Doordarshan

DOORDARSHAN
Industrial Training Report Submitted in the partial fulfillment of requirement for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
In

Electronics and Communication Engineering

Submitted By Rachit Sharma (En. No 291 /07) Submitted to M/s.Arpanjeet Kour Lect. ECE Deptt.

Department of Electronics And Communication Engineering

MAHANT BACHITTAR SINGH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY JAMMU. (J&K) 2010

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

COMPANY CERTIFICATE

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the I.T. report entitled DOORDARSHAN is a record of my own work carried out as per requirements for the award of degree of B.E (E&CE) at Mahant Bachittar Singh College of Engineering & Technology Jammu, during a period from June 15, 2010 to July 15, 2010 at DDK, Jammu.

Date: 21/10/2010 No291/07)

Rachit Sharma (En.

Certified that the above statement made by student is correct to the best of my knowledge and belief.

Mr. Jamini Sharma Ms.Arpanjeet Kour (H.O.D. E&CE) Teacher Incharge) (Seminar Coordinator/

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and foremost, I would like to thank my respected parents, who always encouraged me and taught me to think and workout innovatively what so ever be the field of life. My sincere thanks goes to Mr.Balbir Singh (ASE Doordarshan) for his prodigious guidance, persuasion, and painstaking attitude, reformative and prudential suggestion throughout my industrial training schedule. Special thanks go to Mr. T.K Koul . Who helped me a lot in giving various information about DDK Jammu and enlightened me with the knowledge of Transmission equipments. Last but not the least, my sincere thanks to all the staff members and friends for instilling in me a sense of self-confidence and encouraging me be the best in whatever I opt to do. Rachit Sharma (En. No 291/07)

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

ABSTRACT
The vocational training provides an essential step towards making future engineers familiar with the practical aspects of their field work. During the training a trainee gets an opportunity to relate the theoretical knowledge with practical operation. I feel privileged for the opportunity of undergoing the training at Doordarshan Jammu. This report is an attempt to put in words our study of various steps that are followed in video signal processing and transmission in the three basic departments of Doordarshan, that is Studio, Earth Station, Transmitter. This report also includes the description of satellite communication along with the various methods like PAL-D and HD mechanisms

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

LIST OF FIGURES

S.No.

Figure

Page No.

1. Television 2. Typical modern plasma modern screen T.V. 3. Logo of doordarshan 4. Schematic of vidicon 5. Actual vidicon tube 6. Parabolic reflector 7. Terrestrial Antenna 8. Block diagram of T.V. transmitter 9. Pal Video Transmitter 10. Spectrum of a system I television channel with PAL color 11. Oscillogram of composite PAL signal 12. Blanking signal 13. Visual level diagram 14. Oral level diagram 15. Satellite communication 16. Satellite network 17. Inside OB van 18. OB van 19. Block diagram of OB van

1 3 4 7 7 10 11 13 14 16 16 17 20 21 24 25 25 26 26

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

LIST OF TABLES
S.No. Table Page No.

1. 2. 3.

PAL signal details Vertical timings Standard HD video modes

17 18 27

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

CONTENTS
TITLE Certificate Declaration Acknowledgement Abstract List of figure List of tables CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION
1.1 HISTORY 1.2 DOORDARSHAN 1.2.1 BEGINNING 1.2.2 NATIONWIDE TRANSMISSION

PAGE NO i ii iii iv v vi 1
2 4 4 5

CHAPTER 2 PROGRAMMER CONTROL ROOM (PCR)

2.1 STUDIO (CAMERA SECTION) 2.2 VIDEO TAPE RECORDER (VTR) 2.3 STUDIO SECTION 2.3.1 AUDIO SUB CARRIER FREQUENCY 2.4 EARTH STATION 2.4.1 MICROWAVE PARABOLIC REFLECTOR

6
6 7 8 8 9 9

CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITTER
3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF A TV TRANSMITTER 3.2 CHARACTERISTICS 3.3 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION 3.4 CONSTRUCTION 3.5 PAL 3.5.1 COLOUR ENCODING
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

12
12 13 14 15 15 17
8

Doordarshan

3.5.2 PAL SIGNAL DETAILS 3.5.3 PAL B/G/D/K/I 3.6 DESCRIPTION 3.7 EXCITER SECTION 3.7.1 VISUAL EXCITER SECTION 3.7.2 WORKING 3.7.3 AURAL EXCITER SECTION

19 19 19 19 19 20 20

CHAPTER 4 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

4.1 POLARIZATION 4.2 DOWNLINK FREQUENCY IN GHZ (GIGA HERTZ) 4.3 O.B. VAN (OUTSIDE BROADCASTING VAN)

22
25 25
27

CHAPTER 5 FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 HIGH-DEFINITION VIDEO 5.2 HD CONTENT

REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

Doordarshan

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO TELEVISION

. Fig. 1.1 Television Television (TV) is a widely used telecommunication medium for transmitting and receiving moving images that are either monochromatic ("black and white") or color, usually accompanied by sound. "Television" may also refer specifically to a television set, television programming or television transmission. The word is derived from mixed Latin and Greek roots, meaning "far sight": Greek tele, far, and Latin visio, sight. Commercially available since the late 1920s, the television set has become common in homes, businesses and institutions, particularly as a source of entertainment and news. Since the 1970s the availability of video cassettes, laserdiscs, DVDs and now Blu-ray Discs, have resulted in the television set frequently being used for viewing recorded as well as broadcast
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 10

Doordarshan

material. In recent years Internet television has seen the rise of television available via the Internet, eg iPlayer and Hulu.

1.1 HISTORY
In its early stages of development, television employed a combination of optical, mechanical and electronic technologies to capture, transmit and display a visual image. By the late 1920s, however, those employing only optical and electronic technologies were being explored. All modern television systems rely on the latter, although the knowledge gained from the work on electromechanical systems was crucial in the development of fully electronic television. The first images transmitted electrically were sent by early mechanical fax machines, including the pantelegraph, developed in the late nineteenth century. The concept of electrically powered transmission of television images in motion was first sketched in 1878 as the telephonoscope, shortly after the invention of the telephone. At the time, it was imagined by early science fiction authors, that someday that light could be transmitted over wires, as sounds were. The idea of using scanning to transmit images was put to actual practical use in 1881 in the pantelegraph, through the use of a pendulum-based scanning mechanism. From this period forward, scanning in one form or another has been used in nearly every image transmission technology to date, including television. This is the concept of "rasterization", the process of converting a visual image into a stream of electrical pulses. In 1884 Paul Gottlieb Nipkow, a 23-year-old university student in Germany, patented the first electromechanical television system which employed a scanning disk, a spinning disk with a series of holes spiraling toward the center, for rasterization. The holes were spaced at equal angular intervals such that in a single rotation the disk would allow light to pass through each hole and onto a light-sensitive selenium sensor which produced the electrical pulses. As an image was focused on the rotating disk, each hole captured a horizontal "slice" of the whole image. Nipkow's design would not be practical until advances in amplifier tube technology became available. The device was only useful for transmitting still "halftone" imagesrepresented by equally spaced dots of varying sizeover telegraph or telephone lines. Later designs would use a rotating mirror-drum scanner to capture the image and a cathode ray tube (CRT) as a display device, but moving images were still not possible, due to the poor sensitivity of the selenium sensors. In 1907 Russian scientist Boris Rosing became the first inventor to use a
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 11

Doordarshan

CRT in the receiver of an experimental television system. He used mirror-drum scanning to transmit simple geometric shapes to the CRT.

Fig. 1.2 Typical modern plasma-screen television set. Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the transmission of moving silhouette images in London in 1925, and of moving, monochromatic images in 1926. Baird's scanning disk produced an image of 30 lines resolution, just enough to discern a human face, from a double spiral of lenses. This demonstration by Baird is generally agreed to be the world's first true demonstration of television, albeit a mechanical form of television no longer in use. Remarkably, in 1927 Baird also invented the world's first video recording system, "Phonovision": by modulating the output signal of his TV camera down to the audio range, he was able to capture the signal on a 10-inch wax audio disc using conventional audio recording technology. A handful of Baird's 'Phonovision' recordings survive and these were finally decoded and rendered into viewable images in the 1990s using modern digital signalprocessing technology. In 1926, Hungarian engineer Klmn Tihanyi designed a television system utilizing fully electronic scanning and display elements, and employing the principle of "charge storage" within the scanning (or "camera") tube. By 1927, Russian inventor Lon Theremin developed a mirror-drum-based television system which used interlacing to achieve an image resolution of 100 lines. Also in 1927, Herbert E. Ives of Bell Labs transmitted moving images from a 50-aperture disk producing 16 frames per minute over a cable from Washington, DC to New York City, and via radio from Whippany, New Jersey. Ives used viewing screens as large as 24 by 30 inches (60 by 75 centimeters). His subjects included Secretary of Commerce Herbert Hoover.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

12

Doordarshan

In 1927, Philo Farnsworth made the world's first working television system with electronic scanning of both the pickup and display devices, which he first demonstrated to the press on 1 September 1928. The first practical use of television was in Germany. Regular television broadcasts began in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcast to television stations in Berlin and Leipzig where the public could view the games live. In 1936, Klmn Tihanyi described the principle of plasma television, the first flat panel system. Mexican inventor Guillermo Gonzlez Camarena also played an important role in early television. His experiments with television (known as telectroescopa at first) began in 1931 and led to a patent for the "trichromatic field sequential system" color television in 1940, as well as the remote control.

1.2 DOORDARSHAN

Fig. 1.3 Logo of Doordarshan Doordarshan is the public television broadcaster of India and a division of Prasar Bharati, a public service broadcaster nominated by the Government of India. It is one of the largest broadcasting organizations in the world in terms of the infrastructure of studios and transmitters. Recently, it has also started Digital Terrestrial Transmitters. On September 15 2009, Doordarshan celebrated its 50th anniversary. 1.2.1 BEGINNING Doordarshan had a modest beginning with the experimental telecast starting in Delhi on 15 September 1959 with a small transmitter and a makeshift studio. The regular daily transmission started in 1965 as a part of All India Radio. The television service was extended to Bombay (now Mumbai) and Amritsar in 1972. Up until 1975, only seven Indian cities had a television service and Doordarshan remained the sole provider of television in India.
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 13

Doordarshan

Television services were separated from radio in 1976. Each office of All India Radio and Doordarshan were placed under the management of two separate Director Generals in New Delhi. Finally Doordarshan as a National Broadcaster came into existence. 1.2.2 NATIONWIDE TRANSMISSION National telecasts were introduced in 1982. In the same year, colour TV was introduced in the Indian market with the live telecast of the Independence Day speech by the then prime minister Indira Gandhi on 15 August 1982, followed by the 1982 Asian Games which were held in Delhi. Now more than 90 percent of the Indian population can receive Doordarshan (DD National) programmes through a network of nearly 1,400 terrestrial transmitters. There are about 46 Doordarshan studios producing TV programs today.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

14

Doordarshan

CHAPTER 2 PROGRAMMER CONTROL ROOM (PCR)

The programmer control room is one of the essential blocks of DDK. It can be termed as recording Centre for the programmer. The live telecast of the programmer such as news, interviews etc. also take place here. This is one among the major sections of DDK and involves a number of technical and non- technical persons. Recording takes place according to a predetermined schedule called programed schedule. The PCR of DDK Jammu is double storied building having in it three studios and their control rooms. It lies just opposite to Administration and has constructed 30 years ago. The PCR consists of following three sections: 1. Studio. 2. Video Tape Recorder. 3. Audio Section.

2.1 STUDIO (CAMERA SECTION)

Studio is the room where a program is performed and recorded using cameras. The studio number of these lights may reach 50 in order to cover the whole of the studio usually the no. of cameras used is three. A typical camera is shown on the following page. Various set are made. The selection of particular set depends on the type of program that cameras are assigned the numbers i.e. camera 1, camera 2 etc. The position of camera is so adjusted that we get different views from each camera. It is he who adjusts the settings of the camera and people who perform as per the instructions of the program producer instructions to start, silent atmosphere is created and every body prepares for the final go. The video signal sent to VTR via Optical fiber cables.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

15

Doordarshan

Fig 2.1 Schematic of Vidicon

Fig 2.2 Actual Vidicon Tube

2.2 VIDEO TAPE RECORDER (VTR)

It stands for videotape recorder. VTR is an essential section of PCR. This is in fact the main recording room having co-ordination with both the studio as well as Audio section. This section is controlled by producer and his assistant. Here the output of all the cameras is
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 16

Doordarshan

provided to producer to make the selection of the shots. It is there from where the producer can communicate with every person involved in recording. VTR mainly consists of a video console, which is used for shot selection and a recording's apparatus used for recording of the final program. Different control knobs on video-console are output of different cameras. A particular shot that has to be selected and recorded out of various cameras is decided by the producer himself and accordingly he gives instructions to his assistants for the same. A summary of the program that is to be recorded is lying with the producer. He prepares in advance a list of shots that are to be inserted at different positions and as the program runs it is up to him to make the shot selection by going through his summary. The making and the final shape of a program depends on how effectively the producer shots selection on VTR. There is a fixed time period allowed for recording each program. Weekly schedule of programs is framed in advance and recording proceeds according to that schedule. In Doordarshan Kendra Jammu usually four programs are recorded each day by protective producers.

2.3 STUDIO SECTION

2.3.1 AUDIO SUB CARRIER FREQUENCY These are for analog channels.The column shows the audio frequencies. The video signal of vision channel is transmitted on the channel.The frequency given in the "GHZ" column accompanying sound signal is transmitted at a sub carrier of that video (main) frequency. The sub carrier frequency is given in MHz (Megahertz). A single frequency entry in this column represents Mono sound, while two frequencies separated by "& ", represent Stereo sound. Two or frequencies without "&", represent different Mono sound carriers. For digital channels this column gives the Tele text PID Audio section as the name indicates is the part of the PCR that produces noise free 'Q signals to the VTR for recording. This section is controlled by two technicians. It consists of audio console and echo inserter. The use of echo inserter is optional and depends on the nature program. Audio console in it contains the control knob of gains of various mikes that are present studio. Out of the various mikes present in studio the no. of mikes and there nature is selected in section. The audio signal from the studio is given to is a maintaining section and no recording takes place of amplifiers and then finally to console where it is checked for the noise. The gain meters on audio console gives an idea of the noise level present in the signal. The reading should not cross the
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 17

Doordarshan

zero db. if does, it brought back by control knobs on the console. There is a matrix of connections and a particular choice activates a particular set of connections. The coordination of various persons involved in the recording of a program is done e help of head phones and mikes.

2.4 EARTH STATION

An Earth Station is actually a Satellite linker which forms an essential block of DDK ar. The programs that are recorded at PCR are played in this block at their respective s. These programs are up linked to a particular satellite after passing-them through a series of amplifiers and multipliers. The Earth Station in a sense is a transmitter however; it differs from the terrestrial in terms of frequency and operation. While the function terrestrial transmitter is to signals into ionosphere for their reception by local areas, the Earth Station uplinks the satellite for their reception by large area. The frequency band is isn MHz for terrestrial Transmitter while as it's in GHz for the Earth Station. The transmission system for DDK Kashirs both the Digital as well as Analog. The frequency analysis of DD Jammu is given below. The difference n uplink and downlink frequency is 2225MHz. There are both digital as well as analog available for DD Kashir. Analog Uplink Frequency = 6006MHz. Analog Downlink Frequency = 6006 -2225 = 3781MHz. Digital Uplink Frequency = 6025MHz. Digital Downlink Frequency = 6025 -2225 = 3800MHz. Difference between downlink frequencies for Analog and Digital = 3800-3781 = 19 MHZ. Difference of 19 MHZ. is responsible for the early reception of analog signal rather than digital signal. But it is well known the clearness of reception of digital over analog signal. Our country is using the service of this satellite on the rental basis and has to pay lacks of rupees same. 2.4.1 MICROWAVE PARABOLIC REFLECTOR Radio Frequency Systems offers the most comprehensive line of highest quality microwave antennas in the industry. Antennas are available in all the common frequency bands ranging from 3GHz to 60GHz. They are available in diameters from 1 feet (0.3 m) to 15 feet (4.60 m). System design becomes easy and efficient with such a comprehensive antenna offering.
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 18

Doordarshan

The antennas are available in four performance classes offering complete flexibility when designing a network. The antennas meet the pattern requirements according to EN 302 217 and FCC depending on the frequency range. In addition to the different electrical classes of antennas Radio Frequency Systems offers the system design engineers different options of survival wind speeds. This allows the use of antennas in areas where extreme wind conditions are normal.

Fig 2.3 parabolic reflector

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

19

Doordarshan

Fig 2.4 Terrestrial antenna

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

20

Doordarshan

CHAPTER 3 TRANSMITTER
3.1 GENERAL FEATURES OF A TV TRANSMITTER
1. TYPE: -PCN-810 AL. 2. RATING: -10 KW. 3. STATUS: -VHF. All of the visual modulator and visual exciter of the visual transmitter and the aural ulator and aural exciter of the aural transmitter are composed of transistors and ICs. They use no tubes at all. As compared with the conventional transmitter, therefore, it features easier maintenance and higher reliability. Unlike the conventional Grid modulation system, the video carrier is modulated by Diode balanced modulator while the audio carrier is modulated by Varactor Reactance modulator at intermediate Frequency (IF). This gives lowest modulating level as well as lower nonlinear distortion. This results in excellent color.

3.2 CHARACTERISTICS
1. 'The video carrier is modulated in IF band by the VSB filter in built in the visual modulator. It is compact in nature. A typical NEC VSB filter section is of the dimensions 120(W) x70(D) x80(H). 2. The VSB filter section has a built in phase compensator which compensates phase distortion in AF region of the VSB filter. 3. In a conventional TV transmitter a phase compensator is inserted in the video signal input distortion of the phase. 4. However, even if the phase compensation is even if the phase compensation is accomplished in the frequency band of the video signal it is impossible to compensate the non linearity of the phase completely. Therefore, in a demodulated video signal, discreteness occurs near 1 MHz. 5. Circulators are used between cascaded visual power amplifier stages for impedance matching ensures maximum and safe power transmission between two stages 6. Aural transmitter is capable of double broadcasting. The aural modulation is of the reactance FM modulation system so that it has excellent frequency deviation
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 21

Doordarshan

characteristics, requires less multiple stages. It has excellent distortion factor and AF characteristics 7. Cooling is maintained using blowers. This can be led via floor surface or top of the transmitter. 8. The devices have protective relays and are also protected by an inter lock circuit which s the transmitter to be started only according to a predetermined sequence

3.3 FORWARD ERROR CORRECTION

It is only applicable for digital transmissions. The FEC (Forward Error Correction) indicates how are used for the actual signal, and how many for correction of errors. A FEC of 1 Byte out of 2 is used for error correction, while a ratio of 7/8 means 7 Bytes are used for actual signal, and only one for error correction. A FEC of 1/2 gives as perfect as reception, since every Byte containing actual signal is controlled by another Byte en a provider chooses a FEC of 7/8 it means he is not wasting any bandwidth at the cost of delivering a signal. The lower amount of error correction means that more sophisticated equipment receiving end (for example a more stable and sensitive LNB, or higher reserves e needed compared to the same transmission using a FEC of .

Fig. 3.1 Block Diagram of TV Transmitter

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

22

Doordarshan

Fig. 3.2 Pal Video Transmitter

3.4 CONSTRUCTION
The transmitter consists of two frames as shown facing the front. The left frame accommodates the s and P A panel while the right frame accommodates Visual Last Stage power amplifiers In addition plate voltage transformer, silicon rectifier and blower are installed outside the frame. DIMENSIONS WIDTH: 2450 mm. DEPTH: 800 mm. HEIGHT: 2100 mm WEIGHT: 1500 kg (app.)

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

23

Doordarshan

3.5 PAL
Television encoding systems by nation; countries using the PAL system is shown in blue. PAL, short for Phase Alternate Line, is an analogue television encoding system used in broadcast television systems in many countries. Other common analogue television systems are SECAM and NTSC. 3.5.1 COLOUR ENCODING The basics of PAL and the NTSC system are very similar; a quadrature amplitude modulated subcarrier carrying the chrominance information is added to the luminance video signal to form a composite video baseband signal. The frequency of this subcarrier is 4.43361875 MHz for PAL, compared to 3.579545 MHz for NTSC. The SECAM system, on the other hand, uses a frequency modulation scheme on its two line alternate colour subcarriers 4.25000 and 4.40625 MHz. The name "Phase Alternating Line" describes the way that the phase of part of the colour information on the video signal is reversed with each line, which automatically corrects phase errors in the transmission of the signal by cancelling them out, at the expense of vertical frame colour resolution. Lines where the colour phase is reversed compared to NTSC are often called PAL or phase-alternation lines, which justifies one of the expansions of the acronym, while the other lines are called NTSC lines. Early PAL receivers relied on the imperfections of the human eye to do that cancelling; however this resulted in a comblike effect known as Hanover bars on larger phase errors. Thus, most receivers now use a chrominance delay line, which stores the received colour information on each line of display; an average of the colour information from the previous line and the current line is then used to drive the picture tube. The effect is that phase errors result in saturation changes, which are less objectionable than the equivalent hue changes of NTSC. A minor drawback is that the vertical colour resolution is poorer than the NTSC system's, but since the human eye also has a colour resolution that is much lower than its brightness resolution, this effect is not visible. In any case, NTSC, PAL and SECAM all have chrominance bandwidth (horizontal colour detail) reduced greatly compared to the luminance signal.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

24

Doordarshan

Fig. 3.3 Spectrum of a System I television channel with PAL colour.

Fig. 3.4 Oscillogram of composite PAL signals - several lines. The 4.43361875 MHz frequency of the colour carrier is a result of 283.75 colour clock cycles per line plus a 25 Hz offset to avoid interferences. Since the line frequency is 15625 Hz, the colour carrier frequency calculates as follows: 4.43361875 MHz = 283.75 * 15625 Hz + 25 Hz. The original colour carrier is required by the colour decoder to recreate the colour difference signals. Since the carrier is not transmitted with the video information it has to be generated locally in the receiver. In order that the phase of this locally generated signal can match the transmitted information, a 10 cycle burst of colour subcarrier is added to the video signal shortly after the line sync pulse but before the picture information, during the so called back porch. This colour burst is not actually in phase with the original colour subcarrier but leads it by 45 degrees on the odd lines and lags it by 45 degrees on the even lines. This swinging burst enables the colour decoder circuitry to distinguish the phase of the R-Y vector which reverses every line.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

25

Doordarshan

3.5.2 PAL SIGNAL DETAILS Table 1: PAL-B/G signal has following features. Parameter Clock frequency* Bandwidth Horizontal sync polarity Total time for each line Front porch (A) Sync pulse length (B) Back porch (C) Active video (D) *(Total horizontal sync time 12.05 s) After 0.9 s a 2.250.23 s colourburst of 101 cycles is sent. Most rise/fall times are in 25050 ns range. Amplitude is 100% for white level (white colour on a monochrome receiver), 30% for black, and 0% for sync. The CVBS electrical amplitude is Vpp 1.0 V and impedance of 75 . Value 14.8 MHz 5.0 MHz Negative 64.000 s 1.65+0.40.1 s 4.70.20 s 5.70.20 s 51.95+0.40.1 s

Fig. 3.5 Blanking Signal

The composite video (CVBS) signal used in analogue television systems M and N before combination with a sound carrier and modulation onto an RF carrier. Table 2 Vertical timings
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 26

Doordarshan

Parameter Vertical lines Vertical lines visible Vertical sync polarity Vertical frequency Sync pulse length (F)* Active video (H) *(Total vertical sync time 1.6 ms)

Value 313 (625 total) 288 (576 total) Negative (burst) 50 Hz 0.576 ms (burst) 18.4 ms

As PAL is interlaced, every two fields are summed to make a complete picture frame. Luminance, Y, is derived from red, green, and blue (R'G'B') signals.

Y = 0.299R' + 0.587G' + 0.114B'

U and V are used to transmit chrominance. Each has a typical bandwidth of 1.3 MHz.

U = 0.492(B' Y) V = 0.877(R' Y)

Composite PAL signal = Y + Usin(t) + Vcos(t) + timing where = 2FSC. Subcarrier frequency FSC is 4.43361875 MHz (5 Hz) for PAL-B/D/G/H/I/N. An interesting comparison can be made with the VGA signal, the most notable differences being the double horizontal sweep time and interlace mode.

3.5.3 PAL B/G/D/K/I The majority of countries using PAL have television standards with 625 lines and 25 frames per second, differences concern the audio carrier frequency and channel bandwidths. Standards B/G are used in most of Western Europe, standard I in the UK, Ireland, Hong

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

27

Doordarshan

Kong and Macau, standards D/K in most of Central and Eastern Europe and Standard D in mainland China. Most analogue CCTV cameras are Standard D. 7-MHz channels are used in VHF (B, D) and 8-MHz channels in UHF (G, K, I), although Australia used 7-MHz channels in UHF and Ireland uses 8-MHz channels in VHF.

3.6 DESCRIPTION
This TV transmitter consists of an exciter section consists, Visual and Aural Power Amplifier section(A), Visual Last stage P A section (B) and external devices. It delivers 1.0KW output and 2-2.5KW aural output. The power supply and control Circuits of this transmitter are common to both visual and aural transmitters. Parts of power supply: 1. Main Power Supply AC 200V (3-P) 50/60 Hz.
2. Internal illumination & receptacle Power Supply AC IOOV (I-P) 50/60 Hz.

3.7 EXCITER SECTION

The exciter section consists of fully solid-state visual and aural exciters and s the subsequentstage vacuum Power Amplifier section. 3.7.1 VISUAL EXCITER SECTION The main components in the construction of visual exciter section are as below: 1. Visual Modulator. 2. IF Attenuator. 3. VSB Filters Phase-Compensator. 4. Mixer. 5. Output Filter. 6. Local Crystal Oscillator. 7. Visual Transistor P A & Power Supply. 3.7.2 WORKING The input video signal is Amplitude Modulated (AM) by the visual modulator to obtain the wave {Video Intermediate Frequency- VIF). The modulated wave is level adjusted by r and is passed through a VSB filter to reduce unwanted LSB. Phase changes in cutoff of the VSB
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 28

Doordarshan

filter is compensated at the phase compensator. This output is fed to them with the local crystal oscillator output, (frequency) for conversion into the required frequency. After the reduction of the spurious components by the next output filter, it is applied to the Visual power Amplifier to obtain sufficient output for excitation of the next stage power amplifier. 3.7.3 AURAL EXCITER SECTION The main components in the construction of Aural Exciter Section are as below: 1. Aural Modulator.
2. Aural Transistor.

3. Local Crystal Oscillator & Power Supply. Modulated wave (aural IF, f IAF), frequency modulated with audio signal, is obtained by the aural This modulated wave is applied to aural P A for multiplication by n to obtain sufficient output for exciting the next stage Power Amplifier System

Fig 3.6 visual level diagram

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

29

Doordarshan

Fig. 3.4 Aural Level Diagram

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

30

Doordarshan

CHAPTER 4 SATELLITE COMMUNICATION

In satellite communications, the use of orbiting satellites is to provide communication links in various points on earth. Communication satellites provide telephone, television, and data s between widely separated fixed locations. The technique basically involves transmitting from an earth station to a satellite. Equipments on board of the satellite receive the signals, them, and transmit them to a region of the earth. Receiving stations within this region pick signals, thus providing the communication link. Satellites provide communication links via microwave radio, most commonly in the super high frequency band of 3 to 30 GHz. (3 billion to 30 billion hertz, or cycles per second). These frequencies correspond to wavelengths ranging from 10 cm to 1 cm (4 inches to 0.4 inches). Radio this short diverges along straight lines in narrow beams, rather than propagating in an in spherical wave front in the manner of longer wavelengths. In order to communicate via radio, therefore, transmitters and receivers must be situated within line of sight of one another. On land, this can be achieved by using towers on hilltop locations, but microwave communication across oceans is not possible without use of satellites. The specific frequency bands open to civilian satellite communications are assigned by the, International Telecommunication Union, based in Geneva, Switzerland. Each band consists of an (Earth-to-satellite) frequency and a Downlink (satellite-to-Earth) frequency. The two bands that have been in use longest, and still carry the most traffic, are the C band, with uplink frequencies centered on 6 GHz and downlink frequencies centered on 4 GHz, and the Ku band, uplink/downlink frequencies centered on 14/11 GHz. In order to relay signals in these frequencies, a typical communication satellite is equipped with a number of transponders. Each transponder consists of a receiver tuned to the uplink band, a frequency shifter to the received signals to the downlink band, and a power amplifier to produce an adequate sitting power.

4.1 POLARIZATION
One frequency can be used twice by using two opposing polarizations, so that the two signals on the two identical frequencies do not interfere with each other doubles the actual number of channels that can be transmitted in the satellite's frequency range. One way of transmitting a signal is in linear polarization, the other way by rotating circular polarization. For the latter
M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 31

Doordarshan

imagine that the signal is transmitted like the thread of a screw. Therefore, there are two polarization modes. H =Horizontal, and "V" = Vertical, for linear polarized signals. R=Right hand circular, and "L" = Left hand circular, for rotating/circularly polarized signals Sometimes in North America the expression "reversed polarity" is in use. Often, rotating signals are used in C-Band and linear signals in Ku-Band, but there are no rules to this. Usually but not always -the frequencies in use on the opposing polarities are separated from each other to minimize any remaining influences. Satellite: THAICOM.-3(78.5 degrees). Transponder: 50. Polarization: Horizontal. Downlink Frequency: 3600 MHZ. Symbol rate: 26.66 7MSy /sec. Status: Digital Free to air. The most common source of microwave power for transmitting signals from communication satellites is the traveling-wave tube amplifier, the only remaining representative of U- turntube technology in satellites. Solid-state power amplifiers present an economical motive mainly for lower power transmissions. Solar cells are the universal source of electric er in operational Satellites. The cells can be placed on flat panels that radiate outward from the y of the satellite, or they can cover the satellite's cylindrical surface. Power is stored in nickelcadmium or nickel-hydrogen batteries. The strength of a signal received by an Earth station depends partly on the transmitting power of satellite and partly depends on the size of the receiving antenna in comparison to the area by the microwave beam. Since the transmitter power of a satellite is limited by considerations of weight and service life, it is advantageous to employ a narrow beam, pointed y towards those regions with which communication is desired. In order to accomplish this focus, the satellites antenna must be quite large-as much as 2.5m i.e. approx. 8 feet .A typical satellite antenna is parabolic in shape its concave surface reflecting microwave energy that is directed towards it by a complex array of feed horns.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

32

Doordarshan

The satellite used by DDK is Insat2-E. This satellite does not belong to India itself; therefore, the service is n contract basis. May be in near future we may be using our own satellites for the above thus making our country self-reliant in this aspect. Currently India uses the European Meteosat-5 for its forecasting requirements. India's failed INSAT originally provided this service. INSAT satellites are equipped with Very High Resolution Radiometers (VHRR) in addition to their primary communication payload. However, Most developed problems, and the only one working is on the aging Insat ID. The Geo-sync birds, with a much higher orbit, compared to the Polar orbited Insat. India uses the European weather Satellite INSAT which unfortunately was expected de-orbited by end 2001. Hence India has set up a new Insats program, & its launch, on a carsh, to ensure we have a GEO Insats before Insats gets decommissioned. The number of Indian satellites to be launched over the next two years is seven. The Indian metrological satellite insat will not be launched into a polar orbit. Despite its rather name, India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSL V) will actually put Met sat into any Transfer Orbit. If successful, this will bring India into the elite league of countries launch Geo-sync Satellites. The Indian government has approved plans by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) to advanced remote sensing satellite, Cartosat 2, which will have an optical resolution of 1 meter. Cartosat 2 was to be put in orbit by India's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSL V) in 2003 or 2004. Cartosat 1 (IRS-P5,) to be launched in 2002, will offer a resolution of 2.5 meters. Earlier Indian Satellites offered a resolution of only 5.8 meters. Cartosat 2 will cost Rs 230 Crores, which is about Rs 20 Crores less than the technically inferior Cartosat's cost of Rs 250 Cores.

Fig 4.1 satellite communications

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

33

Doordarshan

Fig 4.2 Satellite network

4.2 DOWNLINK FREQUENCY IN GHZ (GIGA HERTZ)

The frequency the satellite uses to beam the transmission down to Earth. This is known as link" frequency -as opposed to the frequency used to send the transmission to the first report place, which is known as the "uplink" frequency. There are two main frequency se; the CBand with downlink frequencies in the 3 and 4 GHz range, and the Ku-Band frequencies in the 10, 11 and 12 GHz range. 1 GHZ =1000 MHz = 1000000 kHz = 1000000000 Hz. (Hz = Hertz). Example: 3.456 GHz = 3456 MHZ

4.3 O.B. VAN (OUTSIDE BROADCASTING VAN)

Fig 4.3 Inside O.B. Van

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology 34

Doordarshan

Fig 4.4 O.B. VAN

Fig 4.5 Block Diagram of O.B. VAN

The mobile vans can be used for direct news gathering from anywhere. It can uplink or downlink the signal from satellite from anywhere, so they provide live telecast of any event.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

35

Doordarshan

CHAPTER 5 FUTURE SCOPE

Till now Doordarshan was using PAL-D system for colour TV transmission. But now recently it has planned to introduce high definition technology with starting of Common Wealth Games, Delhi 2010.

5.1 HIGH-DEFINITION VIDEO

High-definition video or HD video refers to any video system of higher resolution than standard-definition (SD) video, and most commonly involves display resolutions of 1,280720 pixels (720p) or 1,9201,080 pixels (1080i/1080p). This article discusses the general concepts of high-definition video, as opposed to its specific applications in television broadcast (HDTV), video recording formats (HDCAM, HDCAM-SR, DVCPRO HD, D5 HD, AVC-Intra, XDCAM HD, HDV and AVCHD), the optical disc delivery system Blu-ray Disc and the video tape format D-VHS. Table 3 Standard high-definition video modes Video mode Frame size in pixels (WH) 720p 1080i 1080p 1,280720 1,9201,080 1,9201,080 Pixels per image 921,600 2,073,600 2,073,600 Scanning type Progressive Interlaced Progressive 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72 25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94 fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s) 23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60 Frame rate (Hz)

5.2 HD CONTENT
High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (BD), internet downloads and the latest generation of video game consoles.
1.

Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over VGA, DVI, and/or HDMI.The optical disc standard Blu-ray Disc can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. DVDs look best on screens that are smaller than 36 inches (91 cm), so they are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

36

Doordarshan

(HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc. Although, it is a very expensive technology but, with technical progress in this field it is becoming cheaper day by day and easily accessible.

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

37

Doordarshan

REFERENCE/BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.antennasdirect.com/ http://electroschematics.com/46/simple-tv-transmitter-schematic http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PAL

M.B.S College of Engineering. and Technology

38