ADEA1114 Malaysia dalam Dunia yang berubah

Isu pembangunan Malaysia (Pelancongan)

Pelancongan
Pembangunan eko-pelancongan
Kawasan hutan Taman marin Kawasan pantai

 Di kawasan hutan

 Di taman marin

Sipadan and Mabul

Sabah government banned resorts on Sipadan in 2004 Resorts shifted operation to Mabul Total of 10 formal and informal resorts Initially 3 formal resorts selling
all inclusive diving packages

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

 Mainly international tourists Serious/experienced/repeat divers staying at formal resorts First time divers seeking PADI
certification staying at backpacker lodgings Formal resorts as stand alone establishment Informal lodgings built within existing kampungs

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

Perhentian islands

Perhentian Kecil

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

Coral reefs
Coral reefs are estimated to be worth about RM2bil annually Livelihood of local communities depend on healthy coral reefs RCM conducted surveys but not on diver impacts

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

How much is the industry worth in Perhentian Island?

Example in Perhentian: Total visitor: 250, 000 Expenditure: Boat fare (return) = RM 70 Accommodation (4 nights) = RM 200 Meals (4 days) = RM 120 Activities (average) = RM 200 Total per person = RM 590

TOTAL = RM 147.5 million

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

How does the Dive Tourism Impact Reefs

Direct Physical Impact: Touching Stepping Knocking Kicking Sediment
(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Direct Physical Impact: Anchor

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Direct Physical Impact: Propeller

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Indirect Environmental Impact: Pollution from Resorts and Dive Centers Pollution from boats Litter from divers Developments

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Who are impacting the reefs most

Open Water students often over weighted and not able to control buoyancy

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

 Photographers holding on to things, stepping on corals to get stability

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

 Volunteers helping to do cleanups etc.

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

What information there is out there?

Hawkins, el-Sheikh, Roberts, 1991 Dived sites contain more damaged corals Dive sites that are dived consistently throughout the year is the most damaged site

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Rouphael and Inglis, 2000 15% of divers observed, damaged corals during their dives 95% by fin kicks. Impacts more likely to be caused by male divers Specialist U/W photographers caused more damage (1.6 breaks/10min compared to 0.3 breaks/10min)

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Barker and Roberts, 2004 Divers using a camera caused significantly more contacts with the reef (0.4 vs 0.1 contacts/min) Night divers had more contact (1.0 vs 0.4 contacts/min) Shore divers (shallow waters) had more contact (0.5 vs 0.2 contacts.min)

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

Recommendations
Education begins on land Marine ecosystem, U/W Naturalist, Peak Buoyancy Dive operators to teach smaller group of students

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

 Only certain level of divers are allowed to bring their cameras Carrying capacity for dive sites closing off some sites to allow time for rejuvenation

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

(Source: Reef Watch 2010)

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

(Source: Amran 2010 and Hampton 2010)

 Di kawasan pantai

Pantai Timur Semenanjung Malaysia

Respondents profile 64 accomodation operators Focus at Batu Hitam, Balok, Cherating and Marang Have direct access to the beach 75% were budget operators 69.8% were individually owned both in terms of building and land

64.1% highlighted beach erosion as an issue.

65.6% highlighted littering as an issue.

51.6% raised the issue of sewerage management

Impact of debris on the beach

54.7% cconcerned about the decline in number of tourist arrival.

The rise of water level The water level was about 20m away compare to the current level.

Tourist crowds Declining seawater quality Disturbded envirment for hatching Local culture

http://www.kittymowmow.com/2008/07/02/rare-leatherback-turtles-return-to-malaysia/

Diappearance of leatherback turtles

Global warming- no fertilization / mating process

http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_zEX0VniJJbA/SenTCB4yq6I/AAAAAAAABHk/MLtzeQ5XFSI/s4 00/leatherback_hatch_livingsto.jpg

Rumusan
Overall management
Rules and regulations Enforcement Tourism impact monitoring (species monitoring, carrying capacity, limits of acceptable change)

Visitor management
Control of visitor arrival, group size, time of visits, frequency of visits, land use zoning, honey pots