Chapter 7: Conservation of Energy A ___________ is a collection of particles.

_________________ are any forces exerted by particles not in the system on other particles in the system. ________________ are those forces exerted by particles in the system on other particles in the system. The change in energy of a system is equal to the total work done on it by external forces. *We define the potential energy of a system so that the change in the potential energy of the system equals the negative of the total work done by all internal conservative forces (chap 6): *If no external forces do work on the system, and if the internal conservative forces are the only internal forces that do work, then the work they do equals the change in the systems kinetic energy (chap 6): *Because the change in the systems potential energy equals the negative of the change in its kinetic energy, the sum of the potential and kinetic energies does ________ ________. This is known as the ________________ ____ ___________ _____________________. The usefulness of mechanical energy conservation is limited by the presence of nonconservative forces like __________. When ____________ ____________ is present, the mechanical energy of the system does not stay the same but instead decreases (often lost to ___________ __________, usually a increase in temperature occurs, which is a form of kinetic and potential energy at the molecular level). Whenever the energy of a system changes, we can account for the change by the appearance or disappearance of energy somewhere else. Ex: chemical energy, sound energy, thermal energy, electromagnetic energy, nuclear energy,.. This experimental observation is known as the _____________ ______________________________, one of the most fundamental and

important laws in all of science. Although energy __________ from one form to another, it is never _______________ ____ __________________. Section 7-1: The Conservation of Mechanical Energy The sum, K system + U system , is called the total mechanical energy or Emech. Emech = Ksystem + Usystem The mechanical energy of a system is conserved (Emech = constant) if the total work done by all external and internal nonconservative forces is zero: Emech = K system + U system = This is called the conservation of mechanical energy. The conservation of mechanical energy implies that: Emechi = Emechf or K i + U i = K f + U f Keep in mind that U can have two different forms (chap 6): 1) and 2)

Example 1) A Revolutionary War soldier fires a cannon from the top of a 17.0m high cliff with an initial velocity of 56.0m/s @ an angle of 40 degrees with respect to the horizontal. A) find the maximum height of the cannonball above the ground. B) find the speed of the cannonball just before it hits the ground (assume no air resistance).

Example 2) A pendulum consists of a bob of mass m attached to a string of length L. The bob is pulled aside so that the string makes an angle of 0 with the vertical, and is released from rest. As it passes through the bottom of the arc, find expressions for the speed and the tension in the string.

*Notice: the tension at the bottom of the arc is __________ than the weight of the bob. Why? Example 3) A spring is hung vertically so that when a mass of 0.150kg hangs from it, it stretches 8.00cm. That mass is removed and replaced with another unknown mass. The new mass on the unstretched spring is allowed to fall from rest. If the maximum distance the mass falls is 15.5cm, find the unknown mass.

**Ug is converted to _________________. At the bottom, Us = ______________________.

Example 4) Engineers are trying to design a new rollercoaster via a computer system. It starts as a typical rollercoaster where the cart begins from a hill 50.0m high. Just before the cart is about to enter the loop, a heavy mass is dropped from the cart. This in turn causes the cart to gain 35% of its speed. If the diameter of the loop is 70.0m high (loop starts on the ground), and neglecting any energy losses due to friction of all forms, will the cart make it over the top of the loop?

*Mechanical energy conservation can be used as an alternative to Newtons laws for solving certain mechanics problems. If we dont care about time, often it is easier to solve problems this way.

Section 7-2: The Conservation of Energy In the real world, dissipative nonconservative forces tend to __________the mechanical energy of the system. However, this __________ in mechanical energy is accompanied by a corresponding ____________ in ___________ energy. * With kinetic friction: Rubbing your hands together. * Force involved with the deformation of objects: When stretching and unstretching a rubberband, it ____________________. Dropping an unhappy ball on the floor. It becomes warm as it deforms. For the ball-earth-floor system, the total energy is the sum of the thermal energy and the mechanical energy. The total energy of the system is conserved even though neither the total mechanical energy nor the total thermal energy are individually conserved. * Force associated with chemical reactions: When we include systems in which chemical reactions take place, the sum of mechanical plus thermal energy is not conserved. Ex: You begin running from rest: Kinitial = Internal muscle E is converted to: The sum of the ______________, ___________, and ____________ is conserved. Even when thermal energy and chemical energy are included, the total energy of the system does not always remain constant, because energy can be converted to radiation energy, like _________ or __________________ waves. But, the increase or decrease in energy can always be accounted for by the _____________________ or ________________________ of energy somewhere else. This experimental result is called the law of conservation of energy.

The Law of Conservation of Energy:

where Wexternal may be either positive or negative. If it is positive, energy ________________, and if it is negative, energy __________. Ex: or Reminder ______________ so the equation above could be written:

Ei + Wexternal = E f

or it could be written:

Problems Involving Kinetic Friction: When surfaces slide across each other kinetic friction, Ff, ______________ the mechanical energy of the system and increases the ___________ energy. Ex: vi Ff The increase in thermal energy of the block-table system above due to the dissipation of the systems mechanical energy is:

where Ff is the frictional force and x is the change in displacement. Substituting this result into the conservation of energy we obtain: or: This is true when friction is the ONLY external work done on the system (there is no external __________ or ____________).
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Example 5) You push a 6.0kg box, which is initially at rest on a horizontal table, a distance of 5.05m with a force of 45.9N applied at an angle of 35.5 degrees above the horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the box and the table is 0.19. Find: a) the external work done on the block-table system by you.

b) the energy dissipated by friction.

c) the final kinetic energy of the box.

d) the speed of the box.

Example 6) An ice-skater is coasting on a horizontal icecovered pond with an initial speed of 5.08m/s. If the coefficient of friction between the skates and the ice is 0.090, how far will the skater travel before coming to rest?

Example 7) The 2.00kg block slides down a frictionless curved ramp, starting from rest at a height of 3.00m. When it reaches the horizontal surface below it the block slides 9.000m on a rough horizontal surface before coming to rest. a) What is the speed of the block at the bottom of the ramp?

b) What is the energy dissipated by friction?

c) What is the coefficient of friction between the block and the horizontal surface?