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federal governments Adult Migrant English Program (AMEP); the Language, Literacy and Numeracy Program (LLNP); and the Humanitarian Settlement Services (HSS) program. The AMEP and HSS are funded by the Department for Immigration and Citizenship and the LLNP is funded by the Department for Education, Employment and Workplace Relations. The DIAC report found that second-generation humanitarian settlers who have better English have lower levels of unemployment and higher levels of workforce participation. For example, a total of 195,477 firstgeneration humanitarian entrants born in Australia had a high proficiency in spoken English, with 7.7 per cent unemployment and a 70.2 per cent participation rate in the Australian labour force in 2006. This is compared with 10,416,233 Australia-born people, with a 4.9 per cent unemployment rate and 67.1 per cent participation rate. The same report goes on to say that, with time, the workforce participation level of humanitarian entrants converges towards the Australian average. In second-generation migrants, there is an increase in the labour force participation rate and a decrease in the unemployment rate. Census data shows that the unemployment rate decreases and the labour participation rate increases with greater proficiency in spoken English. The three programs delivered by Navitas assist on that journey to the economic, social and civic participation of migrants and refugees. Navitas delivers the AMEP to newly arrived migrants and refugees. Through the AMEP, Settlement Language Pathway to Employment and Training focused courses are delivered by Navitas by the Employment Pathways Unit (EPU). On top of the 510 hours of free English already offered to migrants, these courses provide an additional free 200 hours of English learning, with vocational training and importantly work experience, to prepare refugees and migrants for employment and/or further study. These courses cover a large variety of occupations such as retail, warehouse preparation, forklift driving, childcare and many more. The training, teaching and learning component is conducted at Navitas and AMEP Consortium partners colleges. The practical component is done at the work experience placement relevant to the clients experience, training and goals. Our experience has shown that the key elements in achieving successful outcomes for people is the realistic assessment with the client of their learning and employment pathway and support to the client and employer during the work experience phase. Among the employment success stories there are many individual, inspiring stories of migrants and refugees who are now successfully participating in the workforce and making a contribution to both the Australian economy and community. Mansour Alnabati came to Australia last year from Iran as a refugee. After completing a Customer Service course at Macquarie Community College in Blacktown this year, he used his newly gained customer service and communication skills to secure employment in a business administration position. Alaa Abu Jayyab trained as an industrial engineer in Iran, worked as a project co-ordinator in Abu Dhabi and as a quality engineer in Jordan. After migrating to Australia and completing work experience with Marrickville Council, she impressed her employer so much that they offered her employment. Abu Jayyab had recently completed a Workplace Communications for Qualified Professionals course at the Navitas College, Parramatta. Both Alnabati and Abu Jayyab secured fulltime employment within a short period of finishing these Employment Pathways courses. Michael Cox is Navitas English general manager, government programs. He manages two DIAC funded programs: the Adult Migrant English Program and the Humanitarian Settlement Services. He also manages the language, literacy and numeracy program, funded by DEEWR.