2011 2nd International Conference on Chemistry and Chemical Engineering IPCBEE vol.

14 (2011) (2011) IACSIT Press, Singapore

Rate-based Modeling for CO2 Absorption into AMP Solution in a Random Packed Column
Morteza Afkhamipour1 , Zahra Khorrami 2, Aygin Gholizadeh2
2

Chemical Engineering Department, Persian Gulf University, Boushehr, Iran. Process Engineering Department, South Pars Gas Complex, Phases 4&5, Assaluyeh, Iran.

solution in a packed column has been proposed. The model is based on the two-film theory and the heat effects are taken into account. This model predicts the concentration and temperature profiles along the packed column. The influence of a second-order reaction rate constant (K2t) on all profiles along the packed column has been studied. Appropriate correlations for the equilibrium and transport parameters are incorporated to ensure reliable predictions. A computer program (MATLAB) was written to solve the boundary value differential equation system numerically. The proposed model validated against pilot plant data from the literature and the results obtained by this model are in good agreement with the measured values.

Abstract. A rigorous mathematical model for CO2 absorption into a 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP)

Keywords: CO2 absorption, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, mathematical model, reaction rate constant,

packed column.

1. Introduction
Acid gas absorption using chemical reaction with an alkanolamine solution is widely used in petrochemical industries for natural gas purification. Particularly, the removal of CO2 from gas produced by burning fossil fuel has been of the greatest interest owing to the global warming caused by the increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere. Various alkanolamines have been proposed in the literature such as monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), triethanolamine (TEA), N-methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), diglycolamine (DGA), di-2-propanolamine (DIPA). Aqueous MEA solutions are the most frequently used alkanolamine absorbents owing to their high reactivity with CO2 and low solvent cost. A sterically hindered amine is defined as a primary or secondary amine in which the amino group is attached to a secondary or tertiary carbon atom. Sterically hindered amines such as 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), 2-piperidineethanol (PE), 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3propnediol (AMPD) and 2-amino-2-ethyl1,3propnediol (AEPD) have been proposed as commercially attractive new CO2 absorbents because of their advantages in loading capacity, absorption rate, and regeneration energy. There are several publications about adiabatic rate-based CO2 absorption modeling in packed columns but a little has been done with sterically hindered amines as solvent. Following is a brief summary of the main different approaches used for rate-based modeling of CO2 absorption in alkanolamine solutions. Treybal developed the basic theory for steady-state, adiabatic absorption and stripping involving singlesolute, non-reactive systems [1]. A general design methodology based on the model of Treybal for gas absorption with chemical reactions was proposed by Pandya [2]. He set up differential mass and enthalpy balances and used ideal gas and ideal solution to describe the gas and liquid phases and an explicit expression for the enhancement factor, resulting in a boundary value problem that was solved using shooting method. Pandya showed one calculation example with aqueous MEA as solvent, although no validation
Corresponding author. Tel.: +98-772-768-8506; fax: +98-772-726-3999. E-mail address: morteza.afkhamipour@gmail.com 135

against experimental data was presented. Deleye and Forment subsequently adopted a similar procedure and presented some numerical results for commercial processes, but in comparisons with it, industrial data were not given [3]. Tontiwachwuthikul et al [4] provided extensive experimental data for the CO2-MEA system and compared the data with predictions from a mathematical model based on Pandyas work [2]. Four publications containing results for modeling of CO2 absorption in a packed column using aqueous 2-amino2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP) have been published. Alatiqi et al [5] used a mixing cell approach to model a CO2-AMP commercial plant. The results of the AMP modeling were not validated with experimental data. Aboudheir et al [6] used a Pandyas procedure to model absorption of CO2 in AMP. They used constant values for gas and liquid flow rate in their mass and energy balances, and the model was solved by shooting method. The model results were validated with experimental data from Tontiwachwuthikul and Aroonwilas et al [4, 7]. Gabrielsen et al [8] used a Pandyas procedure and more accurate physicochemical properties to model absorption of CO2 in AMP solution in packed column. They didn't use the constant values for gas and liquid flow rate in their mass and energy balances. The model was solved by using a built-in routing called bvp4c in MATLAB software. The model was validated using pilot plant data from Tontiwachwuthikul et al [4]. Gabrielsen et al [9] used the same model as presented in Gabrielsen et al [8] and they provided comprehensive experimental data for CO2-AMP system using an absorber containing structured packing. Pandyas procedure [2] has been used for this work to model CO2 absorption in AMP solution in a packed column with random packing. The influence of a second-order reaction rate constant on all profiles has been studied along the packed column. Then model has been solved in MATLAB by shooting method and validated with pilot plant data and compared with Aboudheir and Gabrielsen et al works [6, 8].

2. Model Development and Assumptions

Making material and energy balance around a differential height of the column shown in figure1, gives the mathematical model of packed absorber. Envelope III is an elemental volume in the differential packed height (Z) of absorber, consisting of the gas and liquid phase denoted by envelopes I and II respectively. In this process CO2 diffuses from the gas to the liquid phase and react with nonvolatile amine components to produce nonvolatile products. The model in this work based on the model developed by Pandya[2]. The process is described by the two-film theory and utilization of the assumptions as below: The reaction is fast and takes place in the liquid film and liquid bulk is in equilibrium. The absorption tower is considered to be adiabatic. The interfacial surface area is the same for both heat and mass transfer. The liquid-side heat transfer resistance is small compared to the gas phase, and thus the interface temperature is the same as the bulk temperature. Axial dispersion is not account for. Both liquid and gas phase are formally treated as ideal mixtures.

Fig. 1: A differential element of the column

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On the basis of these assumptions, the main model equations resulting from mass and energy balances can be presented as follows: Table.1: Main Equations

dG = ( N CO2 + N H 2O )a w AC dZ dy CO2 dG G = y CO2 N CO2 a w AC dZ dZ dy H 2O dG G = y H 2O N H 2O a w AC dZ dZ dL = ( N H 2O ) a w AC dZ dxCO2 dL L = xCO2 N CO2 a w AC dZ dZ dx H 2O dL L = x H 2O + ( N CO2 N H 2O )a w AC dZ dZ dx dL N CO2 a w AC L AMP = x AMP dZ dZ dx + dL L AMPH = x AMPH + N CO2 a w AC dZ dZ dT GC P ,G G = hg a w AC (TG TL ) dZ dT LC P , L L = (hg + N CO2 C P ,CO2 + N H 2O C P , H 2O )a w AC (TL TG ) dZ + ( N CO2 H CO2 + N H 2O H H 2O )

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)

(10)

3. Mass Transfer with Chemical Reaction

From two-film theory, CO2 absorption rate into AMP solution can be represented by equation (11):
* PCO2 PCO2 = H CO2 1 + k g ,CO2 ECO2 k L ,CO2

N CO2

(11)

The term (pCO2 p*CO2) in equation (11) represents the driving force for mass transfer, pCO2 denotes the partial pressure of CO2 in the bulk gas and p*CO2 denotes the equilibrium partial pressure of CO2 corresponding to its concentration in the bulk liquid. The denominator in equation (11) represents the resistance to mass transfer. It consists of two terms: the gas-phase resistance (1/kg) and the liquid-phase resistance (HCO2/ECO2koL). In the CO2 removal processes, both of these resistances are significant. Gas and liquid mass transfer coefficients are calculated using correlations from Onda et al [10]. The estimation of liquid-side resistance to mass transfer requires knowledge of the effect of chemical reaction on mass transfer. The effect is usually expressed in terms of the enhancement factor (E), which is defined as the ratio of the rate of absorption with chemical reaction to the rate without chemical reaction. Under the assumption that the amine concentration at the gas-liquid interface is not significantly different from that in the bulk solution, Danckwerts derived the following expression [11]:

ECO2 = 1 + Ha 2
The Hatta number in Equation (12) is given by [12]:
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(12)

Ha =

K 2t C AMP DCO2 , AMP k L ,CO2

(13)

Equation (13) demonstrates that the kinetic coefficient (K2t) is important in determining absorption rates. As there is no universal agreement on the relevant chemical kinetic expression, equations from Saha et al work [13], Camacho et al [14] and Xiao et al work [15] were sued to show the influence of a second-order reaction rate constant (K2t) on all profiles along the packed column. They are as below respectively:

K 2t ( m 3 / mol .s ) = 1.943 10 7 exp( 5176.49 / TL )

(14) (15) (16)

K 2t ( m / kmol .hr ) = 4.8 10 exp( 8186.9 / TL ) K 2t ( m / kmol .hr ) = 1.399 10 exp( 24261 / R TL )
3 7

12

The free-gas solubility cannot be measured directly in Equation11 because of the chemical reaction between CO2 and AMP solution. It has been suggested that the solubility of CO2 in reacting solutions be estimated by using N2O analogy [16]. The N2O analogy for the solubility has the following relation:

H CO2 AMP = H N 2O AMP ( H CO2 H 2O / H N 2O H 2O )

(17)

In according to available data of solubility of N2O and CO2 in water, Versteeg and Van Swaaij proposed two convenient equations as below [17]: (18) H = 8.5470 10 6 exp(2284 / T )
N 2 O H 2O L

H CO2 H 2O = 2.8249 10 exp(2044 / TL )

(19)

It may be assumed that there is no liquid side resistance for the mass transfer of the solvent water vapor. Therefore the overall mass transfer coefficient for the water vapor is the same as the mass transfer coefficient in the gas phase, then: (20) N =K (P P )
H 2O g ,H 2 0 H 2O H 2O

4. Chemistry and Thermodynamic of CO2 AMP System

The chemical equilibrium reaction takes place in the liquid phase when CO2 is absorbed in an aqueous solution of AMP. It can be written with the following equations [18]:

2 H 2 O H 3 O + + OH
2 H 2 O + CO 2 H 3 O + + HCO3

(21) (22) (23) (24) (25)

H 2 O + HCO3 H 3 O + + CO3 2
H 2 O + AMPH + H 3 O + + CO3 2

H 2 O + AMPCOO HCO3 + AMP

The reaction between CO2 and OH- of the AMP group is negligible, so the only important reaction is between CO2 and AMP which leads to the formation of bicarbonate ion. In this case, the Stoichiometry between CO2 and AMP is 1:1, as indicated by the reaction (26):

AMP + CO 2 + H 2 O AMPH + + HCO3

In this work, the following assumptions made for thermodynamic model:

' K CO 2

(26)

To simplify, we neglect the concentration of the ionic species CO3-2, OH- in the aqueous liquid phase because of their very low concentration in comparison with the concentration of the other species .The gas phase is assumed to be ideal because of low pressure and the activity coefficient of CO2 is unity due to low concentration. So, by using the Henry's law and equilibrium constants, the partial pressure of CO2 over AMP solution is expressed as:
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 ' PCO2 = k CO2 H CO2 x HCO

3

Considering that bicarbonate mole fraction accounts for all forms of the absorbed CO2 and replace its symbol with x CO2 and by combination of Henry's law and equilibrium constants into a single constant K CO2 , the following simple model is derived:
PCO2 = k CO2 xCO2

(27)

The concentration of the species involved in the chemical reaction can be written in the following way:

(28)

[ AMPH + ] = ( X AMP ) [ AMP] = 1 ( X AMP )

(29) (30)

5. Physical and Transport Properties

The physical properties used in the model and their literature sources given in Table 2.
Table 2: Physical and Transport Properties Used in the Absorber Model
Property Liquid density Specific heat of liquid solution Viscosity of the liquid solution Surface tension of the liquid Henry's law constant of N2O in aqueous AMP solution Diffusivity of CO2 in the liquid solution Specific heat of gas components Source 19 20 21 22 23 16 24 Property Gas viscosity Thermal conductivity of the gas A single constants of reaction 28 Heat of absorption of CO2 in the Amp solution Heat of condensation of water and Equilibrium partial pressure of water Specific wetted area Heat transfer coefficient Source 24 24 8 8 24 10 25

6. Mathematical Solution
The system of ordinary differential equation was solved by using shooting method. The boundary values needed are given by the condition of the gas and liquid entering the column. In this work absorption column was divided into 50 differential elements and discretised species conservation and thermal energy equations solved for each element using the MATLAB program. Due to the implicit relationship between the material and energy balances, an iterative procedure is adapted to determine the compositions and temperature in each element of absorber.

7. Results and Discussion

Representative characteristics and input conditions for acid gas absorber are summarized in tables 3 and 4.
Table 3: Absorber Characteristics
Characteristics Column diameter (m) Packing height (m) Packing Value 0.1 6.55 Ceramic Berl saddles (12.7 mm )

Table 4: Absorber Inlet Conditions

Parameter Gas flow rate (mol/m2s) Liquid flow rate (m3/m2h) Gas temperature (k) Liquid temperature (k) Gas composition ,%CO2 AMP concentration (kmol/m3) 139 Value 14.8 13.5 288 287 19.0 2.0

Pressure (kpas)

101.3

This work results compared with Aboudheir and Gabrielsen et al [6, 8] works and experimental data are taken from Tontiwachwuthikul et al [4]. The most important results include different profiles such as CO2 mole fraction of gas, CO2 loading, liquid and gas temperature 7.1. CO2 mole fraction of gas: figure 2 and 3 depict profile and the average absolute deviation (%AAD) for gas phase CO2. It can be seen that %AAD of this work while uses kinetic coefficient of Camacho et al [15] is less than Saha and Xiao et al works [14,16] but the Aboudheir et al work gives the best result for prediction of gas phase CO2 profile along the packed column.
0.2 0.19 0.18 0.17 0.16 0.15 0.14 0.13 0.12 0.11 0.1 0.09 0.08 0.07 0.06 0.05 0.04 0 1 2 3 4 Column Height (m)
This work (K2t from saha et al ) This work (K2t from Camacho et al) This work (K2t from xiao et al) Gabrielsen et al work Aboudheir et al work Exp

Mole Fraction CO2 in gas phase

Fig.2: Comparison between this work (3 different kinetic coefficient) and Exp data for CO2 mole fraction
60 %AAD forCO2 mole fraction along the column height 54 This work (K2t from sahs et al), 13.29 This work (K2t from Camacho et al), 10.12 This work (K2t from xiao et al), 10.87 5 48 42 36 Aboudheir et al work, 1.729 30 24 18 12 6 0 Gabrielesn et al work, 22.4

Fig.3: Comparison of (%AAD) for gas phase CO2 mole fraction

7.2. CO2 loading: Model results are far from experimental data except the one used Saha et al kinetic coefficient. For this item, Gabrielsen produce the least and Xiao et al the most error.
0.45 0.4 CO2 loading (mol CO2/mol AMP) 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 0 1 2 3 4 Column Height (m) 6 7
This work (K2t from Camacho et al) This work (K2t from xiao et al) This work (K2t from saha et al) Exp Aboudheir et al work Gabrielsen et al work

Fig. 4: Comparison between this work (3 different kinetic coefficient) and Exp data for CO2 loading

140

This work (K2t from Camacho et al), 28.8

60 %AAD forCO2 loading along the column height This work (K2t from sahs et al), 17.08 54 48 42 36 30 24 18 12 6 0 Aboudheir et al work, 19.2

Fig.5: Comparison of (%AAD) for CO2 loading profiles

7.3. Liquid temperature: All models predict it well, although Abouldheir et al done it better and Gabrielsen worst than the other models. Results of this work are in good agreement with experimental data however results of Saha et al coefficient are better than the others.
35 30 25 Liquid temperature 20 15 10 5 0
Exp Aboudheir et al work Gabrielsen et al work This work (K2t from saha et al) This work (K2t from Camacho et al) This work (K2t from xiao et al)

3 4 Column height (m)

Gabrielesn et al work, 3.15

This work (K2t from xiao et al), 28.9

Fig. 6: Comparison between this work (3 different kinetic coefficient) and exp data for liquid temperature

60 %AAD for liquid temperaure along the column height 54 48 This work (K2t from sahs et al), 3.76 36 24 18 12 6 0 Aboudheir et al work, 1.6 30 This work (K2t from Camacho et al), 5.61 This work (K2t from xiao et al), 5.63 42 Gabrielesn et al work, 8.03

Fig. 7: Comparison of average absolute deviation (%AAD) for liquid temperature profiles

7.4. Gas temperature: there was no experimental data for gas phase temperature profile, but it was compared with the work of Aboudheir et al [6]. The good agreement obtained between this work using Saha et al [14] and Aboudheir et al work in comparison with this work using Camacho and Xiao et al coefficient[15,16].

141

30 25
Gas temperature

Aboudheir et al work This work (K2t from saha et al ) This work (K2t from Camacho et al) This work (K2t from xiao et al)

20 15 10 5 0 0 1 2 3
Column height (m)

Fig. 8: Comparison between this work (3 different kinetic coefficient) and Aboudheir et al work for gas temperature

8. Conclusion
As it can be seen from different graphs, there is a good agreement between experimental measurements and model predictions based on the second-order kinetics for a pilot scale CO2 absorption column. The heat of chemical reaction and variations in physical properties render chemical absorption quite complex. All of these factors must be included in the mathematical model in order to obtain accurate predictions. Model validation should be based on concentration and temperature profiles along the whole length of column and not just the conditions at the absorber top and bottom. Most CO2 removal typically occurs in the bottom region of the absorber. The top region merely reduced the CO2 concentration down to very low levels. The present study demonstrates that a rate-based process model can generate accurate predictions of the key process parameters for the chemical absorption of CO2 by AMP solution in a pilot-scale packed bed absorber. However, further validation of such models using data from large scale columns is needed before they can be used reliably for the design and simulation of absorption columns for CO2 capture from power plant flue gases.

Nomenclature
aw AC

Specific wetted area for mass transfer, m2/m3 Cross-sectional area of the column, m2 AMP concentration, kmol/m3 Molar heat capacity of CO 2 in the gas phase, kj/kmol k Molar heat capacity of H 2 O in the gas phase, kj/kmol k Molar heat capacity of the gas, kj/kmol k Molar heat capacity of the liquid, kj/kmol k Diffusivity of CO 2 in AMP solution, m2/hr

C AMP C P,CO 2
C P, H 2O C P,G C P, L D CO 2 , AMP E CO 2 hg

CO 2 enhancement factor
Heat transfer coefficient in gas, kJ/hr k m2 Hatta number Henrys Law constant of CO 2 in AMP solution, kpas m3/kmol Henrys Law constant of N 2 O in AMP solution, kpas m3/kmol Henrys Law constant of CO 2 in water, kpas m3/kmol Henrys Law constant of N 2 O in water, kpas m3/kmol Heat of condensation of H2O, kJ/kmol H2O
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ha H CO 2 -AMP
H N 2O-AMP H CO 2 -H 2 O H N 2O -H 2O H H 2 O

H CO2

Heat of absorption of CO 2 , kJ/kmol CO2 A combined Henrys Law and chemical equilibrium constant of CO 2 Gas-side mass-transfer coefficient of CO 2 , kmol/ m2 hr kpas Gas-side mass-transfer coefficient of H 2 O ,kmol/ m2 hr kpas Liquid-side mass-transfer coefficient of CO 2 , m/hr Second-order reaction rate constant, m3/kmol hr Molar liquid flow, kmol/hr Molar flux of CO 2 , kmol/ m2 hr Molar flux of H 2 O , kmol/ m2 hr Partial pressure of CO 2 in the bulk gas phase, kpa Partial pressure of H2O in the bulk gas phase, kpa Partial pressure of CO 2 in gas phase if it were in equilibrium with the liquid phase,kp Equilibrium partial pressure of water, kpa gas-phase temperature, K liquid-phase temperature, K molar gas flow, kmol/hr liquid-phase mole fraction of component i, kmol/kmol gas free AMP mole fraction protonated AMP mole fraction gas phase mole fraction of component i, kmol/kmol height of packing, m CO2 loading (kmol/kmol amine)

' CO 2

k g,CO 2 k g,H 2O

k L,CO2

K2t L N CO 2
N H 2O PCO 2 PH 2 O
PCO2

PH 2O

TG

TL G xi x AMP x AMPH +

yi Z

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