EXPERIMENT 4 FRICTION FACTOR

(Fluid Flow Set-up)

INTRODUCTION
When the fluid flows through a pipe, the amount of mechanical energt lost because of friction depends on the properties of thu flo*iog fluid and the extent of tbe pipe system. For the flow of nuid trrougtr r rtt"ight pipe wiih uniform diameter, the amount of ftiction loss is uf""t"J W fr" .Ir"tJ"ity of tne nula, the density of the fluid, rhe viscosity of the fluid, dre diameter of the pipe, ire lengrh of the pipe, and tre rouglrness of the pipe. The equivalent roughness ofthe pipe, e, represen8 lhe average nughness or dep& of the surface irregularities. Theoraically, the friction factor for lamioar flow is determined by the equatron:

-16 r=x;
While for a turbulnt flow, Reynolds number, togedrer wift the reldive rougbness of the pipe i.e., f = o (NRe, elD), play a big frctor on the friction factor as shown in the equation below:

#=-.{[,,';).[ft)']
mecbanical energy balance is applied to ttre fluid flowing through a straight pipe, an equation to calculde F can be derivod:

Ifa

(^

\z

n=-& =*"[!so ,][+l r -."[ e

)ls")

Where: F = total fluid friction losses through ihe pipe -6p = pressure drop over the system due to friction p = density of fre fluid
Ro = manometer resding Pr4 = densitY of mercury g = gravitation at acceleration D = inside diameter of rire piPe

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Sv applyrng dimensional analysis to these variables, the following relationship wtrich is knowr
as the Fanning oquation can be obtained:

r=#
I
i ,
*n-"'fl"1Yf'fl"fi?xross
&rough frepipe

i
OBJECTIVE

i-:fl$*"iit;fl:''
*" = force-mass conversion factor The Fannurg equation is used to compute for the friction factor b&sed on oryerimontal darl.It is clear that it is, likewise, a firnction of the Reynolds number and the relative roughness of tbe pipe. .

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To determine the friction factor of the fluid moving through a straight pipe To determine tre effect of Reynolds Number and relative roughness on the friction factor

i i
i

ofthe fluid flow

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:

EoutpMENT AND UATERIALS

o t . o L
2. 3.

fluid flow set-r4l

steel taps

'

stop walch

thermometer

PROCEDURE
Isolate the piping system to be considered.

Prime and start-up Sre pump to be used in the fluid flow set-up allowing the watr to pass througb &e pipeline. Stabilize dre system. Measure lhe leng& of the sfaight pipe mnsidered in dre system.

Xretemine dre amount of water volumetric flow late of water.

trat will be collected for one minu@.

Calcula.e the

4.

Determine the temperature theoretical frrction factor.

of the water. compute for the Reynolds Number and $e

5. Red

the manometer. Compute for the otal fiiction losses, F and the eriperimental friction

factor.

6.
7.

Determine percentage of error

Repeat procedure 3 to 6 for Trial 2.

28

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School of Chenical Engineering and Chanis,ry Mapua lnsliute of Tecrmo lagy Chemical Engineering Laborutory

FINAL DATA SHEET Experiment 4 FRICTION FACTOR (Fluid Flow Set-up)

Student's Name

Instructor's Name

Subject and Section/ Group No.

Date of Submission

DATA AND RESULTS

Volumetric flow rate of the water, V Velocity of the water, u
Inside diameter ofthe pipe, D

m'ls
rnls

m'/s
m,/S

Temperatue of the water

Density of the water, p

"c kdm'
cP

t
keim''
cP

Viscosity of the water, p

Reynolds number, Nn. Manometer reading,

R-

cmHg l/r,g
m m

cm Hg

Mechanical energy lost due to friction, F Length ofthe straight pipe,

Roughness of the pipe, a

J^.e
m

Relative roughness ofthe pipe, elD Experimental Fanning friction factor, f,*pa-"'r'r

fheoretical Fmning fiiction frotor, fu.-.c*r

%o

enOt

30

Chem8try Jchool oJ Chemical Entlineefing 'rtd ,VaWa lnsrihtte oI Tc.ct6ologY Chemieal btgine ering l'abolarory l

STUDY QUESTIONS

l.

pipe having ut water at 25"C flows at a velocify of 5 m/s through a sfieight commrci8l steel loss inside diameter of 62.71 n,-. Ii th" pipe is I 9 m long, calculate tre mechsrical-energy due to friction.

2. A unit operations laboraory class desires i:o determine experimentally

the Fanning friction pipe used is a 2-in' factor lor a pipe flow system equipped wrth a mercury manometer' The ,rh"dul 40'slel pipe tra"lng " leog$ of l0 ft between pressure taps ^It ls horizontal and the dr"re is no bend, trtting, or di-ameter-chmge over its length. water t 8o"F flows rhrorrgh reading is 3 in., what is $e experimental Farning tuJi. rthe manometer prp.

"i","r" "r'g friction factor?