CCNA ***Switching*** //STP// -STP/802.1d (50 seconds convergence) -RSPT/802.

1w (faster convergence) -BPDU sent every 2 seconds (to elect Root Bridge) -Root Bridge = Bridge with lowest Bridge ID (Bridge Priority + Bridge MAC) -Election of path to root bridge is done by means of BW -All ports in a Root Bridge are Designated Ports (Forwarding) -In a Nonroot Bridge, the port leading to the Root bridge is called Root Port (F orwarding), other ports leading to Root bridge are called Nondesignated Ports (B lock) *Comamands: sh spanning-tree ***Routing*** *Administrative Distance Directly connected = 0 Static = 0 EIGRP (Hybrid) = 90 IGRP (BW & Delay) = 100 OSPF (Link State) = 110 RIP (Hop Count) = 120 (Every 30 seconds) *Split Horizon Do not advertise a route back from where it was received *Route Poisoning If a network becomes unavailable, send a triggered update to all the neighbors w ith that network using an infinite metric. *Poison Reverse If a route poisoning message is received, send that route poisoning back to the sender (confirmation). RIP v1 - Classful v2 - Classless - Multicast 224.0.0.9 - Authentication Advertise every 30 seconds Enabled in an interface basis *Configuration router rip network NETWORK-NUMBER version 2 no auto-summary passive-interface INTERFACE <-- Do NOT send updates on this interface *Commands sh ip protocols sh ip route debug ip rip //OSPF// -OSPF uses hello packets (Link State Advertisements) -Creates a Topological Database -Uses multicast 224.0.0.5 (Designated Router replies with 224.0.0.6) -Enabled in an interface basis (we need to include a network command that matche s all interfaces we need to have using (participating in) OSPF.

-RouterID: Used to uniquely identify a router inside an OSPF area. Defined by m eans of the following priority: 1- Configured with router-id IP under router ospf PROCESSID 2- Uses HIGHEST IP of up/up loopback interface 3- Uses HIGHEST IP of up/up other interface -OSPF Network Types: Broadcast Multi-Access: Ethernet, Token Ring (Elects DR & BDR) Non-Broadcast Multi-Access: Frame Relay (Elects DR & BDR) P2P or P2MP: No DR or BDR are elected -DR & BDR Election: Using priority (higher means more priority), or Highest RouterID becomes DR (Designated router), Secondary Highest RouterID beco mes BDR -OSPF uses areas (Intra-Area or Inter-Area) Does NOT auto-summarize -Cost and Timers HAVE to be the same for an adjacency to form *Configuration router ospf PROCESSID network ADDRESS WILDCARD area NUMBER WILDCARDS: 0.0.0.0 - Match all 0.0.0.255 - Match only first 3 octets

*Commands sh ip ospf sh ip ospf interface s0 sh ip ospf neighbor sh ip ospf topology //EIGRP// Uses multicast 224.0. *Commands: 1.- router eigrp AS-NUMBER 2.- network NETWORK-TO-BE-EIGRP'd WILDCARD bandwidth KbPS <- Only a software setting, not the actual speed of the interface EIGRP uses the SLOWEST (Constraining) BW on OUTGOING Interfaces to do the calcul ations. show ip eigrp AS-NUMBER interfaces

***IPv6*** -8 quartets (128 bits) -3.4 x10_38 IP Addresses -Features: Larger address space NO NAT

Mobility Simpler header Dual stack, 6to4 tunnels, Translations x:x:x:x:x:x:x:x where x is a 16 bit hexadecimal field Leading (zeros together) zeros can be omited, A quartet of "0000" can be abbreviated as 0, Successive fields of zeros can be represented as :: only once per addres s. ::1 <- Loopback interface -Address types Unicast: Address for a single interface Multicast: One to Many Anycast: One to Nearest IPv6 Host Unicast Addressing: Global: Starts with 2000::/3 Reserved: Used by IETF Private: Link local (starts with FE80::/10) Loopback: ::1 Unspecified: :: Single host can have multiple IPv6 addresses of any type IPv6 Architecture defined by RFC4291 Global Unicast (and Anycast) Prefix = (First 3 Quartets[ISP Prefix] + 4th Quartet[Subnet]) Host = Last 4 Quartets IPv6 Address = Prefix + Host / Subnet Mask Efficient and scalable routing Static assignment Manual Interface ID assignment: Totally manual process EUI 64 interface ID assignment (inserts FFFE in the middle of the MAC Ad dress to complete the last 64 bits of the Address) Dynamic assignment Stateless Autoconfiguration: (first 64 bits from Router, last 64 from EU I) DHCPv6 (Stateful): Updated IPv4 DHCP We need to type "ipv6 unicast-routing" to enable IPv6 Routing (RIPng, EIGRP for IPv6, OSPFv3, BGP4). RIPng (RFC2080): uses multicast FF02::9 IPv4 to IPv6 Transition: Dual Stack: Router with IPv4 and IPv6 in an interface IPv6 Tunneling: Tunneling is an integration method in which an IPv6 pack et is encapsulated within another protocol such as IPv4. Requires Dual-Stack Rou ters. *Commands: ipv6 unicast-routing interf e0

ip address 192.168.1.1 255.255.255.0 ipv6 address 3ffe:b00:b800:1::3/64 -oripv6 address IPV6PREFIX/64 eui-64 ***NAT*** My network = Inside The rest of the Internet = Internet Inside Local = Real IP of the host Inside global = The NAT'd IP to which the real is translated *Commands 1.int f0/0 ip nat inside 2.int s0 ip nat outside 3.ip nat inside source list SOURCE-MATCH-STANDARD-ACL interface OUTGOING-INTERFACE overload sh ip nat translations sh ip nat statistics ***PPP and CHAP*** HDLC default data link protocol in Cisco Serial Interfaces CHAP Message sequence: 1.- -> Challenge "Iam R1" 2.- <- Response "Iam R2" (MD5 Hash) 3.- -> Success *Commands for BOTH routers 1.interface s0/1 encapsulation ppp For 1.2.3.ppp CHAP: hostname HOSTNAME username HOSTNAME-REMOTE-END password PASSWORD interface s0 authentication chap

***ACLs*** Extended ACLs - Better as close to the source of the packet as possible