INTRODUCTION: This design of sewerage scheme is concerned with the FUTURE VISION HOUSING SOCIETY.

This society is located on the left bank of upper Chenab canal. This society is build for the peoples of Jhelum to facilitate and to introduce a new construction with safety. From the drawing we can see that the location of future vision housing society is ideal because the main Jhelum road is passing near the society. The main purpose of design is to provide the separate system of waste water system for the residents of society. RELATED THEORY:
SEWAGE: It is the liquid waste or wastewater produced as a result of water use. SEWER: It is a pipe or conduit which carries sewage. It is generally closed but

normally not flowing full.

SEWERAGE: It refers to the collection, treatment and disposal of wastewater. SOURCES OF WASTE WATER:

There are three sources of waste water. y Domestic waste water It is wastewater from residential buildings, offices, hotels and institutions etc. y Industrial waste water It includes the liquid discharges from industrial processes. y Storm water It include surface run off generated by rainfall and the street wash. TYPES OF SEWERS: 1) Sanitary Sewer: Sewer which carries sanitary sewage i.e., wastewater originating from a municipality including domestic and industrial wastewater. 2) Storm Sewer: It carries storm sewage including surface run off and street washes and any other wastes which may be discharged into the streets or onto the ground. 3) Combined Sewer: It carries both sanitary and storm sewage. 4) Submain Sewer collects flow from one or more laterals or house sewers.
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5) House Sewer is a pipe conveying wastewater from an individual structure to a common sewer or some other point of disposal. 6) Lateral Sewer is a common sewer with no tributary flow except from house sewers. 7) Main/Trunk Sewer collects flow from several sub mains as well as lateral and house sewers. 8) Force Mains are pressurized sewer lines which convey sewage from a pumping station to another main or to a point of treatment or disposal. 9) Outfall Sewer receives discharge from all collecting system and convey it to the point of final disposal (e.g., a water body etc). TYPES OF SEWER SYSTEMS 1. Separate System: If storm sewage is carried separately from domestic and industrial wastewaters, the system is called separate system. 2. Combined System: It is the system in which sewers carry both sanitary as well as storm sewage. 3. Partially Combined System: If some portion of storm or surface run off is allowed to be carried along with sanitary sewage, the system is known as partially combined system. PEAK SEWAGE FLOW:
The peak sewage flow is obtained by increasing the average sewage flow by a factor that is known as Peak Factor. The purpose is to increase the sewage value only that to tackle the uncertainties in the future. PEAK FACTOR: According to WASA design criteria the peak factor is generally taken as

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SPACING OF MANHOLE
The spacing of manhole should be sufficient that the following purposes can be obtained y Cleaning y Inspection y House connection The manholes are provided at y Change in sewer direction y Change in diameter y Change in slope y Also at joints According to WASA design criteria the spacing of the manhole should be such that

INVERT LEVEL The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer is known as the INVERT LEVEL at that cross section.

SIGNIFICANCE:
Sewers must be laid at a particular slope to attain self cleansing velocities. The required slope (while laying the sewers) is achieved through calculations of invert levels.

Invert Level = NGSL/RL Depth of Sewer Thickness of Sewer Dia of Sewer USMAN ILYAS 08-CIVIL-31

INVERT LEVEL CALCULATIONS

SINGLE SEWER: y U/S Invert Level = NGSL/RL Depth of Sewer Thickness of Sewer Dia of Sewer y D/S Invert Level = U/S Invert Level Drop (Length x slope) TWO OR MORE SEWERS OF SAME SIZE: When equal dia sewers discharge in a manhole and the same dia sewers receives the total discharge, LOWEST D/S I.L. among the discharging sewers will be carried as U/S I.L. for the receiving sewer. SEWERS OF DIFFERENT SIZE: When receiving sewer dia is greater than the discharging sewer; y Keep the crowns at the same level y Drop the U/S I.L. of the receiving sewer by the difference in the dia of the two sewers.

FALL: It is defined as the depression of sewer line w.r.t a horizontal surface is known as fall.
Fall FALL

JOINTS: It the point at which the two lengths of pipes are connected to each other. The main purpose is to provide joints to obtain required length of pipes. Joints are necessary to provide in the laying of system of pipes. Types: There are two main types of joint is commonly use in the sewer pipes. Bell and spigot joint: This is the type of joint in which on end of pipe in the shape of bell and the other side of the pipe is spigot. These joints are generally employed for sewers of 225mm to 600mm diameter pipe.
SPIGOT
1 : 2 CEMENT SAND MORTAR

FLOW RUBBER RING

BELL

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Tongue and groove joint: This is the type of joint in which the edges of the pipes are reduced in thickness from both side. On one side male and on other side female shape of joint is provided on a single pipe. And after that the joint is filled with cement mortar.
1 : 2 CEMENT SAND MORTAR

FLOW RUBBER RING

DESIGN FLOW: The system which we are designing is a partially combined system so the design flow will be the average flow is considered. Average sewage flow = Pf x water consumption x 0.8/1000 For sanitary sewer: QDSN = peak sewage flow + infiltration For Partially combined sewer: QDSN = 2 x peak sewage flow + infiltration According to WASA criteria: QDSN = 2 x peak factor x average flow + infiltration (m3/day)

SEWER MATERIAL: Types of Pipes based on material y PVC y AC y PCC y RCC y C.I y Steel y Clay

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PCC Pipes: y Normally used for small storm drains and sanitary sewers. y Made in three classes with three wall thicknesses. y Sizes: 100 mm 610 mm. y Concrete pipes > 610 mm in size are reinforced. RCC Pipes: y Normally used for combined, large storm drains and sanitary sewers in urban areas. y Made in five classes with two wall thicknesses in class-I and three wall thicknesses in other four classes. Dimensions available for RCC pipes are shown in Table.

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SEWER BEDDINGS
Provision of proper bedding is very important; y In developing the strength of the pipe y Assuring it is laid to the proper grade y Preventing subsequent settlement. In unfavorable soil conditions, bedding is particularly important.

Load Factor:
Load Factor expresses the increase in strength of sewer by provision of proper bedding.

SEWER BEDDINGS IN LAHORE (WASA)

DESIGN EQUATION: Mannings equation is used for sewer flowing under gravity. V = (1/n) x R2/3 x S1/2 Where V = Average velocity of flow m/sec R = Hydraulic mean radius = A/P m S = Slope of the channel bed n = Mannings coefficient of roughness for pipe (n = 0.013 for RCC pipes)

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MINIMUM VELOCITY: The minimum velocity should be maintained to attained selfcleaning velocity. The main purpose is to provide minimum velocity is that the suspended solids which is present in the sewage does not settle down and if the settle it will block the sewer pipe. The following minimum velocities are generally employed. Sanitary sewer 0.6 m/sec Storm sewer 1.0 m/sec Partially combined sewer 0.7 m/sec The minimum velocity should be attain once in 24 hours MAXIMUM VELOCITY: It is the velocity at which that can allowed in the sewerage system but after that the velocity is generally not employed because if we allow the velocities greater than the permissible value it will arrowed the internal surface of the sewer pipe and that will be harmful to the system. The velocity should not be more than 2.4 m/sec. MINIMUM SEWER SIZE: According to WASA and PHED the minimum diameter of the sewer pipe should not be less than 225 mm. the sewers are generally available multiple of 75 mm. The main purpose of providing this diameter is to avoid chocking of sewer with bigger seizes objects thrown through manholes i.e. bricks, soles, utensils etc.

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DESIGN PROCEDURE:

1. Find out the present population of the project area. Then find the design population from the given design period. Afterwards find average sewage flow for the design population. Using this average sewage flow for design population, select peak factor for your project area form table #01 2. Draw the layout of the sewer system keeping in view the layout of the roads and streets (Represent each sewer with a line and manhole with a dot) 3. Number the manhole and identify each sewer line (Like M1M2, M2M3, etc) 4. Allocate Plots or Area to each sewer line. 5. Measure the length of each sewer line as scale of your map. Also show direction of flow in sewer line with an arrow. 6. By adopting per capita sewage flow as 80-85% of water consumption, calculate average sewage flow and infiltration for each sewer line. For this design problem take infiltration rate as 5% of sewage flow. 7. Calculate the peak sewage flow and finally the design flow for the sewer line. 8. Using the method of back calculation, find approximate diameter and slope for your sewer assuming that the sewer is flowing full. For back calculation choose a suitable design table with a suitable self cleansing velocity. 9. In the end find the invert level for all the sewers and complete the table of calculation called HYDRAULIC STATEMENT (Note: A lot of care should be exercised in calculating the invert levels otherwise the whole scheme may fail due to incorrect levels)

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DESIGN DATA: No. of plots No. of apartments No. Of flats Design period Persons/plot Persons/apartment Persons/flat Population( persons) = 281 =3 =3 = 25 years Present ( 2011 ) 7 400 200 3767 At design period ( 2036 ) 10 600 400 5810

Present population (Pp) = 7x281+3x400+3x200 = 3767 persons Future Population ( Pf ) = 10x281+3x600+3x400 = 5810 persons Annual population growth rate k Design population (Pd) Pd Design population (Pd) Total area Population density Per capita water consumption Average sewage flow = 2.1% (for Pakistan) = = 5709 persons = 5810 persons = 110160 m2 = Pf / total area = 0.052 person/m2 = 300 + 31 = 331 lpcd = Pf x water consumption x 0.8/1000 = 5810 x 331 x 0.8/1000 = 1538.4 m3/day Peak factor from table Peak Flow =4 = 4x 1538.4 = 6154 m3 / day (m3/day)

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CONCLUSIONS: 1. The sewage which obtains form flats and apartments are directly connected to the nearest manholes. 2. In this design 80 % of the total water supplied has to be considered as sewage flow. 3. During the laying of sewer pipes provide the stone bedding because the load factor is 1.9. 4. The manholes are the simple manholes. 5. In this design the pumping rate is considered equal to the maximum sewage flow. 6. In the sewer pipe bell and spigot joint is use. 7. the n=0.013 for RCC pipe which is use in the design of sewerage system. REFERENCES y Sir GHULAM HUSSIAN lecture notes. y McGhee, T.J (1990) water supply and sewage (McGraw hill books corporation, London)

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