer regions. If poverty is less deep in San Francisco than New York, is it not because it lags behind? Who can doubt that when it reaches the point where New York is now, there will also be ragged children in the streets? So long as the increased wealth that progress brings goes to building great fortunes and increasing luxury, progress is not real. When the contrast between the haves and have-nots grows ever sharper, progress cannot be permanent. To educate people condemned to poverty only makes them restless. To base a state with glaring social inequalities on political institutions where people are supposed to be equal is to stand a pyramid on its head. Eventually, it will fall. Current political economy cannot explain why poverty persists in the midst of increasing wealth. It teaches only unrelated and disjointed theories. It seems to me, this is not due to any inability of the science. Rather, there must be some false step in its premises, or some overlooked factor in its estimates. What the outcome proves to be is not our affair. If the conclusions we reach run counter to our prejudices, let us not flinch. If they challenge institutions that have long been regarded as wise and natural, let us not turn back.

BODY
As we all know the technology, work power, human resource, capital and the key to development in all the areas of live no matter what it may be the most essential part is to be played by the children of today. As these children of today will become the scientists, leader, manger, officials and representatives of future world. The basic question in every bodys mind is are we grooming our children well enough so they can be the scientists, leader, manger, officials and representatives of future world answer of this question is very tricky because of only one factor that has made the large number of children today emotionally unsound and academically backward and that factor is poverty. Poverty has remained a burning issue for long time for not only one nation but for the entire world (Battistich et al p.627-658) No country can say that they have zero percent poverty rates in the country. High or low little or huge every country some how is in the dilemma of poverty. Poverty has not been a new concern for the people of this world, a large number of populations are affected by the poverty and situation is getting worse. In Africa there is large number of population is being affected by the poverty. The concern of today is not just poverty but the increasing poverty of children and the effects that poverty is imposing on the children. The poverty of children is one issue every one is concern about in the todays world and will remain concern in the years to come. (Hashima & Amato p.394-403) Poverty is one of that issues which not only makes its mark on social or economical aspect of an individual but affects the overall life of the individual. A child suffering from poverty is not only suffering form health only but he or she is also suffering form emotions, academics, health and social problems. A child who is not being given the basic needs of life such as food and health he or she will suffer in all the aspects of life. (Bellinger et al p.12-30) That particular child will not be able to come over its emotional health and physiological problems if once he or she adopted them in his early life. The poverty not only makes a child hungry for food but he or she is also hungry for social acceptance and social gatherings. Mental health is the major problem that arise form child poverty that is causing more effects on these children. The effects of poverty on the children are going on an increase if the authorities do not take effective measures about it. The nation of tomorrow is the children of today and the causes of poverty are making them of no use to the society. If the situation is not going to be made suitable the nation will be in a great dilemma in the future to come. The poverty of children is causing the trouble al over the world such children who are suffering form the poverty do not get the basic needs of the life. There educational and social life is destroyed totally. The child living in a city who is suffering form poverty or a child in a remote village suffering form poverty both has to look upon the same way as they have to be in the future life the leader of the nation. A child who is hungry and is short of resources will never be motivated towards his or her betterment in the life. The only question in his or her mind will be regarding the hunger of today and the days to follow. If the world wants to see the height of scientific research, excellent management environment, highly developed and sophisticated equipments in the future then all the concern should be given to the all increasing problem of poverty. The problem is not just poverty or mere hunger it is much more than we see. (Bolger et al p.1107-1129) The effects which this poverty

and hunger is making not only in the social, academic, economic and personal life but the overall life of a child when he or she finds him or herself wanting for food and basic needs of life. This concern of poverty and effects of poverty on the overall life of a child is the most burning and the increasing issue of today. The developed countries of today will not remain as developed as today if they do not give emphasize on this issue as early as possible. Childrens Psychological Effect The growing number of children leads to more demand for more schools and medical and social services and facilities to meet their needs of their families. The increasing diversity of children creates additional challenges, necessitating diversification of resources and adaptation of institutions to better serve all children. In poverty the families tend to live alone which creates problems for children. Childrens family structures have become more varied due to trends in single motherhood, divorce and cohabitation. (Brody et al p.590-605) This act creates a bad impact on the psychology of children from a very young age. Poverty is closely linked to adverse outcomes in health, education, emotional well-being and delinquency. Children living in poverty are more likely to die in infancy and also more likely to become pregnant as teenagers. The physiological effects of poverty are the greatest on the children. The poverty is one thing that can make any one to do any thing in this world even a murder. A child suffering from the effects of poverty will show the sign of psychologically effects. A recent world wide survey has proved that every year 5, 00,000 children die because of poverty. The children not getting proper diet, food, nourishments and other basic facilities of life tends to behave in such a manner that they have no hope in the life, the courage to struggle and courage to movie in the world towards a better place in the world quickly disappear from them. The Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is the best explanation of such phenomena for such children. (Bronfenbrenner p.1643-1647) .According to Maslows Hierarchy of needs as an individual or child unless or until his basic needs of food are not fulfilled the child will never have any motivation to struggle further? This proves that the basic need of every child in this world is food and nutrition. The rest is followed by it. A child who wants to be successful in the years to come may need a sound academic, family and social gathering to start with but the importance of good healthy body and mind cannot be ignored. The children affected by the poverty do not have any ambition in life because the main thing they are looking for is to survive and survive. The first thing their mind thinks is how to eat and fulfill the desire. The condition is not faced by the child who has never seen the trouble of poverty in his entire life. (Bronfenbrenner p.619-647) Childrens Mental Health There is no documentation that cans directly emphasis at childrens mental health in America. Documentation supports that the provision of childrens mental health services are required if these services are to become a recognized priority instead of an option. There should be some thing done in order to provide services for children, and a body should be made authority with the responsibility to bring together policy directions, service delivery and funding for childrens services. The major effects of cutbacks, lack of a coordinated plan, and the massive restructuring currently taking place in isolation could increase the existing problem, there should be some difference between the service sector and seriously impair the prospect of effective coordination for needed services for children.

The up bringing of a child is a response to a complex network of environmental, social and economic factors and a range of social supports. High quality education, health and mental health services, together with child welfare, provide the total safety net for children in our communities. (Bronfenbrenner & Ceci p. 568-586) If any one of the following fell short of their mark, it will have a significant impact on the effectiveness of the other systems. Childrens services must include provision for quality pre and post natal care, child care, education, adequate income, housing, parent supports and education, early intervention for those at risk and treatment for those with mental health problems.The effect of low funding across the sectors is creating a truly alarming lack of support for children and families. Projects started by the government emphasis on the transfer of responsibility for services for children to local communities. There is a very real possibility that cuts in funding, downloading of programs to the community level and decreases in the tax base and resources will leave communities without any funds at all for services, such as childrens mental health services, that are not required by law or which do not fit in with the highest risk priorities. (Cairo et al p.112-118) The two necessary components that play a vital role in the effective care ness of children are Prevention and intervention. While services for those at risk or in need may make a more urgent claim on our resources, it has been proved through research that there is an equal urgency of profiling and funding, preventive and supportive services should be introduced in a childs life as soon as possible. Taking steps only on preventive or early intervention strategies will never change the need for adequate treatment resources. The severely damaging effects of poverty on childrens mental health must be addressed as a major preventive measure. Many children living in poverty are increasing, as is the gap between the rich and the poor. No adequate income, families face difficult odds in raising healthy children. This also affects the mental health of a child from a very young age, which is a very bad sign for a child at a young age. (DeaterDeckardp.1065-1072) Some families which are being penalized are already in a very bad shape they cant get any worse. The proposal that funds saved by this measure should be used as a alternate income supports for children needs to be closely monitored to ensure that the children most in need actually directly benefit from these funds and the right full owner should be give the money. This proposal has changed the scene a lot from the past. Now many projects are being done to raise funds to help those who need our help. Mental health is how we think, feel and act as we face lifes situations. It is how we view ourselves, our lives, and the people in our lives. Like our physical health, our mental health is important at every stage of life. Mental health includes how we handle stress, relate to others and make decisions. General stresses that mental health is critical to childrens learning and general healthas important as immunizations to ensuring that every child has the best chance for a healthy start in life. Promoting the emotional wellness of young children and fostering secure, warm relationships with parents and other caregivers are key to healthy early development and later success. (Dodge et al p.649-665)The early experiences set the stage for how children relate to other children, how they relate to adults, how they manage anger, and how they feel about themselves. Young people can have mental, emotional, and behavioral problems that are real, painful, and costly. They are due to an early age poverty affect. If one has to work from a very young age. The person gets these kinds of disorders due to that factor.

These problems, often called "disorders," are sources of stress for children and their families, schools, and communities. Mental Health problems affect one in every five young people at any given time. This is again due to the same problem that a young faces when he/she has to work to live. Serious Emotional Disturbances for children refers to the above disorders when they severely disrupt daily functional in home, school, or community. These things happen due to the young age working experiences. (Dubow & Ippolito p.401-412) The age when they must be getting information about the world and being educated about it, rather they are getting all the information first hand and via a very hard way. So this act disturbs their mental capabilities to much extend. Serious emotional disturbances affect 1 in 10 young people at any given time. If that individual is working at that age for a living. A research that took place showed the following results about the types of problems that young children face after being mentally tortured while doing a work for living due to poverty. Anxiety 8 10 out of 100. The eight children out of hundred are the victim of the anxiety. Conduct 7 out of 100. The seven out of hundred children are the victim of conduct. Depression 6 out of 100 The six out of hundred children are affected with depression. Learning 5 out of 100 The five out of hundred children are affected with learning abilities Attention 5 out of 100 The five out of hundred children are affected with lack of attention. Eating 1 out of 150 The one out of hundred and fifty children are affected with eating. Substance Abuse Unknown The following information has been taken by a research done in the United States of America by Olbrich. S, Childrens Mental Health. (2002). Childrens Academic Life Academics are the key to the success of any childs life. No child can become a good and correct citizen, individual and a leader with the help of academics. Academics are the tonic which makes or breaks an individual. The importance of academic life can be seen from this that in most of the world. The poverty has damaged the academic life of the children in the entire world it may be urban, suburban or rural areas. The children affected from poverty do not bother to go school and study. There main aim is to satisfy the needs of hunger which the prime importance to them. When they satisfy there needs of hunger with the help of aid form any one then there is no motivation left to go for the education world. (Duncan et al p.296-318) The next thing come to there mind is how they will going to survive the next day. In the urban areas where there is considerably low number of poverty as compare to rural areas the children dont often get their needs satisfied with the help of any aid form the world but they have to satisfy there problem by themselves. In the areas where is huge number of poverty among all the individuals the children get their chance to satisfy their hunger form international food supply. In the urban areas where the need of academics is more than the rural areas children suffering form poverty do not have an

advantage of satisfying the hunger form international food supply. So they have beg or work in order to be alive this situation causes more complexities in the society. The issue of child labor and beggars in the city comes in the mind immediately. But the truth of the matter is that the children living in the urban area and are suffering with the poverty will never get the opportunity to go to school and have sound academic knowledge because in their entire childhood they are busy in order to satisfy there basic need of hunger. Poverty as it has played a destructive role in other parts of a human life. It also plays a vital role in the academic draw back in children life. Children who face poverty at a very young age have to leave school from a very young age. At the age when they should have been going to school, they go to earn money for their families. (Eamon p.39-54) Given the pervasiveness of the problems of poverty and the extent to which it has been analyzed at all levels, one would expect to find more evidence of successful intervention programs. Study after study confirms that early intervention programs can have long-term positive effects, increasing the likelihood that the poor will attend school, achieve academically and socially excellence, and persist to graduation. Longitudinal studies show that participants in early intervention programs earn higher incomes and own homes and second cars in greater proportion than their peers denied such experiences. It seems obvious that reversing the effects of poverty will require heroic measures by schools as well as other social institutions. The conditions in Africa are the worst regarding the poverty of children and the effect of this on there academic life. The huge amount of children die daily in Africa due to hunger and the condition is becoming worse every day. The authorities of Africa have an up hill task in front of them to not only clan up and vanish poverty among the children but also they have to provide them the basic education knowledge because when they will learn and understand what are the basic education is then they will able to defeat the poverty in future to come. (Guerra et al p.518-528) How Poverty Effect Emotional Health of Children Poverty not only makes an impact on physiological life, academic life, mental health it also affects the emotional health of children. Emotional health is an important parts of overall all health, which has to be as sound and healthy as the overall body. The most adverse effect on the emotional health is due to the emotional and social issues that surrounds the person throughout the entire life. The most important emotional and social issue of today is the poverty and especially poverty among the children. The issue of poverty makes an everlasting emotional impact on the child and it can only get worse if the situation is not rectified. The emotional health issue which poverty can make on the child can be very dangerous for that child. The physical effects can be diagnosed and treated easily but the emotional issues are the most difficult to identify and to resolve. The poverty can make a child emotionally isolated form the society. A child who sees that like other children in the urban society are getting each and every basic needs of life without ant hassle and he or she is not getting them even after all his or her efforts. Such thinking can make a child emotionally unhealthy and he can treat the world as an unfair place, where there is no justice and no equality as he or she is not considered same as the other children. Another emotional aspect of poverty among the children can generate is that particular child may consider him out of the society and so don not follow the rules and regulations of the society.

CONCLUSION
This Country Poverty Analysis for the Philippines has highlighted worrisome trends in income poverty levels, has explored issues of access poverty and essential assets, and has linked all of these to some of the major causes of poverty and deprivation. The issues covered in the CPA are broad and the discussion is by no means exhaustive, but it does bring out the need for concerted, positive, and forward-thinking action for poverty reduction. This chapter does not repeat all of the major findings of the paper, but rather highlights some key points to inform future action, and closes with two possible areas for future research Income Poverty Income poverty is increasing. One thing is clear from the discussion of income poverty, and that is that the situation has been worsening since 1997. Income poverty incidence grew from 1997 to 2000, and will very likely be shown to have increased again from 2000 to 2003, given falling real incomes among the bottom 30% of the income distribution. With so many methodological options it is likely that the precise headcount levels will never be universally agreed upon, but the situation is not positive, no matter which way we look at it. This is why it is useful to complement the more traditional objective measures of absolute income poverty with both relative and subjective approaches, as well as analysis of access to assets. 120 Poverty in the Philippines: Income, Assets and Access The poverty measurement methodology is inconsistent. Methodological improvements in poverty measurement are not discouraged, of course. But in drawing comparisons over time, consistency is key. For that reason, NSCB should undertake to analyze all FIES data back to 1985 using one consistent methodology, for comparison. This should involve the same method of setting the poverty line as well as the same urban and rural classifications. Otherwise this rich household data source will become less useful, and we will only be able to analyze it in two sets (19852000, and 19972003 and beyond), as was the case in this CPA. Thailand may serve as a model here. The Thai National Economic and Social Development Board (NESDB) is currently undertaking to revise and improve its poverty line.72 In doing so, it has applied the new methodology to historical data, starting with 1988 (NESDB, 2004). If the Philippine data is not assessed in a consistent manner, it will be impossible to continue to monitor the first MDG using the national subsistence incidence. Consider the magnitude of poverty. Oftentimes, only the poverty headcount (the poverty incidence) is considered in making statements about progress in poverty reduction. This can give an incomplete picture, as it does in the Philippines. While poverty incidence in the Philippines generally declined from 1985 to 2000, the actual number of poor people has significantly increased, and rapid population growth is to blame. In targeting resources and programs to the x poorest provinces, for example, it might make sense to look at those provinces in which the number of people in poverty has

increased to the greatest degree. For example, 18 provinces saw the magnitude of the poor population grow by more than 25% from 19972000. Income poverty can be transient. People move in and out of poverty over time. There has not been a great deal of empirical research into this phenomenon in the Philippines, but one attempt finds that nearly one third of all households in a data set moved into and out of poverty over the three observations (about one fifth were the chronic poor, i.e. poor throughout, and just under half were consistently nonpoor). The findings confirm that there can be considerable shifts in poverty status, even when the overall headcount remains more or less the same. The way to protect against transient poverty is through the design of appropriate social safety nets, such as conditional cash transfer or labor-intensive public works programs (also known as workfare, or food-for-work). Qualitative approaches complement the quantitative. The subjective tradition in particular has a long history in the Philippines, and findings are widely 72 In what appears to be a unique result, the proposed changes have increased the Thai poverty lines. The poverty incidence subsequently increased from 10% to 15% of Thai people in 2002. The NESDB also aims to introduce a relative measure of poverty to complement the absolute one. publicized. The findings of such studies can spur the Government into action, as with the SWS hunger incidence of 15% of Filipino households in September 2004. The Government responded by stepping up its food assistance programs, particularly the food-for-school program, where children attending elementary school are given 1 kilogram of rice each day (an example of a conditional transfer, as mentioned above). More qualitative work should be encouraged, particularly in the area of perceptions of poverty by the poor themselves. Assets and Access Poverty The level of access to key assets (human, physical, natural, financial, and social capital) determines peoples ability to stay out of poverty by dealing with trends, shocks, and seasonality. In other words, assets protect against vulnerability. Each of the types of capital is significant and necessary for poverty reduction in the Philippines, but one stands out as particularly worthy of investment: human capital. Investment in human capital formation is the foundation for poverty reduction. Without adequate levels of human capitalknowledge, skills, and health the other assets will be less productive. Once admired in Asia, the quality of the Philippine public education system has been steadily eroding. Many of the indicators are on a downward trend, such as the net enrolment ratio, the cohort survival rate, and the literacy rate. English skills, traditionally one of the competitive advantages of the Philippines, have also deteriorated. A recent government study has shown that only one in five public high school teachers can be considered proficient in the English language.73 Educated women tend to have fewer children, a secondary benefit of education. Meeting the education needs of a country of 82 million people distributed over 7,000 islands is a

major challenge, one that ADB should continue to support. Skills training and capacity building also constitute a part of human capital development. In the age of decentralization, such capacity building at the level of the LGU can go a long way toward poverty reduction if it helps those responsible to better design and implement interventions for poverty reduction. On the health side, there are well-documented links between improved health and reduced poverty. A healthy person is able to work, and to translate her labor into financial capital. Access to quality health care by the poor is a key concern, particularly in rural areas and outlying areas, and for indigenous people. Causes of Poverty Causes of Poverty The CPA has identified seven broad causes of poverty, or factors that conspire to keep poverty levels high and rising. These seven causes are (i) weak macroeconomic management, (ii) employment issues, (iii) high population growth, (iv) an underperforming agricultural sector and an unfinished land reform agenda, (v) governance issues including corruption and a weak state, (vi) conflict and security issues, particularly in Mindanao, and (vii) disability. Of these issues, two deserve to be highlighted in this conclusion. The first is macroeconomic management, and the second is population growth. Economic growth is a necessary pre-condition for poverty reduction, but that growth must be pro-poor. In the Philippines, recent episodes of sustained GDP growth have not translated into increased average incomes for either the population as a whole, or for the bottom 30% of the income distribution. Weak macroeconomic management thwarts pro-poor growth, and the fiscal deficit and the national government debt are the Achilles heel of the Philippine economy. With the chronic fiscal deficit problem, the Government has to borrow to meet its operational requirements. Debt interest payments have increased to more than 30% in 2004 (ADO 2004), crowding out the productive portion of the national budget. Predictably, government expenditures in social services have been steadily falling. Other constraints to economic growth include very low investment levels, caused by the poor investment climate. As a result, the country suffers from limited capital formation, limited productivity improvements and limited competitiveness of firms. ADBs 2004 survey of the investment climate in the Philippines found the major stumbling blocks and constraints to private investment to include macroeconomic instability, corruption, electricity, and tax issues. A high population growth rate thwarts the countrys attempt to grow the economy, to create enough jobs, and to provide quality services. The Philippines population growth rate is 2.36% per year. At this rate, it would be difficult to accommodate all new entrants to the labor force even if economic growth were accelerated. A rapidly growing population also makes it difficult for the Government to keep up with the delivery of what are already deficient public services in health, education, water supply and sanitation, and so on. The empirical record shows conclusively that larger families are more likely to be poor. Only 19% of families with 3 members were poor in 2000, while the poverty incidence among families with 8 members was 55%. Poverty and

population together form a vicious cycle: poverty perpetuates high population growth rates (poorer women have higher fertility rates), and high population growth rates perpetuate poverty. Recent empirical research compared the Philippines to Thailandthe countries were more or less on par in terms of population and GDP per capita in 1975to find that the Philippines continued high population growth rate has been the most significant drag on economic growth. In the Philippine MTPDP 20042010, the poverty target assumes a reduction in population growth to an annual average of 1.93% for the period, but details of a population policy remain unarticulated. ADB support to family planning and reproductive health as priority areas within the health sector is thus strongly recommended. Improving Targeting Inefficient targeting has been one of the main problems across various Government poverty reduction programs. Different government programs have followed different approaches in targeting the poor. There have often been considerable leakages to unintended beneficiaries as a result of a lack of clear criteria for the screening of prospective beneficiaries. Elite capture has been another problem, especially in one program, which sought to target the 100 poorest families in every local government unit. The selection process became highly politicized. Furthermore, identified families were often far apart which resulted in high administrative costs for service delivery. Targeting can be improved by taking a local approach in the form of poverty mapping. Local indicators, for the most part already collected on a regular basis, can easily be shaped into poverty maps. Philippine experience with poverty mapping to date shows that local policymakers and communities comprehension of the poverty situation in their localities was greatly facilitated by the use of poverty maps. Being able to visualize the issues facilitates understanding. DILG has mandated annual collection of 13 core local poverty indicators. Some LGUs have adopted the suggested methods. These indicators provide a tool to guide local stakeholders in setting their own priorities. Developing regular LGU-level information collection should be seen as an investment, not a cost, since it will improve the delivery and targeting of services, enhance transparency, and ultimately lead to better governance as well. Areas for Future Research What factors explain the changes in provincial poverty levels? Provinciallevel income poverty data now exist for 1997 and 2000, and will soon be released for 2003. Poverty levels vary greatly across provinces. Importantly, there are some provinces where the poverty incidence of families was reduced

RECOMMENDATION
The major objectives of the review study of CCA reports and PRSPs prepared at country level were to assess the extent to which food insecurity and vulnerability problems are analysed and incorporated into policies, strategies and interventions, and to identify aspects deserving improvement in the country report conceptualization, analysis, organization and preparation process. The lessons learned from the CCA reports and PRSPs review study are aimed at improving the analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability to provide a sounder basis for the formulation and monitoring of policies and action programmes at national and subnational level.Based upon the results of the review study, this chapter formulates three main conclusions, followed by specific recommendations for improving the way food insecurity and vulnerability and related poverty are addressed in the CCA reports and the PRSPs.The first main conclusion is that there is a general deficiency in analysis of the extent and the underlying causality of food insecurity and vulnerability, and of the poverty of specific population groups. Hence, little analytical basis is provided for targeted policy and programme development. The fragmented analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability and of poverty in the reports, while providing valuable details on some aspects of these problems, leaves other aspects unnoticed, overlooked or neglected. This reflects the different perspectives and capabilities of the parties involved in developing the reports. The incomplete nature of the analyses, however, shows the need for a wider utilization of existing capabilities in the country through involvement of more parties, or the need for expansion of existing capabilities through capacity building, or indeed a combination of both. To improve the existing analysis in the reviewed country reports, the following interventions are recommended.
y

Improve data collection. The first aim in data collection is to make use of all relevant data and information available in the country from different sources and institutions, not just from national bureaus of statistics, but also from NGOs, health or agricultural departments, and international databases. This calls for an extensive body of collaborating institutions. The second aim is to identify gaps in data and information, so that collection methods can be identified and action taken to fill the data gaps. In data collection, specific attention must be given to: (i) geographical disaggregation to identify the spatial distribution of the poor, food insecure, and vulnerable groups; (ii) temporal dimensions to provide insight into (intra-)annual variations, past trends and projected developments; and (iii) social aspects - gender, age, rural-urban distribution, ethnicity, etc. - to provide insight into the social dimension of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty. This disaggregation supports priority setting and targeting of interventions.

Improve the methods of analysis used. Methods of analysis must be based mainly on the national databases. They can range from descriptive analysis to identify relevant indicators, to analytical models for simulating the consequences of interventions. Identify a comprehensive and congruent set of indicators. These should address the components of food insecurity and vulnerability, and related poverty. An overall description and analysis must result in indicators to convey to policy-makers and other stakeholders the status and essential aspects of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty. The selection of a basic indicator set can be derived from currently available indicators, but they should be made country specific to present a national perspective. Special attention should be given to the use of graphical methods of presentation, like maps and graphs, to visualize food insecurity and vulnerability and to facilitate overview. Support functional cooperation. Data collection and analysis efforts along the lines indicated above form the basis for functional cooperation among a diverse group of national and international institutions operating at both national and local levels. A focus on analysis, rather than on implementation of policies linked to spending of budgets, limits competition among institutions and thereby facilitates cooperation. A strong interdisciplinary team is needed who share knowledge and understand each others disciplines, who are analytical, well educated and who can catalyse a process of stakeholder involvement. In this respect, it is important to mention the participation of academic institutions for the analytical aspects, and the involvement of civil society organizations (CSOs) to ensure broadening and diversifying the range of actors engaged in the process. CSOs can also draw attention to issues of marginalization, exclusion, regional difference in deprivation, corruption and poor governance (McGee, Levene and Hughes, 2002).

The second main conclusion from the review study is that in both types of country report there is a lack of consistency between priority setting and the analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty, and policies, strategies and interventions aimed at alleviating food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty. This lack of consistency in the country reports does not necessarily imply that this consistency is absent in the respective countries, but rather indicates that either the CCA and PRSP preparation processes are not sufficiently systematic, or that existing gaps are not clearly identified in the sequence of information collection, analysis and the formulation of actions. It is recommended the potential links between the analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty and the formulation of policies and the implementation of interventions be exploited to remedy these problems, in three policy areas.
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Policies dealing with the availability of food: (i) agricultural policies dealing with primary food production within the country; (ii) domestic trade policies dealing with transport, storage, processing and the retail of food and food products; and (iii) international trade policies regarding import and export of food and food products.

Policies dealing with health, nutrition and care: (i) public health (a set of tasks for which the government has primary responsibility); (ii) water supply and sanitation; and (iii) nutrition.

Policies dealing with the socio-economic and political environment: (i) employment and income policies; (ii) education and training policies; and (iii) policies dealing with urban and rural public services and infrastructure.

The policies mentioned under the three headings all have direct relevance to food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty. However, national policies dealing with, for example, a stable currency or the growth of domestic production, and the absence of domestic or international conflicts, have of course a direct impact on the effectiveness of interventions. Besides depending on the results of the country analysis, the formulation of food insecurity and poverty alleviation policies and the implementation of the resulting interventions require priority setting and integration within the national policy framework. This task of national priority setting and policy formulation is the prerogative of the national decision-makers. The indication of links between the analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty and the relevant policy fields provides national decisionmakers with the information required to support rational decisions. The third main conclusion from this review is that the CCA reports and PRSPs start from different perspectives, but that both result in similar policies, strategies and interventions, irrespective of whether or not food insecurity and vulnerability or poverty are identified as development priorities. This convergence could be expected because food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty are closely related phenomena that largely affect the same group of relatively disadvantaged people in society. Yet, often the preparation of the CCA reports and PRSPs involve different stakeholders, and the PRSPs and CCA reports seldom refer to, or rely upon, the information and data provided in the other. This points to some duplication of efforts at country level. It is therefore recommend that:
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efforts should be directed towards one integrated situation analysis (and report?) addressing poverty reduction, livelihood protection and strengthening, and sustainable development, with an identifiable component that emphasizes food insecurity and vulnerability. Such an integrated situation analysis implies, if not a merger, then exchange of relevant expertise; and food security must be used as an essential component of development. This provides a direct link to MDGs and turns food insecurity and vulnerability into benchmarks for monitoring goals and targets.

Based on these three main conclusions and derived recommendations, this review strongly recommends the development of an integrated framework to address food insecurity and

vulnerability, and poverty in CCA reports and PRSPs. FIVIMS - as the network that assembles, analyses and disseminates information about people who are food insecure or at risk can effectively support such an integrated framework. MDGs, CIF and the FIVIMS conceptual framework taken together provide a valuable starting point for such an integrated framework that can be applied widely in country studies. The integrated framework would consist of two components:
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the analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty; and the utilization of the analysis in the process of policy formulation, determination of strategies, and the formulation of interventions.

The first section could be in the form of detailed, universal guidelines, because the phenomena of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty show worldwide similarities. The section would cover data collection and disaggregation, methods of analysis, indicators and parties involved. Data collection and analysis efforts based on the integrated framework approach would form the basis for functional cooperation among a diverse group of institutions with varying expertise and operating at international as well as local level. The second section, on actions to alleviate the problems of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty, would necessarily be dealt with in a more indicative way. This is because the formulation of policies, strategies and interventions depend, on the one hand, on the results of the country analysis, and, on the other hand, on priority setting within the context of all national priorities. While guidelines facilitate the analysis aspect, a process approach is needed for priority setting, policy formulation and identification of effective interventions. The integrated framework to address food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty must be incorporated into the preparation procedures of both the CCA report and the PRSP, or of any type of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty situation analysis. The focus in CCA reports on analysis would be strengthened, and the relative weakness on policies would be remedied. In a similar way, the framework would deal with the relative weakness in PRSPs regarding analysis of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty issues, and further strengthen the existing emphasis on policies and interventions. However, delivering improved country reports is not a matter of requesting country teams to follow frameworks. It is emphasized that the process of developing the country reports must pursue two parallel aims: implementing a comprehensive and well-structured analysis to capture all relevant dimensions of food insecurity and vulnerability, and poverty, while at the same time establishing a broad process of participation.

REFFERENCES

CIAT. 2005. Unpublished Material, Honduras - Unsatisfied Basic Needs (UBN) 1988, Human Development Index (HDI) and UBN 2001: CIAT, Cali, Colombia. Availablefrom http://gisweb.ciat.cgiar.org/povertymapping/. The following books provide in-depth explanations of the causes of homelessness in the United States. Books on rural homelessness, family homelessness, and homeless youth are included. Blau, Joel. The Visible Poor: Homelessness in the United States , 1992. Available for $22.95 from Oxford University Press, 200 Madison Ave., New York, NY, 10016, 1-800-451-7556. Burt, Martha. Over the Edge: The Growth of Homelessness in the 1980s, 1992. Available for $35.00 from CUP Services, 750 Cascadilla St., Ithaca, NY 14851; 800/6662211.