Sheet pile walls

2012

Sheet pile walls

Related topics:
y y

Design of cantilever sheet pile walls Design of anchored sheet pile walls

Material of sheet piles:

Type of sheet piles based on materials: 1. Steel sheet piles 2. Concrete sheet piles 3. Timber sheet piles.

Profile of steel sheet piles

(From USS steel sheet piling design manual)

Foundation analysis and design

Page 1

Sheet pile walls

2012

Properties of steel sheet piles

Designation Driving distance (in) 16-1/2 15 15 16 16 16 19-5/8 18 21 18 Weight (lbs/ft) PSX32 PS32 PS28 PSA28 PSA23 PDA27 PMA22 PZ38 PZ32 PZ27 32 32 28 28 23 27 22 38 32 27 (in) 29/64 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8 (in3/ft) 2.4 1.9 1.9 2.5 2.4 10.7 5.4 46.8 38.3 30.2 Web thickness Section modulus Area (in2/pile) 12.94 11.77 10.30 10.98 8.99 10.59 10.59 16.77 16.47 11.91 (in4/ft) 3.7 2.9 2.8 4.5 4.1 39.8 13.7 280.8 220.4 184.2 Moment of Inertia

Allowable design stress of sheet piles

Steel grade ASTM A328 ASTM A572 ASTM A690 Minimum yield strength, psi 38.5 50 50 Allowable design stress, psi 25 32 32

Foundation analysis and design

Page 2

Sheet pile walls

2012

Construction of sheet piles:

Sheet piles are normally driven in three to four sections together and in sequence as shown below:

Design of sheet piles:

Type of sheet piles based on method of supported 1. Cantilever sheet piles 2. Anchored sheet piles Design of cantilever sheet pile wall includes two parts: 1. Design the embed length of sheet pile against rotational failure.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 3

Sheet pile walls

2012

2. Select the sheet pile section to resist moment and shear: Commonly assumed failure mode of cantilever and anchored sheet piles are shown below:

Foundation analysis and design

Page 4

Sheet pile walls

2012

Cantilever sheet pile wall Topics

y y

Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesive soil

Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil

Design length of sheet pile

Theory:

Calculating active earth pressure

The active and passive lateral earth pressure of soil can be written as Wa=qKa+2CKa, Wp=qKp+2CKp Where C is cohesion of soil and q is surcharge and

Foundation analysis and design

Page 5

Sheet pile walls

2012

Ka=tan2(45-J/2), Kp= tan2(45+J/2) are active and passive lateral earth pressure, and J is internal friction angle.

In cohesionless soil, C is zero. The active pressure at bottom of excavation can be calculated as pa = K h Ka+ q Ka, Where, K is unit weight of soil, h is the height of excavation. The lateral forces Ha1 is calculated as Ha1=K Ka h2/2+q Ka h

Below the bottom of excavation, the sheet pile is subjected to active pressure on the earth side and passive pressure on the excavation side. Since passive pressure is larger than active pressure, the earth pressure on the earth side decreases. At a depth a below the bottom of excavation, the earth pressure is zero. The depth a can be calculated as a = pa / K (Kp-Ka) Where Kp is passive earth pressure coefficient. When the sheet pile rotates away from the earth side, there are active pressure on the earth side and passive pressure on the excavation side. Therefore, the slope of BC is equal to K (Kp-Ka)

The lateral forces Ha2 can be calculated as Ha2=pa*a/2

Derive equation for depth Z from Fx = 0

Summarize lateral forces, we have Fx = Ha1+ Ha2 -Hp1+Hp2 =0

From the diagram, we recognize that lateral force Hp1 is area CDE and Hp2 is area DOG. There is a common area DEFO between two areas, and

Hp1-Hp2 = triangle CDE triangle DOG = triangle CFO triangle EFG = HCFO-HEFG

Where HCFO = p1*Y/2, and HEFG = (p1+p2)*Z/2

Foundation analysis and design

Page 6

Sheet pile walls

2012

Therefore the equation can be written as Ha1+ Ha2 p1*Y/2+ (p1+p2)*Z/2 = 0 Solving the equation for Z, we have

The pressure at bottom of sheet pile on the excavation side p1 can be determined from the slope of line CEF. Since the slope of line CEF is K (Kp-Ka), p1 = K (Kp-Ka)*Y

The pressure at the bottom of sheet pile on the earth side p2 can be determined from active and passive earth pressure coefficient and overburden pressure. When the sheet pile rotates, there are active pressure on the excavation side and passive pressure on the earth side at the bottom of sheet pile. The overburden pressure from bottom of excavation is K(a+Y), the active pressure is K Ka (a+Y). The overburden pressure from the top to the bottom of sheet pile on the earth side is K(h+a+Y), the passive pressure is K Kp (h+a+Y). Therefore,

p2 = K Kp (h+a+Y) - K Ka (a+Y)

If there a surcharge, p2 = K Kp (h+a+Y)+q Kp - K Ka (a+Y)

Derive equation for Y from Mo = 0

Both p1 and p2 are function of Y, to determine Y, we can take moment about bottom of sheet pile O. We have

Mo = Ha1*(h/3+a+Y)+ Ha2*(2a/3+Y) HCFO*Y/3+HEFG*Z/3 = 0 Or Ha1*(h/3+a+Y)+ Ha2*(2a/3+Y) p1*Y2/6+(p1+p2)*Z2/3 = 0

The depth Y can be determined from a trial and error process.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 7

Sheet pile walls

2012

Calculating embed depth D

Once Y is determined, the minimum embedded depth D is equal to Y+a. Usually a factor of safety of 1.2 is applied to D, and the length of sheet pile L is equal to h+D*FS. FS is factor of safety from 1.2 to 1.4. Selection of sheet pile section

The size of sheet pile is selected based on maximum moment and shear. Maximum shear force is usually located at D where lateral earth pressure change from active to passive. Vmax = Ha1+Ha2 Maximum moment locates at where shear stress equals to zero between C and D. Assume that maximum moment located at a distance y below point C, then (Ha1+Ha2) = K (Kp-Ka) y2/2. Therefore, y = {2*(Ha1+Ha2 )/[K(Kp-Ka)]}1/2 The maximum moment is Mmax = Ha1*(h/3+a+y)+ Ha2*(2a/3+y)-K (Kp-Ka)*y3/6 The required section modulus is S = Mmax / Fb, Fb is allowable stress of sheet pile. The sheet pile section is selected based on section modulus

Design Procedure

1. 2. 3.

Calculate lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation, pa and Ha1.

pa = K Ka h, Ha1=pa*h/2

Calculate the length a, and Ha2 .

a = pa / K (Kp-Ka), Ha2=pa*a/2

Assume a trial depth Y, calculate p1and p2.

p1 = K (Kp-Ka)*Y, p2 = K Kp (h+a+Y) - K Ka (a+Y)

4.

Calculate depth Z.

5.

Let R = Ha1 *(h/3+a+Y)+ Ha2 *(2a/3+Y) p1 *Y2/6+(p1+p2 )*Z2/3 Substitute Y and Z into R, if R = 0, the embedded depth, D = Y + a.
Page 8

Foundation analysis and design

Sheet pile walls

2012

6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

If not, assume a new Y, repeat step 3 to 5. Calculate the length of sheet pile, L = h+1.2*D Calculate y = {2*(Ha1+Ha2)/[K(Kp-Ka)]}1/2. Calculate Mmax = Ha1 *(h/3+a+y)+ Ha2 *(2a/3+y)-K (Kp-Ka)*y3/6 Calculate required section modulus S= Mmax/Fb. Select sheet pile section.

Example 1: Design cantilever sheet pile in cohesionless soil.

Given: Depth of excavation, h = 10 ft Unit weight of soil, K = 115 lb/ft3 Internal friction angle, J = 30 degree Allowable design stress of sheet pile, Fb = 32 ksi

Requirement: Design length of a cantilever sheet pile and select sheet pile section

Solution: Design length of sheet pile: Calculate lateral earth pressure coefficients: Ka = tan2 (45-J/2) = 0.333 Kp = tan2 (45+J/2) = 3 The lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation is pa = Ka K h = 0.333*115*10 = 383.33 psf The active lateral force above excavation Ha1 = pa*h/2 = 383.33*10/2 = 1917 lb/ft The depth a = pa / K (Kp-Ka) = 383.3 / [115*(3-0.333)] =1.25 ft The corresponding lateral force Ha2 = pa*a/2 = 383.33*1.25/2 = 238.6 lb/ft Assume Y = 8.79 ft p1 = K (Kp-Ka)*Y = 115*(3-0.333)*8.79 = 2696 psf p2 =K Kp (h+a+Y)-K Ka(a+Y)=115*3*(10+1.25+8.79)-115*0.333*(1.25+8.79)= 6529 psf The depth Z = [p1*Y-2*(Ha1 +Ha2)]/(p1+p2) = [2696*8.79-2*(1917+238.6)]/(2696+6529) = 2.1 ft The value

Foundation analysis and design

Page 9

Sheet pile walls

2012

R = Ha1 *(h/3+a+Y)+ Ha2*(2*a/3+Y)-p1*Y2/6+(p1 +p2)*Z2/6 =1917*(10/3+1.25+8.79)+238.6*(2*1.25/3+8.79) 2696*8.792/6 + (2696+6529)*2.12/6 =12.9 lb close to zero The embedded depth D = 1.25 + 8.79 = 10.04 ft The design length of sheet pile, L = 10 + 1.2*10.04 = 22.05 ft Use 22 ft

Select sheet pile section: y = {2*(Ha1+Ha2 )/[K(Kp-Ka)]}1/2 ={2*(1917+238.6)/[115*(3-0.333)]}1/2 = 3.75 ft Mmax = Ha1*(h/3+a+y)+ Ha2*(2a/3+y)-K (Kp-Ka)*y3/6 =1917*(10/3+1.25+3.75)+238.6*(2*1.25/3+3.75)-115*(3-0.333)*3.753/6 = 14375 ft-lb/ft Allowable bending stress Fb=32 ksi Required section modulus S = Mmax/Fb = 11680*12/32000= 5.39 in3 /ft Select PMA22 section modulus per foot of wall, S = 5.4 in3/ft

Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil at various depth Design Data: Depth of excavation, h (ft) 10 12 14 16 18 20 Unit weight of soil, g (lb/ft^3) 115 115 115 115 115 115 Internal friction angle, F (degree) 30 30 30 30 30 30 Lateral earth pressure coefficient: Active earth pressure coefficient, Ka 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 Passive earth pressure coefficient, Kp 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 3.000 Earth pressure above excavation: Earth pressure at bottom of excavation, pa (psf) 383.34 460.00 536.67 613.34 690.00 766.67 Active lateral force above excavation, Ha1 (lb/ft) 1916.68 2760.02 3756.69 4906.69 6210.04 7666.71 Depth a (ft) 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 Lateral force Ha2 (lb/ft) 239.58 345.00 469.58 613.33 776.25 958.33 Determine embedment depth: Depth Y (ft) 8.79 10.55 12.31 14.07 15.83 17.59

Foundation analysis and design

Page 10

Sheet pile walls

2012

Pressure p1 (psf) 2695.63 3235.37 3775.11 4314.85 4854.59 5394.33 Pressure p2 (psf) 6529.01 7835.42 9141.84 10448.25 11754.67 13061.08 Depth Z (ft) 2.10 2.52 2.94 3.36 3.79 4.21 Value R (lb) 12.69 3.59 -15.11 -45.85 -91.10 -153.30 Is assumed Y O.K. Y Y Y Y Y Y Required embeded depth, D (ft) 10.04 12.05 14.06 16.07 18.08 20.09 Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) 20.04 24.05 28.06 32.07 36.08 40.09 Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) with 1.2 SF 22.05 26.46 30.87 35.28 39.70 44.11

Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil at various depth

Design data : Depth of excavation,h (ft) Unit weight of soil , g (lb/ft^3) Internal friction angle, F (degree) Lateral earth pressure coefficient: Active earth pressure coefficient, Ka Passive earth pressure coefficient, Kp Earth pressure above excavation : Earth pressure at bottom of excavation, pa (psf) Active lateral force above excavation, Ha1 (lb/ft) Depth a (ft) Lateral force Ha2 (lb/ft) Determine embedment depth : Depth Y (ft) Pressure p1 (psf) Pressure p2 (psf) Depth Z (ft) Value R (lb) Is assumed Y O.K. Required embeded depth, D (ft) Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) Total length of sheet pile, L (ft) with 1.2 SF

10 115 30 0.333 3 383.34 1916.68 1.25 239.58 8.79 2695.63 6529.01 2.1 12.69 Y 10.04 20.04 22.05

12 115 30 0.333 3 460 2760.02 1.5 345 10.55 3235.37 7835.42 2.52 3.59 Y 12.05 24.05 26.46

14 115 30 0.333 3 536.67 3756.69 1.75 469.58 12.31 3775.11 9141.84 2.94 -15.11 Y 14.06 28.06 30.87

16 115 30 0.333 3 613.34 4906.69 2 613.33 14.07 4314.85 10448.25 3.36 -45.85 Y 16.07 32.07 35.28

18 115 30 0.333 3 690 6210.04 2.25 776.25 15.83 4854.59 11754.67 3.79 -91.1 Y 18.08 36.08 39.7

20 115 30 0.333 3 766.67 7666.71 2.5 958.33 17.59 5394.33 13061.08 4.21 -153.3 Y 20.09 40.09 44.11

Foundation analysis and design

Page 11

Sheet pile walls

2012

Cantilever sheet pile wall in cohesive soil

Determine length of sheet piles for stability

Theory: For cohesive soil, friction angle, J = 0, the sheet pile is supported by soil cohesion, C. Because cohesion, the soil can stands by itself at certain height without sheet pile. Since J = 0, lateral earth pressure distributes uniformly below excavation.

Calculating active earth pressure The active and passive lateral earth pressure of soil can be written as Wa=qKa-2CKa, Wp=qKp+2CKp Where C is cohesion of soil and q is surcharge and

Foundation analysis and design

Page 12

Sheet pile walls

2012

Ka=tan2(45-J/2), Kp= tan2(45+J/2) are active and passive lateral earth pressure, and J is internal friction angle.

When friction angle, J = 0, Ka = Kp = 1, and Wa=q-2C and Wp=q+2C If the unit weight of soil is K, the surcharge q at bottom of excavation on the earth side is K*h, then, the lateral earth pressure, pa = K h 2C

The lateral pressure at top of excavation will be 2C. At a distance, d, below the top of excavation, the lateral pressure, Wa=Kd-2C = 0, and d = 2C/K is the free-standing height of soil. The resultant force H a=pa*h/2

Determine lateral earth pressure below excavation

Below the bottom of excavation, the sheet pile is subjected to both active and passive pressure. The active pressure is Wa=Kh-2C. The passive pressure is Wp= 2C, since q = 0 Therefore, the net pressure is p1= Wp-Wa= 2C-(Kh-2C) = 4C-Kh

At the bottom of sheet pile, the sheet pile is subjected to active pressure on the excavation side, and passive pressure on the earth side. The active pressure is Wa=KD-2C, and the passive pressure is Wp=K(h+D)-2C. Therefore, the net pressure is p2= Wp-Wa= KD+2C-[K(h+D)-2C] = 4C+Kh

Derive equation for depth z from Fx = 0

Summarize horizontal forces, we have Fx = Ha Hp1 + Hp2 = 0 Where Ha = pa (h-d)/2, and Hp1 - Hp2 = HBCFO + HEFG Since HBCFO = p1*D, and HEFG = (p1+p2)*Z/2=8C*Z/2 =4C*Z Ha p1*D +4C*Z= 0 Then, Z= (p1*D- Ha)/4C (indicate revision)

Foundation analysis and design

Page 13

Sheet pile walls

2012

Derive equation for embed depth D from Mo = 0

Taking moment about point O at bottom of sheet pile, we have Mo = Ha*[(h-d)/3+D]- p1*D2/2+4C*Z2/3 = 0

Structural design The maximum shear occurs at point B, at the bottom of excavation and or at point D. The maximum moment occurs at a distance y below the bottom of excavation where shear equal to zero. Then, Ha p1*y = 0, therefore, y = Ha/p1 The maximum moment, Mmax=Ha*[(h-d)/3+y]- p1*y2/2 The sheet pile section can be selected based on maximum moment and shear. Design procedure:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Calculate free standing height, d = 2C/K Calculate pa=K(h-d) Calculate Ha=pa *h/2 Calculate p1=4C-Kh Assume a trial depth, D, Calculate Z=(p1 *D-Ha)/(4C) Calculate R=Ha[(h-d)/3+D]- p1 *D2/2+4CZ2/3 If R is not close to zero, assume a new D, repeat steps 5 and 6 The design length of sheet pile is L=h+D*FS, FS=1.2 to 1.4. Calculate y = Ha/ p1. Calculate Mmax=Ha[(h-d)/3+y]- p1 *y2/2 Calculate required section modulus S= Mmax/Fb. Select sheet pile section.

Example 2: Design Cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil. Given: Depth of excavation, h = 10 ft Unit weight of soil, K = 115 lb/ft3 Cohesion of soil, C = 500 psf Internal friction angle, J = 0 degree Allowable design stress of sheet pile, Fb = 32 ksi

Foundation analysis and design

Page 14

Sheet pile walls

2012

Requirement: Design length of sheet pile and select sheet pile section Solution: Design length of sheet pile: The free standing height, d = 2C/K = 2*500/115 = 8.7 ft The lateral pressure at bottom of sheet pile, pa = K(h-d)=115*(10-8.7)=150 psf Total active force, Ha=pa*h/2 = 150*10/2 = 750 lb/ft Assume D = 2.35 ft, p1 =4C-Kh=4*500-115*10 = 850 psf The depth, Z=(p1 *D-Ha)/(4C)= (850*2.77-750)/(4*500) = 0.624 ft R=Ha[(h-d)/3+D]- p1*D2 /2+4CZ2/3 =750*[(10-8.7)/3+2.35]-850*2.352/2+2*500*0.6242/2 = 0.9 The length of sheet pile, L = 10+1.3*2.35 = 13.1 ft Use 14 ft The maximum moment occurs at y = Ha/ p1=750/850 = 0.882 ft The maximum moment, Mmax=Ha[(h-d)/3+y]- p1*y2 /2 = 750*[(10-8.7)/3+0.882]-750*0.8822/2=0.657 kip-ft/ft The required section modulus, S= Mmax/Fb=0.657*12/32=0.25 in3/ft Select sheet pile section, PS28, S = 1.9 in3/ft Close to zero

Anchored sheet pile wall

Topics:
y y

Anchored sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil Anchored sheet pile wall in cohesive soil

Design using free earth support method

Assumptions: 1. Sheet pile is rigid, and lateral deflection is small. 2. The lateral pressure distributes according to Rankines or Coulombs theories 3. The tie back is strong, and sheet pile rotate about the tie rod anchor point at failure. 4. Bottom of sheet pile is free to move.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 15

Sheet pile walls

2012

The embedded depth can be determined by summarizing horizontal earth pressures and moments about the anchor. Fx = 0 Mo = 0 [1] [2]

The difficulty is that the lateral earth pressure is a function of embedded depth. Both equations are highly nonlinear. A trial and error method has to be used to determine the root. For structural design, the sheet pile needs to be able to withstand maximum moment and shear from lateral pressure. A structural analysis needs to be done to determine maximum moment and shear.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 16

Sheet pile walls

2012

Anchored sheet pile wall in cohesionless soil

Design length of sheet pile

Theory Calculating active earth pressure The method for calculating active earth pressure is the same as that in cantilever sheet pile wall. The lateral forces Ha1 is calculated as Ha1=K Ka h2/2+q Ka h The depth a can be calculated as a = pa / K (Kp-Ka) The lateral forces Ha2 can be calculated as Ha2=pa*a/2 Calculating passive earth pressure The slope from point C to E in the figure above is K (Kp-Ka). The passive earth pressure at a depth Y below a is calculated as

Foundation analysis and design

Page 17

Sheet pile walls

2012

Pp = K (Kp-Ka) Y The passive lateral force HCEF = K (Kp-Ka) Y2/2 Derive equation for Y from Mo = 0 Mo = Ha1*y1 + Ha2* y2 HCEF* y3 = 0 Where y1 = (2h/3-b) y2 = (h+a/3-b) y3 = (h+a+2Y/3) The equation needs to be determined by a trial and error process. Determine anchor force T from Fx = 0 Fx = Ha1 + Ha2 HCEF-T = 0 Then, T = Ha1+ Ha2 HCEF

Design size of sheet pile The structural is the same as cantilever sheet piles in cohesionless soil. Maximum moment locates at a distance y below T where shear stress equals to zero. T-K Ka (y+b)2/2=0 Solve for y, we have, y = -b+2*T/(K Ka) The maximum moment is Mmax = T y - K Ka (y+b)3/6 The required section modulus is S = Mmax / Fb The sheet pile section is selected based on section modulus.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 18

Sheet pile walls

2012

Design of tie rod and soldier beam

The sheet pile design above is based on a unit width, foot or meter. The tie back force T calculated from sheet pile design is force per linearly width of sheet pile. The top of sheet pile often supported with soldier beams and tie rods at certain spacing. Assume the spacing of tie rod is s, the tension in the rod is T times s. The required area of tie rod is A = T s / Ft Where Ft is allowable tensile stress of steel and is equal to 0.6Fy in AISC ASD design. The soil beam is designed as a continuous beam that subjected to tie back force T. The maximum moment in the soldier beam is calculated from structural analysis. The required section modulus is equal to S = Mmax / Fb. Design procedure

1. 2. 3. 4.

Calculate lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation, pa and Ha1.

pa = K Ka H, Ha1=pa*h/2

Calculate the length a, and Ha2.

a = pa / K (Kp-Ka), Ha2=pa*a/2

Assume a trial depth Y, calculate HCEF.

HCEF = K (Kp-Ka) Y2/3

Let R = Ha1 *y1 + Ha2 * y2 HCEF* y3

y1 = (2h/3-b) y2 = (h+a/3-b)

Foundation analysis and design

Page 19

Sheet pile walls

2012

y3 = (h+a+2Y/3)

Substitute Y into R, if R = 0, the embedded depth, D = Y + a.

If not, assume a new Y, repeat step 3 to 4.

5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Calculate the length of sheet pile, L = h+F.S.*D, FS is from 1.2 to 1.4. Calculate anchored force T = Ha1+ Ha2 HCEF Calculate y = -b+2*T/(K Ka) Calculate Mmax = T y - K Ka (y+b)3/6 Calculate required section modulus S= Mmax/Fb. Select sheet pile section. Design tie rod Design soldier beam.

Example 3. Design anchored sheet pile in cohesionless soil. Given: Depth of excavation, h = 10 ft Unit weight of soil, K = 115 lb/ft3 Internal friction angle, J = 30 degree Allowable design stress of sheet pile = 32 ksi Yield strength of soldier beam, Fy = 36 ksi Location of tie rod at 2 ft below ground surface, spacing, s = 12 ft Requirement: Design length of an anchored sheet pile, select sheet pile section, and design tie rod Solution: Design length of sheet pile: Calculate lateral earth pressure coefficients: Ka = tan (45-J/2) = 0.333 Kp = tan (45-J/2) = 3 The lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation is pa = Ka K h = 0.333*115*10 = 383.33 psf The active lateral force above excavation Ha1 = pa*h/2 = 383.33*10/2 = 1917 lb/ft The depth a = pa / K (Kp-Ka) = 383.3 / [115*(3-0.333)] =1.25 ft The corresponding lateral force Ha2 = pa*a/2 = 383.33*1.25/2 = 238.6 lb/ft Assume Y = 2.85 ft HCEF = K (Kp-Ka) Y2/3 = 115*(3-0.333)*2.852/3 = 830.3 lb/ft

Foundation analysis and design

Page 20

Sheet pile walls

2012

y1 = (2h/3-b) = (2*10/3-2)=4.67 ft y2 = (h+a/3-b) = (10+1.25/3-2)=8.42 ft y3 = (h+a+2Y/3) = (10+1.25+2*2.85/3) = 13.15 ft R = Ha1 *y1 + Ha2* y2 HCEF* y3 = 1917*4.67+238.6*8.42-830.3*13.15 = 42.5 lb R closes to zero, D = 2.85+1.25 = 4.1 ft Length of sheet pile, L = 10 + 1.2* 4.1 = 14.9 ft Calculate anchor force, T = Ha1+ Ha2 HCEF = 1917+238.6-830.3 = 1326 lb/ft Calculate location of maximum moment, y = -b+2*T/(K Ka) = -2 ft + 2*1326/(115*0.333) = 6.32 ft Mmax = T y - K Ka (y+b)3/6 = 1326*6.32 115*0.333*(6.32+2)3/6 = 4.7 kip-ft/ft The required section modulus S= Mmax/Fb = 4.7*12/32 = 1.8 in3 /ft Use PS28, S = 1.9 in3/ft Design tie rod, the required cross section area, A = T s / (0.6*Fy) = 1.326*12/(0.6*36) = 0.442 in3. Use diameter tie rod, A = 0.442 in3. Design soldier beam: The maximum moment of a continuous beams with 3 or more span is M = 0.1*T s2 = 0.1*1326*122 =19.1 kip-ft Required section modulus, S = M / (0.6*Fy) = 19.1*12/(0.6*36) = 6.4 in3. Use W6x15, S = 9.72 in3. Use 15 ft

Foundation analysis and design

Page 21

Sheet pile walls

2012

Anchored sheet pile wall in cohesive soil.

Theory Calculating active earth pressure Calculation of active earth pressure above excavation is the same as that of cantilever sheet pile in cohesive soil. The free-standing height of soil is d = 2C/K The lateral earth pressure at bottom of excavation, pa = K h The resultant force Ha=pa*h/2 Calculating passive earth pressure For cohesive soil, friction angle, J = 0, Ka = Kp = 1. The earth pressure below excavation, p1= Wp-Wa= 2C-(Kh-2C) = 4C-Kh Assume the embedded depth is D, the resultant force below bottom of excavation is HBCDF = p1*D 2C, where K is unit weight of soil.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 22

Sheet pile walls

2012

Derive equation for D from Mo = 0 Mo = Ha1*y1 HBCDF* y3 = 0 Where y1 = 2(h-d)/3-(b-d) y3 = h-b+D/2 The equation can be determined with a trial and error process. Determine anchor force T from Fx = 0 Fx = Ha1 HBCDF-T = 0 T = Ha1+ Ha2 HCEF

Design size of sheet pile

Maximum moment locates at a distance y below T where shear stress equals to zero. T-K Ka (y+b-d)2 /2=0 Solve for y, we have, y = -b+d+2*T/(K Ka) The maximum moment is Mmax = T y - K Ka (y+b-d)3/6 The required section modulus is S = Mmax / Fb The sheet pile section is selected based on section modulus Design of tie rod and soldier beam Design of tie rod and soldier beam is the same as that of anchored sheet pile in cohesionless soil. Design procedure

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Calculate free standing height, d = 2C/K Calculate pa=K(h-d) Calculate Ha=pa *h/2 Calculate p1=4C-Kh, Assume a value of D, and calculate HBCDF = p1 *D Calculate R= Ha*y1 HBCDF* y3.
Where y1 = 2(h-d)/3-(b-d) y3 = h-b+D/2 If R is not close to zero, assume a new D, repeat steps 5 and 6

7. 8. 9.

The design length of sheet pile is L=h+D*FS, FS=1.2 to 1.4. Calculate anchored force T = Ha HBCDF Calculate y = -b+d+2*T/K

Foundation analysis and design

Page 23

Sheet pile walls

2012

10. 11. 12. 13.

Calculate Mmax = T y - K (y+b-d)3/6 Calculate required section modulus S= Mmax/Fb. Select sheet pile section. Design tie rod Design soldier beam.

Example 4: Design anchored sheet pile in cohesive soil. Given: Depth of excavation, h = 15 ft Unit weight of soil, K = 115 lb/ft3 Cohesion of soil, C = 500 psf Internal friction angle, J = 0 degree Allowable design strength of sheet pile = 32 ksi Yield strength of soldier beam, Fy = 36 ksi Location of tie rod at 2 ft below ground surface, spacing =12 ft. Requirement: Design length of sheet pile and select sheet pile section Solution: Design length of sheet pile: The free standing height, d = 2C/K = 2*500/115 = 8.7 ft The lateral pressure at bottom of sheet pile, pa = K(h-d)=115*(10-8.7)=150 psf Total active force, Ha=pa*h/2 = 150*10/2 = 750 lb/ft p1=4C-Kh = 4*550-115*15 = 275 psf Assume D = 11.5 ft, HBCDF = p1*D = 3163 lb/ft y1 = 2(h-d)/3-(b-d) =2 (15-8.7)/3-(2-8.7) = 10.9 ft y3 = h-b+D/2 = 15-2+11.5/2 = 18.75 ft R= Ha*y1 HBCDF* y3 = 5438*10.9-3163*18.75 = -36 lb The length of sheet pile, L = 15 + 1.2*11.5 = 28.8 ft Close to zero

Use 29 ft

Anchored force per foot of wall, T = Ha HBCDF = 5438 3163 = 2275 lb/ft Calculate location of maximum moment, y = -b+d+2*T/K = -2+8.7+2*2275/115 = 13 ft Maximum moment, Mmax = T y - K (y+b-d)3/6 = 2275*13 115*(13+2-8.7)3 /6 = 24770 lb-ft/ft Required section modulus of sheet pile, S= Mmax/Fb = 22.47*12/32 = 8.4 in3/ft Use PDA 27 section modulus 10.7 in3/ft

Foundation analysis and design

Page 24

Sheet pile walls

2012

Design tie rod Cross section of tie rod required, A = T*s/(0.6*Fy) = 2.275*12/(0.6*36) = 0.91 in2. Diameter of tie rod, d = 4*A/T = 1.08 in Use 1-1/8 diameter tie rod. Design soldier beam Maximum moment in solider beam, Mmax = 0.1*T*s2 = 0.1*2275*122 = 32760 lb-ft Required section modulus, S= Mmax/Fb= 32.76*12/(0.6*36) = 13.1 in3. Use W 8x18, section modulus S = 15.2 in3.

Foundation analysis and design

Page 25