Summary of Chapter 3.

pdf MODERN BIOTECHNOLOGY REVOLUTION Gregor Mendel crossing peas and mice gene dominance and segragation in plants Archibald Garrod proposed gene is responsible for the production of specific protein. Beadle and Tatum experimental proof between genes and enzymes. single gene is responsible for building a single, specific enzyme. Rosalind Franklin double helix structure of the DNA. Barbara McClintock genetic transposition that coul turn genes on or off. cytogenetics: jumping genes or transposons. Herbert Boyer with Robert Swanson: products of recombinant DNA. using restriction enzymes to produce sticky ends on the DNA. Stanley Cohen: plasmids as cloning vector; Boyer: splicing technology. First synthetic insulin using recombinant DNA technology. Robert Swanson first product of Genentech: somatostatin first human protein manufactured in a bacterium. Human growth hormone-releasing inhibitory factor. First recombinant human insulin in E coli. Cesar Milstein synthesis of antibodies. fused antibody-producing B-cells w/ immortalized tumor cells to produce hybridoma churn out antibodies and act like antibody-manufacturing plants. Kary Mullis Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) a technique w/c allowed the amplification of DNA sequences. using a pair of oligonucleotide primers flanking a DNA sequence and using DNA polymerase to drive amplification of the flanked segment of DNA. used heat-resistant enzyme DNA polymerase James Dewey Watson, Francis Crick and Maurice Wilkins structure of DNA double helix. Arthur Kornberg isolating DNA polymerase with Severino Ochoa: synthesizing DNA and RNA.

BIOTECHNOLOGY STORIES Central 1. 2. 3. 1859 Mendelian genetics 1869 Johann Friedrich Miescher: isolated nuclei of WBCs called nuclein [nucleic acid] 1882 Walker Flemming: threadlike bodies during cell division: Waldeyer: chromosomes 1903 Walter Sutton: chromosomes carries genes 1920s-1930s ultracentrifuge was developed 1928 Fred Griffith: Transformation Experiments 1938 Warren Weaver molecular biology, another branch of science 1944 Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, Maclyn McCarty transformation principle is DNA 1945 William Astbury: molecular biology, study of chemical and physical structure of macromolecules. 1952 Alfed Hershey and Martha Chase: Blender Experiment 1950-1953 Rosalind Franklin: X-ray diffraction data using purified DNA samples 3.4nm periodicty and a helical structure 1953 Linus Pauling ang Robert Corey: triple helix DNA structure with phosphates at the centrer. 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick: proposed double helix structure of the DNA 1955 complete sequence of peptide hormone insulin 1957 Matthew Messelson and Frank Stahl: how DNA is replicated in cells 1960 messenger RNA exists 1962 Nobel Prize for Watson, Crick, Wilkins and Franklin[deceased] 1966 triplet code for all living organisms 1960s-1970s DNA sequencing 1967 DNA ligase or joining of DNA fragments 1968 Meselson and Yuan: restriction enzymes from E. coli 1970s discovery of restriction enzymes 900 RE, 230 diff BS. 1971 CaCl2 or heat shock protocol 1972 Berg, Jackson, Symons, Mertz and Davis: joining or ligation of DNA molecules 1973 Boyer, Helling, Cohen and Chang: DNA fragment could be ligated 1977 2 DNA sequencing methods emerged chain termination and chemical degradation 1980 Herbert Boyer: methods of cloning and transformation 1982 human insulin 1990 Chymosin enzyme for milk curdling 1991 Tracey the sheep: gene for therapeutic protein present in its milk 1994 Flavr Savr Tomato: delayed ripening trait 1996-present GM Crops 1997 sheep Dolly: first cloned animal 1998 genome proejct 2002 complete sequencing of human genome Dogma Transcription DNA codes for production of mRNA. Translation mRNA carries coded info to ribosomes that read his info and use it for protein sythesis. Replication DNA replicates its info in a process with many enzymes.

Prokaryotic Genome Plasmid contain genes that confer selective advantage to the organisms Genome of Viruses Viruses reproduce inside another living host cell can not generate their own organic molecule do not grow nor divide

assembled

Single stranded genomes: (+) positive: same polarity ()negative: ambisense Eukaryotic Genome Gene basic unit of heredity. Genome total genetic info in a cell. Exon segment of DNA transcribed and retained Intron segment of DNA transcribed but removed Pseudogenes similar to functional genes but no longer expressed. Cloning Briggs and King: transfer of nucleus from frog blastocyst into enucleated oocyte. John Gurdon: transfer nucleus into enucleated cell and produce tadpoles. Smith and Wilmut: took nuclei from blastocyst of sheem embryo