Lay Out Of Scheme

EPANET:

EPANET is a public-domain, water distribution system modeling software package developed by the States Environmental Water Supply and Water Resources Division. It performs extended-period simulation of hydraulic and water-quality behavior within pressurized pipe networks and is designed to be "a research tool that improves our understanding of the movement and fate of drinking-water constituents within distribution systems EPANET first appeared in 1993.

FEATURES:
EPANET provides an integrated environment for editing network input data, running hydraulic and quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of formats. EPANET provides a fully equipped and extended period of hydraulic analysis that can handle systems of any size. The package also supports the simulation of spatially and temporally varying water demand, constant or variable speed pumps, and the minor head losses for bends and fitting. The modeling provides information such as flows in pipes, pressures at junctions, propagation of a contaminant, chlorine concentration, water age, and even alternative scenario analysis. This helps to compute pumping energy and cost and then model various types of valves, including shutoffs, check pressure regulating and flow. A network can consist of pipes, nodes (pipe junctions), pumps, valves and storage tanks or reservoirs. EPANETs water quality modeling functionality allows users to analyze the movement of a reactive or nonreactive tracer material which spreads through the network over time. It rates the reactive material as is grows, tracks the percentage of flow from the given nodes. The package employs the global reaction rate coefficient which can be modified on a pipe-by-pipe basis. The storage tanks can be modeled as complete mix, plug flow or two-compartment reactors. The visual network editor of EPANET simplifies the process of building piping network models and editing their properties. These various types of data reporting visualization tools are used to assist to analyze the networks, which include the graphics views, tabular views, and special reports.

ABOUT EPANET:

Original author(s) Developer(s)

Lewis A. Ross man United States Environmental Protection Agency(USEPA, Cincinnati, Ohio)

Stable release

2.0.12 / Feb 14, 2008

Development status Active Written in C Programming Language(engine) / Object Pascal(User Interface) Operating system Available in Type License Website Windows English Engineering Simulation None(Public domain) http://www.epa.gov/nrmrl/wswrd/d w/epanet.html

CAPABILITIES:

EPANET provides a fully equipped, extended-period hydraulic analysis package that can: Handle systems of any size

Compute friction head loss using the Hazen-Williams, the Darcy Weisbach, or the Chezy-Manning head loss formula

Include minor head losses for bends, fittings, etc. Model constant or variable speed pumps Compute pumping energy and cost Model various types of valves, including shutoff, check, pressure regulating, and flow control Allow storage tanks to have any shape (i.e., surface area can vary with height) Consider multiple demand categories at nodes, each with its own pattern of time variation Model pressure-dependent flow issuing from emitters (sprinkler heads) Base system operation on simple tank level or timer controls as well as on complex rule-based controls

In addition, EPANET's water quality analyzer can: Model the movement of a non-reactive tracer material through the network over time Model the movement and fate of a reactive material as it grows (e.g., a disinfection by-product) or decays (e.g., chlorine residual) over time Model the age of water throughout a network Track the percent of flow from a given node reaching all other nodes over time Model reactions both in the bulk flow and at the pipe wall Allow growth or decay reactions to proceed up to a limiting concentration Employ global reaction rate coefficients that can be modified on a pipe-by-pipe basis Allow for time-varying concentration or mass inputs at any location in the network Model storage tanks as being complete mix, plug flow, or two-compartment reactors

Units of Measurement

LOCATION:

We are designing the WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM (WDS) for the housing society Future vision housing society IEER UET LAHORE situated near Upper Chenab Canal in Gujrat. WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM TERMS: Water Distribution Systems The purpose of distribution system is to deliver water to consumer with appropriate quality, quantity and pressure. Distribution system is used to describe collectively the facilities used to supply water from its source to the point of usage.

Minimum Residual Pressure : The pressure required to reach the farthest point in community is called min.residual pressure. If pressure is less in pipes than the MRP then the dia. of pipes should be increased that decreases the velocity and head loss. Per capita Water consumption: Water consumed by one person in one day is called per capita water consumption. Usually it is represented as LPCD ( liters per capita per day) Peak Factor: Ratio of Maximum flow to average flow is called Peak factor. Maximum head loss: The maximum value of energy loss per unit weight in water distribution system is called as maximum head loss. Time period: The water distribution system for scheme is designed for 25 years (2011-2036) to fulfill water requirements. Requirements of Good Distribution System 1. Water quality should not get deteriorated in the distribution pipes.

2. It should be capable of supplying water at all the intended places with sufficient pressure head. 3. It should be capable of supplying the requisite amount of water during fire fighting. 4. The layout should be such that no consumer would be without water supply, during the repair of any section of the system.
5. All the distribution pipes should be preferably laid one metre away or above the sewer lines.

Layout of water distribution system: The layout of the water distribution system depends upon the layout of the city roads and streets in a particular community or society. Following are the listed various layout types of the Water distribution system. 1) 2) 3) 4) Tree branch or the dead end system Grid iron or the loop system.

Components of water distribution system: Pump to lift water to elevated storage tank Turns on and off based on water level in tank Tank feeds distribution grid Demands applied at junctions

Methods of water distribution system:

Gravity distribution system Pumping without storage Pumping with storage

Gravity distribution system:

Pressure for fire fighting may require pumps. Low Gravity distribution system is possible only when the source is located substantially above the level of the city.

High lying area needed to be isolated to prevent excessive Pressure.

Pumping with storage

Excess water pumped during period of low consumption is stored in elevated tank. During period of high consumption, the stored water is drawn upon the augument the pumped water. This method allows constant pumping rate.

Pumping without storage It is the least desirable method It provides no reserve flow, community is left without water in the case of power failure High power costs are required to meet the peak hourly demand. A valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of

Valves:

a fluid (gases, liquids, fluidized solids, or slurries) by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways. Valves are technically pipe fittings, but are usually discussed as a separate category. In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. Valves are used in a variety of contexts, including industrial, military, commercial, residential, and transport. The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation, mining, water reticulation, sewerage and chemical manufacturing.[citation needed] In daily life, most noticeable are plumbing valves, such as taps for tap water. Other familiar examples include gas control valves on cookers, small valves fitted to washing machines and dishwashers, safety devices fitted to hot water systems, and valves in car engines. In nature, veins acting as valves are controlling the blood circulation; heart valves control the flow of blood in the chambers and maintain the correct pumping action. Like in case of human body, in industry too, the valves play a very vital role, be it transportation of drinking water, or control of ignition in a rocket engine. Valves may be operated manually, either by a handle, lever or pedal. Valves may also be automatic, driven by changes in pressure, temperature, or flow. These changes may act upon diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valves fitted to hot water systems or boilers.

Types of valves: Valves can be categorized into the following basic types:

Ball valve: for on/off control without pressure drop, and ideal for quick shut-off since a 45 turn offers complete shut-off angle, compared to multiple turns required on most manual valves.

Butterfly valve: for flow regulation in large pipe diameters. Ceramic Disc valve: used mainly in high duty cycle applications or on abrasive fluids. Ceramic disc can also provide Class IV seat leakage Check valve: or non-return valve, allows the fluid to pass in one direction only.

Choke valve: a valve that raises or lowers a solid cylinder which is placed around or inside another cylinder which has holes or slots. Used for high pressure drops found in oil and gas wellheads. Diaphragm valve: some are sanitary predominantly used in the pharmaceutical and food-industry. Gate valve: mainly for on/off control, with low pressure drop.

Globe valve: good for regulating flow.

Knife valve: for slurries or powders on/off control. Butterfly valve: for flow regulation in large pipe diameters.

Needle valve: for accurate flow control. Pinch valve: for slurry flow regulation. Piston valve: for regulating fluids that carry solids in suspension. Plug valve: slim valve for on/off control but with some pressure drop. valve: used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems. Pressure Relief Valves:

Valve controlled by wheel:

Components of valves:

English: Cross-sectional diagram of an open globe valve. 1) Body 2). Ports 3). Seat 4). Stem 5). Disc when valve is open 6). Handle or hand wheel when valve is open 7). Bonnet 8). Packing 9). Gland nut 10). Fluid flow when valve is open 11). Position of disc if valve were shut 12). Position of handle or hand wheel if valve were shut

Pipe Network Analysis

Analysis of water distribution system includes determining quantities of flow and head losses in the various pipe lines, and resulting residual pressures. In any pipe network, the following two conditions must be satisfied: 1. The algebraic sum of pressure drops around a closed loop must be zero, i.e. there can be no discontinuity in pressure. 2. The flow entering a junction must be equal to the flow leaving that junction; i.e. the law of continuity must be satisfied. Based on these two basic principles, the pipe networks are generally solved by the methods of successive approximation. The widely used method of pipe network analysis is the Hardy-Cross method. Types of pipes: Cast iron pipes Steel pipes Ductile pipes Galvanized iron pipe Concrete pipes PVC pipes

Water Quantity Estimation: The quantity of water required for municipal uses for which the water supply scheme has to be designed requires following data:
1. Water consumption rate (Per Capita Demand in litres per day per head)

2. Population to be served.
Quantity= Per capita demand x Population

Water Consumption Rate: It is very difficult to precisely assess the quantity of water demanded by the public, since there are many variable factors affecting water consumption. The various types of water demands, which a city may have, may be broken into following classes:

Water Consumption for Various Purposes: Types of Consumption Normal Range (lit/capita/day) Average %

1 2 3 4

Domestic Consumption 65-300 Industrial and Commercial Demand 45-450 Public Uses including Fire Demand 20-90 Losses and Waste 45-150

160 135 45 62

35 30 10 25

Factors affecting per capita demand:

a. Size of the city: Per capita demand for big cities is generally large as compared to that for smaller towns

as big cities have sewered houses. b. Presence of industries. c. Climatic conditions. d. Habits of people and their economic status. e. Quality of water: If water is aesthetically $ medically safe, the consumption will increase as people will not resort to private wells, etc. f. Pressure in the distribution system.
g. Efficiency of water works administration: Leaks in water mains and services; and unauthorised use of water can be kept to a minimum by surveys.

Design Periods & Population Forecast This quantity should be worked out with due provision for the estimated requirements of the future . The future period for which a provision is made in the water supply scheme is known as the design period. Design period is estimated based on the following: Useful life of the component, considering obsolescence, wear, tears, etc. Expandability aspect. Anticipated rate of growth of population, including industrial, commercial developments & migrationimmigration. Available resources. Performance of the system during initial period.

Population Forecasting Methods

The various methods adopted for estimating future populations are given below. The particular method to be adopted for a particular case or for a particular city depends largely on the factors discussed in the methods, and the selection is left to the discretion and intelligence of the designer. Arithmetic Increase Method Geometric Increase Method Incremental Increase Method Decreasing Rate of Growth Method Simple Graphical Method Comparative Graphical Method Ratio Method

Logistic Curve Method

Design Data: Description Persons / Plot Persons / Apart. Persons / Flat Present Population 7 400 200
Design population (2031): Pf = 13(281) + 748(3) + 374(3) = 7019 Persons Per capita water consumption: = 375 Average design flow: = Pf * Per capita water consumption = 7019 * 375 = 30.464 L/sec Maximum daily demand: = 1.5* A.D.D = 1.5 * 30.464 = 45.696 L/sec Peak hourly flow: = 2.25 * A.D flow = 68.54 L/sec

Future Population 14 748 374