Example 1

class Name { public: Name(void) { myName = 0; } ~Name(void) { delete[] myName; } void SetName(char* n) { myName = new char[strlen(n)+1]; strcpy(myName,n); } void Print(void) { cout << myName << endl; } private: }; class Contact: public Name { public: Contact(void) { myAddress = 0; } ~Contact(void) { delete[] myAddress; } void SetAddress(char* c) { myAddress = new char[strlen(c)+1]; strcpy(myAddress,c); } void Print(void) { Name::Print(); cout << myAddress << endl; } private: }; char* myAddress; char* myName;

int main(void) { Contact c; c.SetName("John McClane"); c.SetAddress("137th floor, Nakatome Towers"); } c.Print();

*************************************************** * Example 2 showing the use of string functions * *************************************************** #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> const int MAXLENGTH = 500; // define maximum string length void main() { char FirstName[20] = "Donald"; char LastName[20] = "Duck"; char FullName[MAXLENGTH+1]; // function strlen gives the length of a string if (strlen(FirstName) + strlen(LastName) > MAXLENGTH) { cout << "\nName too long"; return 1; } strcpy (FullName, FirstName); // copy string strcat (FullName, " "); // add space to end of string strcat (FullName, LastName); // add last name cout << "\nThe full name is " << FullName; // compare strings. The function stricmp returns 0 if the strings are equal if (stricmp(FirstName,LastName) == 0) { cout << "\nFirst and last name are identical"; } getch(); } /************************* ************************************** Example 3 * The hospital in Software City has three departments: heart clinic, lung * * clinic, and plastic surgery. The head nurse keeps three lists of patients * * waiting for an operation, one for each department. Each new patient * * normally comes last in the queue, but critically ill patients and patients * * who bribe the chief surgeon come first in the queue. Some patients die * * while waiting for an operation. This program keeps track of the three * * patient queues. * * * * A structure called patient holds all information for one patient. * * A class called queue encapsulates a patient queue for one department, * * implemented as a linked list. Patient records are created dynamically. * ****************************************************************** #include <iostream.h> #include <conio.h> #include <string.h> #include <stdlib.h>

// define maximum number of patients in a queue #define MAXPATIENTS 100 // define structure for patient data struct patient { patient * next; char FirstName[50]; char LastName[50]; char ID[20]; }; // define class for queue class queue { public: queue (void); ~queue (void); int AddPatientAtEnd (patient * p); int AddPatientAtBeginning (patient * p); patient * GetNextPatient (void); patient * RemoveDeadPatient (patient * p); void OutputList (void); char DepartmentName[50]; private: patient * List[MAXPATIENTS]; patient * first, * last; }; // declare member functions for queue queue::queue () { // constructor first = last = NULL;} queue::~queue () { // destructor patient * p1, * p2; for (p1=first; p1; ) { p2 = p1; p1 = p1->next; delete p2;}} int queue::AddPatientAtEnd (patient * p) { // adds a normal patient to the end of the queue. // returns 1 if successful, 0 if queue is full. if (p == NULL) { // memory is full return 0;} // put in new patient if (first) { last->next = p; last = p;} else {

// queue is empty first = last = p;} p->next = NULL; return 1;} int queue::AddPatientAtBeginning (patient * p) { // adds a critically ill patient to the beginning of the queue. // returns 1 if successful, 0 if queue is full. if (p == NULL) { // memory is full return 0;} // put in new patient if (first) { p->next = first; first = p;} else { // queue is empty first = last = p; p->next = NULL;} return 1;} patient * queue::GetNextPatient (void) { // gets the patient that is first in the queue. // returns NULL if queue is empty patient * p; if (first) { p = first; first = first->next;} else { // queue is empty p = NULL;} return p;} patient * queue::RemoveDeadPatient (patient * p) { // removes a patient from queue. // returns patient if found or NULL if not found patient * p1, * p2 = NULL; // search for patient for (p1=first; p1; p1 = p1->next) { if (stricmp(p1->ID, p->ID) == 0) { // patient found in queue // remove from queue if (p1 == first) { // adjust first first = first->next;} if (p1 == last) { // adjust last last = p2;} if (p2) { // adjust pointer in previous record

p2->next = p1->next;} return p1;} // remember previous record p2 = p1;} // not found return NULL;} void queue::OutputList (void) { // lists entire queue on screen patient * temp; if (first) { for (temp=first; temp; temp = temp->next) { cout << "\n" << temp->FirstName; cout << " " << temp->LastName; cout << " " << temp->ID;}} else { // queue empty cout << "\n\nQueue is empty";}} // declare functions used by main: patient * InputPatient (void) { // this function asks user for patient data. // create new patient record patient * p = new patient; // enter data into record cout << "\n\nPlease enter data for new patient\nFirst name: "; cin.getline(p->FirstName, sizeof(p->FirstName)); cout << "\nLast name: "; cin.getline(p->LastName, sizeof(p->LastName)); cout << "\nSocial security number: "; cin.getline(p->ID, sizeof(p->ID)); // check if data valid if (p->FirstName[0]==0 || p->LastName[0]==0 || p->ID[0]==0) { // rejected delete p; p = NULL; cout << "\n\nError: Data not valid. Operation cancelled."; getch();} return p;} void OutputPatient (patient * p) { // this function outputs patient data to the screen if (p == NULL) { cout << "\nNo patient"; return;} cout << "\n\nPatient data:"; cout << "\n\nFirst name: " << p->FirstName; cout << "\n\nLast name: " << p->LastName; cout << "\n\nSocial security number: " << p->ID;}

int ReadNumber() { // this function reads an integer number from the keyboard. // it is used because input with cin >> doesn't work properly! char buffer[20]; cin.getline(buffer, sizeof(buffer)); return atoi(buffer);} void DepartmentMenu (queue * q) { // this function defines the user interface with menu for one department int choise = 0, success; patient * p, * p1; while (choise != 6) { // clear screen clrscr(); // print menu cout << "\n\n\nWelcome to department: " << q->DepartmentName; cout << "\n\nPlease enter your choise:"; cout << "\n\n1: Add normal patient"; cout << "\n2: Add critically ill patient"; cout << "\n3: Take out patient for operation"; cout << "\n4: Remove dead patient from queue"; cout << "\n5: List queue"; cout << "\n6: Change department or exit\n"; // get user choise choise = ReadNumber(); // do indicated action switch (choise) { case 1: // Add normal patient p = InputPatient(); if (p) { success = q->AddPatientAtEnd(p); clrscr(); if (success) { cout << "\nPatient added:\n\n"; OutputPatient(p);} else { // error cout << "\n\nError: The queue is full. Cannot add patient:"; OutputPatient(p); delete p;} cout << "\n\nPress any key"; getch();} break; case 2: // Add critically ill patient p = InputPatient(); if (p) { success = q->AddPatientAtBeginning(p); clrscr(); if (success) { cout << "\nPatient added:\n\n";

OutputPatient(p);} else { // error cout << "\n\nError: The queue is full. Cannot add patient:"; OutputPatient(p); delete p;} cout << "\n\nPress any key"; getch();} break; case 3: // Take out patient for operation p = q->GetNextPatient(); clrscr(); if (p) { cout << "\nPatient to operate:\n\n"; OutputPatient(p); // delete patient record delete p;} else { cout << "\nThere is no patient to operate.";} cout << "\n\nPress any key"; getch(); break; case 4: // Remove dead patient from queue p = InputPatient(); if (p) { p1 = q->RemoveDeadPatient(p); clrscr(); if (p1) { cout << "\nPatient removed:\n\n"; delete p;} else { // error cout << "\n\nError: Cannot find patient:\n\n"; p1 = p;} OutputPatient(p1); delete p1; cout << "\n\nPress any key"; getch();} break; case 5: // List queue clrscr(); q->OutputList(); cout << "\n\nPress any key"; getch(); break; }}} // main function defining queues and main menu void main () { int i, MenuChoise = 0; // define three queues

queue departments[3]; // set department names strcpy (departments[0].DepartmentName, "Heart clinic"); strcpy (departments[1].DepartmentName, "Lung clinic"); strcpy (departments[2].DepartmentName, "Plastic surgery"); while (MenuChoise != 4) { // clear screen clrscr(); // print menu cout << "\n\n\nWelcome to Software City Hospital"; cout << "\n\nPlease enter your choise:\n"; for (i = 0; i < 3; i++) { // write menu item for department i cout << "\n" << (i+1) << ": " << departments[i].DepartmentName;} cout << "\n4: Exit\n"; // get user choise MenuChoise = ReadNumber(); // is it a department name? if (MenuChoise >= 1 && MenuChoise <= 3) { // call submenu for department // (using pointer arithmetics here:) DepartmentMenu (departments + (MenuChoise-1));}}}
Example 4 Array // // * runtime memory allocation for an array with new * amount of memory allocated depends on program state

#include <iostream> using namespace std; int main() { int *a ; // declares that a[0]...a[something] will be array, // but doesn't allocate any memory for it int N ; do { cout << "enter vector length: " ; cin >> N ; } while ( N < 1 ) ; a = new int[N] ; // allocates the memory for a[0]..a[N-1] if(!a) { cout << "Memory allocation failed\n" ; return -1 ; } // Read in the vector from stdin for ( int n = 0 ; n < N ; n ++ ) { cout << "a[" << n << "]: " ; cin >> a[n] ; }

// print out the vector for ( int n = 0 ; n < N ; n ++ ) { cout << "a[" << n << "] = " ; cout << a[n] ; cout << endl;

}
// free the memory delete [] a ; // The '[]' indicate that // what's being freed is an array return 0; }

Example 5
// DateClass // Program to demonstrate the definition of a simple class // and member functions #include <iostream> using namespace std; // Declaration of Date class class Date { public: Date(int, int, int); void set(int, int, int); void print(); private: int year; int month; int day; }; int main() { // Declare today to be object of class Date // Values are automatically intialised by calling constructor function Date today(1,9,1999); cout << "This program was written on "; today.print(); cout << "This program was modified on "; today.set(5,10,1999); today.print(); } return 0;

// Date constructor function definition Date::Date(int d, int m, int y) { if(d>0 && d<31) day = d; if(m>0 && m<13) month = m; if(y>0) year =y;

} // Date member function definitions void Date::set(int d, int m, int y) { if(d>0 && d<31) day = d; if(m>0 && m<13) month = m; if(y>0) year =y; } void Date::print() { cout << day << "-" << month << "-" << year << endl;

} Class Inheritance
class Circle { public: Circle(); void setRadius(double r); double getRadius(); double Diameter(); double Circumference(); double Area(); void Display(); protected: double Radius; private: }; const double PI = 3.14159; Circle::Circle() { Radius = 0;}

void Circle::setRadius(double r) { Radius = r <= 0 ? 1 : r;}

double Circle::getRadius() { return Radius;}

double Circle::Diameter() {return Radius * 2;} double Circle::Circumference() { return Diameter() * PI;}

double Circle::Area()

{ return Radius * Radius * PI; } void Circle::Display() { cout << "\nCircle Properties"; cout << "\nRadius cout << "\nDiameter = " << getRadius(); = " << Diameter();

cout << "\nCircumference = " << Circumference(); cout << "\nArea } struct Sphere : public Circle {public: double Volume(); void Show(); private: }; double Sphere::Volume() { return Radius * Radius * Radius * PI * 4 / 3; } void Sphere::Show() { cout << "\nCircle Properties"; cout << "\nRadius cout << "\nDiameter = " << getRadius(); = " << Diameter(); = " << Area() << "\n";

cout << "\nCircumference = " << Circumference(); cout << "\nArea cout << "\nVolume } void main() { Circle circle; circle.Display(); // Displaying a circle using the default value of the radius = " << Area(); = " << Volume() << "\n\n";

Circle circ; circ.setRadius(12.50); circ.Display();

// A circle with a value supplied for the radius

Sphere sphere;

// A sphere that has its own radius, using the functions

sphere.setRadius(8.95); // of the base class sphere.Show();

*************************************** * Example 5 showing how to use 2-dimensional arrays with functions * This program multiplies all elements in a matrix with a factor (scalar). * * * * The program has the following sub-functions: * * ReadMatrix: reads matrix from keyboard input, * * WriteMatrix: writes matrix to screen, * * MultiplyByScalar: multiplies matrix by scalar. * * * * Note that when a function parameter is declared as an array, you actually * * get a pointer, not a copy of the array. This means that you can modify * * the array inside the function and the change has effect on the original * * array outside the function. * * * ******************************************************************************/ #include <iostream.h> #include <iomanip.h> #include <conio.h> const int rows = 3; // number of rows in matrix (must be constant) const int columns = 3; // number of columns in matrix (must be constant) void ReadMatrix (float ma[rows][columns]) // this function reads matrix from keyboard { int r, c; cout << "\nPlease enter matrix"; for (r=0; r<rows; r++) { for (c=0; c<columns; c++) { cout << "\nElement A(" << (r+1) << "," << (c+1) << ") "; cin >> ma[r][c]; } } } void WriteMatrix (float ma[rows][columns]) // this function writes matrix on screen { int r, c; cout << "\nMatrix is:"; for (r=0; r<rows; r++) { cout << "\n"; for (c=0; c<columns; c++) { // setw(10) adds space to make all numbers 10 characters wide cout << setw(10) << ma[r][c] << " "; } }

} void MultiplyByScalar (float sq[rows][columns], float fac) // this function multiplies a matrix by a scalar { int i, j; for (i=0; i<rows; i++) { for (j=0; j<columns; j++) { sq[i][j] = sq[i][j] * fac; } } } void main () { // declare matrix and scalar float A[rows][columns], f; // get matrix from user ReadMatrix(A); // get scalar from user cout << "\n\nEnter factor "; cin >> f; // multiply matrix by scalar MultiplyByScalar (A, f); // output result matrix on screen WriteMatrix(A); // wait for user to press a key getch(); } Derived Classes 1
// Using base pointers on derived class objects. #include <iostream> #include <cstring> // for older compilers, use <string.h> using namespace std; class B_class { char author[80]; public: void put_author(char *s) { strcpy(author, s); } void show_author() { cout << author << "\n"; } } ; class D_class : public B_class { char title[80]; public: void put_title(char *num) { strcpy(title, num); } void show_title() { cout << "Title: ";

} };

cout <<

title << "\n";

int main() { B_class *p; B_class B_ob; D_class *dp; D_class D_ob; p = &B_ob; // address of base

// Access B_class via pointer. p->put_author("Tom Clancy"); // Access D_class via base pointer. p = &D_ob; p->put_author("William Shakespeare"); // Show that each author went into proper object. B_ob.show_author(); D_ob.show_author(); cout << "\n"; /* Since put_title() and show_title() are not part of the base class, they are not accessible via the base pointer p and must be accessed either directly, or, as shown here, through a pointer to the derived type. */ dp = &D_ob; dp->put_title("The Tempest"); p->show_author(); // either p or dp can be used here. dp->show_title( ); return 0;}

2
#include <iostream> using namespace std; class road_vehicle { int wheels; int passengers; public: void set_wheels(int num) { wheels = num; } int get_wheels() { return wheels; } void set_pass(int num) { passengers = num; } int get_pass() { return passengers; } }; class truck : public road_vehicle { int cargo; public: void set_cargo(int size) { cargo = size; } int get_cargo() { return cargo; } void show(); }; enum type {car, van, wagon};

class automobile : public road_vehicle { enum type car_type; public: void set_type(type t) { car_type = t; } enum type get_type() { return car_type; } void show(); }; void truck::show() { cout << "wheels: " << get_wheels() << "\n"; cout << "passengers: " << get_pass() << "\n"; cout << "cargo capacity in cubic feet: " << cargo << "\n"; } void automobile::show() { cout << "wheels: " << get_wheels() << "\n"; cout << "passengers: " << get_pass() << "\n"; cout << "type: "; switch(get_type()) { case van: cout << "van\n"; break; case car: cout << "car\n"; break; case wagon: cout << "wagon\n"; } } int main() { truck t1, t2; automobile c; t1.set_wheels(18); t1.set_pass(2); t1.set_cargo(3200); t2.set_wheels(6); t2.set_pass(3); t2.set_cargo(1200); t1.show(); t2.show(); c.set_wheels(4); c.set_pass(6); c.set_type(van); c.show(); } 3 return 0;

#include <iostream> class base { int i; protected: int j; public: int k;

void seti(int a) { i = a; } int geti() { return i; } }; // Inherit base as protected. class derived : protected base { public: void setj(int a) { j = a; } // j is protected here void setk(int a) { k = a; } // k is also protected int getj() { return j; } int getk() { return k; } }; int main() { derived ob; /* This next line is illegal because seti() is a protected member of derived, which makes it inaccessible outside of derived. */ // ob.seti(10); // // cout << ob.geti(); // illegal -- geti() is protected ob.k = 10; // also illegal because k is protected // these next statements are OK ob.setk(10); cout << ob.getk() << ' '; ob.setj(12); cout << ob.getj() << ' '; return 0; }

Exercises Matrix operations

Write a program that can do the following: addition of two matrices subtraction of two matrices multiplication of a matrix by a scalar multiplication of a matrix by a matrix transpose a matrix

The order of the matrices could be 3 x 3, or variable if you want.

Telephone directory Make a program that can sort a list of names and telephone numbers alphabetically. Persons are sorted alphabetically by their last names. Persons with the same last name are sorted by their first names. Input: names and telephone numbers, Output: list of names and telephone numbers ordered alphabetically. Define a structure named person that contains a person's first name, last name, and telephone number. Define a function that compares two structures of type person according to the following prototype: int compare(person * a, person * b); This function should return a negative value if person a comes before b, and a positive value if b comes before a. (You may use the function stricmp(name1,name2) to compare two strings). Define a function that swaps the contents of two structures of type person: void swap(person * x, person * y); Use the following function to sort an array of structures of type person: void sort(person * list, int NumberOfPersons)

Parabola as object Make a class defining a polynomial of second degree y = A x2 + B x + C The coefficients A, B, C should be private. The class should contain the following member functions: a function that sets the coefficients to desired values a function that calculates y for a given value of x a function that tells how many roots there are and returns the roots (if any) a function that tells whether the polynomial has a maximum, a minimum, or no extremum, and gives x and y for the extremum (if any)

Make a program to test an object of this class.

In case you've forgotten everything you've learned in math, here are the formulae:

Discriminant

Animal insurance

Write a program that prints the insurance fee to pay for a pet according to the following rules: A dog that has been neutered costs $50. A dog that has not been neutered costs $80. A cat that has been neutered costs $40. A cat that has not been neutered costs $60. A bird or reptile costs nothing. Any other animal generates an error message.

The program should prompt the user for the appropriate information, using a code to determine the kind of animal (i.e. D or d represents a dog, C or c represents a cat, B or b represents a bird, R or r represents a reptile, and anything else represents some other kind of animal). After printing the insurance fee, the program should ask the user if he wants to insure another animaI.