CH 6 Solutions

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Solutions
Chapter 6
Solution: Homogeneous Mixture

Entire Mixture
Solution
Parts of Mixture
Solute
Solvent
Definition Solid or gas dissolved in a liquid
Substance thats been dissolved
Or Smaller part of mixture
Substance that does the dissolving
Larger Part of the mixture
The solid or gas
The Liquid
Chapter 6: Acids/Bases
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Miscible
Characteristics of solutions
Distribution of particles is uniform (homogeneous) Components dont separate on standing Cannot be separated by filtration Make solutions of different concentrations Solutions are transparent
Though they may be colored
Can be separated into pure components

Evaporation for salt water
Chapter 6: Acids/Bases 4
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Solubility: How much solute can dissolve?

Some substances are miscible in all proportions
Ethanol and Water
Saturated Solution
Solvent contains all the solute it can hold
Unsaturated
Solvent has potential to hold more solute
Supersaturated
Contains more solute than saturated? How did a solution come to be supersaturated?
Factors that Affect Solubility Nature of Solvent and Solute

LIKE DISSOLVES LIKE
The more similar two compounds are (in polarity), the more likely it is that one is soluble in the other
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Electrolytes
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Non-Electrolyte
Covalent Molecules: Polar molecules dissolve polar molecules
9 p. 194
Factors that Affect Solubility TEMPERATURE

The solubility of solids in liquids generally increases as temperature increases.
Cooking examples: More sugar dissolves at high temperatures
The solubility of gases in liquids almost always decreases as temperature increases.

Carbonated beverages go flat when heated
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Factors that Affect Solubility

Pressure (Henrys Law) Higher pressure results in more dissolved gas particles
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Units of Concentration MOLARITY (M)

Molarity (M) =
moles of solute Liters of solution

=
0.2 moles C6 H12O6 1 L solution
0.2 M C6H12O6
0.2 M C6H12O6 is read 0.2 molar solution of C6H12O6
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Use Molarity to convert between Moles and Liters of solution

Mole A __Moles A* = 1 Liter of Solution Liters of solution
Example:
3.0 M HCl =
3.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution
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Examples
How would we prepare 2.0L of a 1.06 M aqueous solution of KCl?
If we dissolve 0.440 g of KSCN in enough water to make 340. mL of solution, what is the molarity of the resulting solution?
If a 0.300 M glucose solution is available for intravenous infusion, how many mL of this solution are needed to deliver 10.0 g of glucose?
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Other Concentration Terms

% concentration ppm ppb Details in Section 6.5 OWL Extra Credit
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Dilution
Meaning of Dilution Add water Adding water doesnt change the amount of solute, but it does change the concentration
M1V1=M2V2 (Mconc)(Vconc)=(Mdil)(Vdil)
Moles of solute before dilute=Moles of solute after dilution
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Dilution Examples
1. We are given a solution of 12.0 M HCl and want to prepare 300. mL of 0.600 M HCl solution. How do we prepare it? 2. Consider 5.00 mL of a solution labeled 6.00 M HCl and we now add enough water to give a total volume of 14.00 mL. What is the concentration of new dilute solution?
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Chapter 8.88.9
Titration: Stoichiometry with Solutions
18
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Use Molarity to convert between Moles and Liters of solution

Mole A Molarity (M) __Moles A* = 1 Liter of Solution Liters of solution A
Example:
3.0 M HCl =
3.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution
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***
Stoichiometry
Mole A
Coefficients in balanced equation represent the MOLE RATIO
# of particles* of A
6.022 X 1023
particles*A=1mole A
Mass A
__g A** = 1 mole A
(grams)
* Molecules (molecular) *Formula Units (ionic Compounds
_mol A*** = __mol B
*Atom (element)
**Use molar mass as a conversion
PERIODIC TABLE!!!!
# of particles* of B
Mole B 6.022 X 1023

particles*B=1mole B
Mass B
__g B** = 1 mole B
(grams)
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10
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***
Stoichiometry
Mole A
Coefficients in balanced equation represent the MOLE RATIO
Liters of Solution containing A
Molarity (M) __Moles A* = 1 Liter of Solution
Mass A
__g A** = 1 mole A
(grams)
Liters of Solution containing A
Molarity (M) __Moles B* = 1 Liter of Solution
_mol A*** = __mol B Mole B Mass B

__g B** = 1 mole B
(grams)
21
Titration Vocabulary
Titration: Technique for determining concentration of an unknown reaction End point Equivalence point
22 Fig. 8-4a, p. 260
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CH 6 Solutions

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CH 6 Solutions

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Solution: Homogeneous Mixture

Definition Solid or gas dissolved in a liquid

Substance thats been dissolved

Or Smaller part of mixture

Substance that does the dissolving

Larger Part of the mixture

The solid or gas

Can be separated into pure components

Solubility: How much solute can dissolve?

Factors that Affect Solubility Nature of Solvent and Solute

Factors that Affect Solubility TEMPERATURE

The solubility of gases in liquids almost always decreases as temperature increases.

Factors that Affect Solubility

Units of Concentration MOLARITY (M)

moles of solute Liters of solution

0.2 M C6H12O6 is read 0.2 molar solution of C6H12O6

Use Molarity to convert between Moles and Liters of solution

3.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution

Other Concentration Terms

Titration: Stoichiometry with Solutions

Use Molarity to convert between Moles and Liters of solution

3.0 moles HCl 1 L HCl solution

Coefficients in balanced equation represent the MOLE RATIO

* Molecules (molecular) *Formula Units (ionic Compounds

_mol A*** = __mol B

**Use molar mass as a conversion

Mole B 6.022 X 1023

Coefficients in balanced equation represent the MOLE RATIO

Liters of Solution containing A

Molarity (M) __Moles A* = 1 Liter of Solution

Liters of Solution containing A

Molarity (M) __Moles B* = 1 Liter of Solution

_mol A*** = __mol B Mole B Mass B

22 Fig. 8-4a, p. 260

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