Math 3-5 Review Topics 1-6

The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives is a great resource for these topics.

Topics 1 - 6
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Multiplication I dont want to add that over and over again. Division Hey, I need to share these Remainders How many 4-passenger cars to get all of you to The Avenue? Factors, Multiples and Divisibility How many socks should be in the dryer? Fractions and Equivalent Fractions How much of that chocolate bar did I get? Fractions/Decimals/Percentages A dollar can do that!

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Multiplication

Applications of multiplication

Quickly find the answer to adding the same number repeatedly Finding the area of a rectangle Calculate the total for a bill, where multiples of several items are purchased Scaling up proportionally, such as doubling a recipe Converting between units

Sample Problem

What is the area of a room that is 10ft long and 13 ft wide? Area A= length * width A=10ft x 13 ft A=130 ft2

Important Characteristics

Multiplication by Zero Multiplication by 1 Commutative Property Associative Property Distributive Property

N*0=0 3*0=0 X*1=X 3*1=3 A*B=B*A 3*2=2*3 A*(B*C)=(A*B)*C 3*(2*4)=(3*2)*4 F*(G+H)=(F*G)+(F*H) 5*(17)=5*(10+7) =(5*10)+(5*7) =50+35

Special Application: Exponents

Finding the area of a square When we multiply an number by itself, we can use exponents the small number tells how many time the number is multiplied. The area of a square with side 7m is: 7m*7m = 72m2 = 49m2

Division (no Remainder)

Applications of Division

Instead of subtracting repeatedly, we divide Distribute/Share/Sub-divide into equal portions Determine how much each person gets when things are divided in proportion Scaling down proportionally, such as representing a country on map Converting between units

Division Example Using Proportions

Abe, Ron and Ben share 4 pizzas during the superbowl. Each pizza has 6 slices. Each pizza has Each time they fill their plates Abe takes 1 slice, Ron takes 3 slices and Ben takes 4 slices, until the pizza is done. How many slices does each person take? The pizza is consumed in proportion 1:3:4. Each time that they fill their plates they take a total of 1+3+4=8 slices. There are 4*6=24 slices available. Number of times they can fill their plates: 24/8=3 Abe takes 3 *1 = 3 slices Ron takes 3*3 = 9 slices Ben takes 3*4 = 12 slices (Check : 3+9+12 = 24 slices of pizza)

Division (with Remainder)

Division with Remainders: Uses

Ignore (or recycle) the remainder if it doesnt affect the outcome Account for the need for an extra item, if it does affect the outcome (fitting the remaining people in a golf cart after all the others are full) Finding the item in a certain place in a repeating pattern

Division, With Remainder Example

The swim team wears a different swim cap each practice. The order is always: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. What color will the caps be on the 26 th day? The pattern repeats every 7th practice: ROYGBIVROYGBIVROY. So find the remainder when 26 is divided by 7: 267 = 3 R 5 Count to the 5th place in the pattern and thats the answer, so the Blue cap! (Note that if the remainder is zero, then the answer is the last item in the pattern).

Primes, Factors, Multiples and Divisibility

Primes, Factors and Multiples

A number that can only be divided by 1 and itself is called a prime number. In other words, a prime number has only 1 and itself as factors. The first prime (and only even prime) is therefore 2. When two factors are multiplied, they produce a multiple All multiples can be expressed as the product of prime numbers and 1. Every whole number has 1 and itself as factors.

Factors and Primes - Application

There are 36 people coming to the family reunion. How many tables should I order? It depends. The factors of 36 are 1,2,3,4,6,9,12,18,36. We probably dont want 36 tables with a single person seated at each table, but all off the other numbers might work. For example 2 tables with 18 people each or 4 tables with 9 each, etc.
Graphic: National Library of Virtual Manipulatives (Factor Tree) http://nlvm.usu.edu

Divisibility Rules

All multiples of 2 are even numbers. All multiples of 3 have digits that add up to a multiple of 3. All multiples of 4 have multiples of 4 in the last 2 digits (including 00). All multiples of 5 end in 0 or 5. All multiples of 6 are multiples of both 2 AND 3. All multiples of 7: take each digit from the units (ones) place and going from right to left, multiply by 1,3,2,6,4,5 (repeat the pattern as often as necessary). Add the products together the number is a multiple of 7, if this sum leaves no remainder when divided by 7. Long division may be quicker. All multiples of 8 have multiples of 8 in the last 3 digits (long division sometimes faster than this test). All multiples of 9 have digits that add up to a multiple of 9. All multiples of 10 end in 0.

Greatest Common Factor (GCF)

The

biggest factor that 2 or more numbers have in common I have 35 roses and 20 carnations, what is the largest number of bouquets that I can make, if each buoquet must have the same number of each kind of flower? I need to find the GCF of 35 and 20: 20=4x5=22x5 and 35=5x7 The largest number that 20 and 35 have in common is 5. I can make 5 buoquets, each with 7 roses and 4 carnations.

Least Common Multiple (LCM)

The smallest number that is divisible by the numbers for which I must find the LCM. A package has 12 hotdogs and each bag has 8 buns. How many packages and bags must I buy in order to have a bun for each hotdog and spend as little as possible? I must find the LCM of 8 and 12. First I must factorize each number: 8=2x2x2 and 12=2x2x3. Find the maximum number each prime occurs in each of the two factors, so 3 twos (2x2x2) and 1 three (3). Multiply these together to get the LCM: 2x2x2x3 = 24. I need 24 hotdogs (2 packages of 12 hotdogs) and 24 buns (3 packages of 8 buns).

Fractions and Equivalent Fractions

Fractions and Equivalent Fractions

Answers are typically given in the simplest or smallest fraction. Equivalent Fractions: Whatever you do to the numerator, you must do to the denominator. When ordering, adding, or subtracting fractions, we need them to have the same denominator, so we must find equivalent fractions When multiplying or dividing fractions its often easiest to try to simplify or find an equivalent fraction that makes the calculations easier. Use the LCM of the denominators to find the new denominator for all the fractions. We then call this the Least Common Denominator (LCD).

Equivalent Fractions example

Sammy the slug traveled 3/4m, 1/3m, 5/8m, 2/9m and 6/7m to find his meals today. How far did he travel today? 3 and 7 are prime, 4=2x2, 9=3x3, 8=2x2x2 LCM=2x2x2x3x3x7 = 504
3 3 2 3 3 7 378 4 2 2 2 3 3 7 504
1 1 2 2 2 3 7 168 3 3 2 2 2 3 7 504
5 5 3 3 7 315 8 2 2 2 3 3 7 504

2 2 2 2 2 7 112 9 3 * 3 2 2 2 7 504

6 6 2 * 2 * 2 3 3 432 7 7 2 * 2 * 2 3 3 504

Total distance = 378 168 315 112 432 1405 2 397 504 m
504 504 504 504 504 504

Fractions, Decimals and Percentages

Hint: $1.00

Applications

Simple interest Sales tax Sales price markup and discount (percent increase and percent decrease)

A Dollar - Decimals
Were used to adding money line up the decimal point and add the numbers that fall in the same column. Keep the decimal point in the same place in the answer. A tip that helps with addition and subtraction is to fill in the empty spaces with zero. Find the sum of 103.275, 7.09 and 0.9876.

A Dollar - Percentages
A dollar has 100 pennies. When we express the number of pennies that we have as a fraction we are actually writing a percentage. If we have 65 cents, we have 65/100 pennies or 65% of a dollar. When we express any fraction as an equivalent fraction with 100 in the denominator, we are writing a percentage. A whole is 100% (100 cents of the dollar), 200% would be 2 wholes. When finding a percentage of a number, write the percentage as a fraction, then multiply the number by percentage. Simplify the fractions before finding the final answer. Write 1/5, 3/10, 7/40 and 230/1000 as percentages.

1 20 20 * 20% 5 20 100 3 10 30 * 30% 10 10 100 7 2.5 17.5 * 17.5% 40 2.5 100 230 230 10 23 23% 1000 1000 10 100

A Dollar - Fractions
A quarter (25cents) and a half dollar (50cents) are fractions that we use all the time. With fractions, the keyword of tells us to multiply. Convert whole numbers to fractions, by dividing them by 1. When multiplying fractions, first simplify, by canceling any number in the denominator by any number in the numerator. What is 5/6 of 30? What is 1/7 of $21.35?