Exam questions

First questions
Parasympathomimetic drugs and Anticholinesterase agents. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Reversal of cholinesterase inhibition. 2. Parasympathetic antagonists (Anti-muscarinic drugs).Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Contraindications. 3. Ganglionic blockers. Drug names. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Toxicological characteristic of nicotin. 4. Neuromuscular blocking agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Reversal of neuromuscular blockade. 5. Sympathomimetic (adrenergic) agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 6. Sympathetic antagonists. Alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 7. Sympathetic antagonists. Beta-adrenergic blocking agents. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 8. Drugs used in the treatment of arrhythmia. Vaughan-Williams classification of antiarrhythmic drugs. Mechanism of action of class I drugs. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses (according to type of arrhythmia). Adverse effects. 9. Drugs used in the treatment of angina pectoris. Classification. Mechanism of action of nitrates. Pharmacologic effects of nitrates. Therapeutic uses of antianginal drugs. Adverse effects of nitrates and contraindications. Tolerance prevention. 10. Drugs used in the treatment of angina pectoris. Classification. Mechanism of action of calcium channel blockers. Pharmacologic effects of CCBs. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects of CCBs. 11. Drugs used in the treatment of hypertension. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 12. Diuretic agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Management of hypokalaemia. 13. Anticoagulants. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Reversal of anticoagulant effects. 14. Antithrombotic (antiplatelet), thrombolytic and antifibrinolytic drugs. Drug names. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Reversal of fibrinolytic effect. 15. Agents used in the treatment of anemia. Drug names. Pharmacokinetics of iron. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Acute iron poisoning. Maturation factors: actions, uses.
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Drugs used in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Classification. Cardiac glycosides: Pharmacokinetics. Pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Symptoms and treatment of digitalis intoxication. 17. Drugs that interfere with the renin-angiotensin system. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Angiotensin II antagonists (mechanism of action, side effects). 18. Non-narcotic analgesics. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Salicylism. Contraindications to aspirin. 19. Hormones (Glucocorticoids). Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Cautions and contraindications. 20. Insulin. Metabolic effects of insulin deficiency. Mechanism of action. Classification. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drug interactions. Treatment of diabetic coma (ketoacidosis). 21. Drugs for peptic ulcer. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects and drug interactions. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 22. Pharmacological control of asthma. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Choice of asthma treatment (mild, moderate, severe, status asthmaticus). Adverse effects. 23. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 24. Cancer chemotherapy. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drug combinations and toxicity amelioration (prevention). Principles of chemotherapy. 25. Antitussive drugs. Classification. Mechanism of action of expectorants and cough centre suppressants. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects.
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Second questions
General anesthetics. Classification. Theories of narcosis. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effects of inhalational anesthetics. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 2. General anesthetics. Classification. Pharmacologic effects of intravenous anesthetics. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drugs used for preanaesthetic medication. 3. Sedative-hypnotics. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 4. Agents used in the treatment of seizures (Antiepileptics). Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Pharmacological effects. Drug treatment of status epilepticus. Adverse effects. 5. Agents used in the treatment of Parkinsonian disorders. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic effects. Adverse effects. Drug combinations, their efficacy. 6. Antipsychotic agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Dopamine theory. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 7. Mood-Altering drugs (Antidepressants and Lithium salts). Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Pharmacokinetics and toxicity of lithium salts. 8. CNS-stimulants. Drug names. Mechanism of action. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 9. Agents used in the treatment of anxiety. Classification. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Mechanism of action. 10. Narcotic analgesics. Classification. Morphine. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drugs used in the treatment of narcotic toxicity. 11. Antibiotics (Penicillins). Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacokinetics. Antimicrobial spectrum. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 12. Antibiotics (Cephalosporins). Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial spectrum. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 13. Antibiotics (Aminoglycosides). Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial spectrum. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 14. Antibiotics (Tetracyclines). Classification. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial spectrum. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Contraindications. 15. Quinolones and fluoroquinolones. Preparations. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Antimicrobial spectrum. Adverse effects. 16. Antibiotics-macrolides. Preparations. Mechanism of action. Antimicrobial spectrum. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 17. Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Co-trimoxazole, mechanism of action, uses.
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Agents used for treatment of fungus infections. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Advantages itraconazole over ketoconazole. 19. Agents used for treatment of tuberculosis. Principles of TB treatment. Classification. Mechanism of action. Adverse effects. Pharmacokinetics of isoniazid. Drug combinations. 20. Anthelmintics. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 21. Agents used for treatment of protozoal infections. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole. Contraindications to metronidazole. 22. Agents used for the treatment of malaria. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Cinchonism. 23. Agents used for treatment of virus infections. Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 24. Ethyl and methyl alcohols. Pharmacologic effects. Pharmacokinetics. Clinical uses. Toxicological characteristic of alcohol and methanol. Treatment of ethanol and methanol intoxication. 25. Antiseptics and disinfectants. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Properties and useful drug concentrations.
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Third questions
Routes of drug administration. Classification. Advantages and disadvantages of oral administration. Advantages and disadvantages of intravenous route. Examples of drugs used by IV. Advantages and disadvantages of inhalational route. Examples of inhalationally administered drugs. Factors governing choice of route. 2. Pharmacokinetic processes. Mechanisms of drug transport across the membranes. Absorption. Factors affecting absorption. Distribution. Factors affecting distribution. 3. Biotransformation (metabolism). Types of biotransformation reactions. Drugs that inhibit drug metabolizing enzymes. Drugs that induce drug metabolizing enzymes. First-pass (presystemic) metabolism. Factors affecting metabolism. 4. Excretion. Sites of excretion.Mechanisms of drugs excretion. Kinetics of elimination (Cl, t ). First-order kinetics and zero-order kinetics. Factors affecting excretion. 5. Pharmacokinetics. Prolongation of drug action. Pharmacokinetic processes. First-pass metabolism. Enterohepatic circulation. Pharmacokinetic parameters (bioavailability, Vd, Cl, t ). 6. Pharmacodynamics. Principles of drug action. Mechanisms of drug action. Drug-receptor interactions. Combined effects of drugs. Factors modifying drug action. 7. Pharmacodynamics. Types of doses. Drug potency and efficacy. Doseresponse relationship (curve). Combined effects of drugs. Give examples. Factors modifying drug action. 8. Adverse drug effects. Types of adverse reactions. Prevention of adverse effects to drugs. General supportive and symptomatic treatment of poisoning. Idiosyncrasy. Tolerance. Give examples. Hypersensitivity. Give examples. 9. Adverse drug effects. Drug dependence. Give examples of drugs that cause dependence. Drug abuse. Give examples of drugs of abuse. Drug withdrawal reactions. Give examples of drugs that cause withdrawal symptoms. Teratogenicity. Give examples of drugs that are teratogenic. Drug induced diseases. Give examples of drugs that induce diseases. 10. Principles of drug interactions. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions. Give examples. Inhibitors and inductors of microsomal enzymes. Patients who are at the high risk of drug interactions. Drug interaction with alcohol. 11. Water-soluble vitamins. Classification. Physiological functions. Therapeutic uses. Adverse reactions. Source, pharmacokinetics. 12. Fat-soluble vitamins. Classification. Physiological functions. Therapeutic uses. Adverse reactions. Source, pharmacokinetics. 13. Drugs affecting Calcium balance. Drug names. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Treatment of hypercalcaemia.
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Oxytocin and drugs acting on the uterus. Classification. Oxytocin: mechanism of action and pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects and contraindications. Uterine relaxants, actions and uses. 15. Hormonal contraceptives. Types of oral contraceptives. Mechanism of their action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Contraindications. 16. Drugs used in the treatment of Gout. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Pharmacological effects. 17. Emetics, antiemetics and prokinetics. Classifications. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 18. Drugs affecting GI water flux and motility (laxatives and anti-diarrhoeal). Classification. Mechanism of action. Pharmacokinetics. Uses. Adverse effects. Principles of constipation treatment. 19. Oral hypoglycemic agents. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drug interactions. 20. Local anesthetics. Classification according to duration of action. Mechanism of action. Pharmacological effects. Therapeutic uses (based on types of local anesthesia). Prolongation of local anaesthetics action. Adverse effects. 21. Drugs used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Classification. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Choice of drug according to type of hyperlipidemia. Adverse effects. Drug interactions. 22. Hormones. Pituitary hormones. Physiologic role and effects. Classification. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Drugs causing hyperprolactinaemia. 23. Thyroid hormones. Antithyroid agents. Drug names. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Mechanism of action. Treatment of myxedema coma and thyroid storm. 24. Hormones (Estrogens, Antiestrogens, Progestines, Antiprogestines). Drug names. Pharmacologic effects. Mechanism of action. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. 25. Hormones (Androgens, Antiandrogens). Drug names. Pharmacologic effects. Therapeutic uses. Adverse effects. Anabolic steroids: preparations, side effects.
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