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IJPDLM 35,9

Review of supply chain management and logistics research

Amit Sachan
Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India, and

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Subhash Datta
Operations Management Area, Management Development Institute, Gurgaon, India
Abstract
Purpose To examine the state of logistics and supply chain management (SCM) research in the last ve years from the standpoint of existing methodologies. The state of research is assessed by examining the research design, number of hypothesis testing, research methods, data analysis techniques, data sources, level of analysis and country of authors. Design/methodology/approach The review of SCM and logistics research is based on 442 papers published from 1999 to 2003 in the following three academic journals Journal of Business Logistics, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal. Findings Major ndings show that there is an increase in the direct observation methods like case studies. In general, the research is more interpretive in nature. Survey method is still holding the highest position. More advanced techniques are being used for data analysis in empirical studies and there has been an increase in hypothesis testing. The trend in survey research is moving from exploratory to model building and testing. Research limitations/implications The gaps identied in the review were: there are very few inter disciplinary studies; innovative application of secondary data is lacking, (c) research at inter organisation level is scanty; and the current state of research has failed to integrate all the rms in the value chain and treat them as a single entity. Originality/value The methodological review will provide increased understanding of the current state of research in the discipline. Keywords Supply chain management, Research, Literature Paper type Literature review

International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Vol. 35 No. 9, 2005 pp. 664-705 q Emerald Group Publishing Limited 0960-0035 DOI 10.1108/09600030510632032

1. Introduction Logistics research is inuenced by economic and behavioral approaches. The economic approaches focus its attention on cost minimization and prot maximization while behavioral approaches focuses on psychological and sociological aspects (Mentzer and Kahn, 1995). Owing to the inuence of two entirely different thoughts many researchers have shown their concern towards research methods in supply chain management (SCM) and logistics, either by giving suggestion on quantitative side (positivist paradigm or analytical school) or on the qualitative side (interpretive paradigm or behavioral school). The primary purposes of our paper are to examine the status of logistics and SCM academic research in the last ve years, to compare current research trends with past research directions in terms of methodologies applied, and to discuss implications for future research. For purposes of comparison, we have

patterned our study after the earlier published research reviews by Dunn et al. (1994), Mentzer and Kahn (1995) and Samuel (1997). Researchers who in the past shown their concern towards analytical school were inuenced by positivist methods they are Dunn et al. (1993, 1994), Mentzer and Flint (1997) and Chen and Paulraj (2004). In positivist method reality is considered to be objective, tangible, and fragmentable. People are considered to be deterministic and reactive. Usually research ndings in this paradigm are considered value free, time free and context independent. The concern shown by the researchers are such as: . logistics research community should move into the realm of scientic methods which will help researchers in scrutinizing the axioms of logistics more rigorously; . there is a need for scientic analysis and testing of latent variables and suggested a methodology for testing them; . explaining the precise meaning of the concept of validity in empirical research; and . identifying and consolidating various supply chain initiatives and factors to develop key SCM constructs conducive to advancing the eld. Those researchers who have shown their concern towards behavioral school are usually inuenced by interpretive methods are Ellram (1996), Kent and Flint (1997), Stock (1997), Mentzer et al. (2001), Naslund (2002), Lewis and Suchan (2003), Dubois et al. (2004) and Mangan et al. (2004). Interpretivism has the goal to understand a phenomenon. Research ndings are time specic contextual and idiographic and causality is unattainable. The concerns shown by the researchers are such as: . recommending case study and action research methods; . suggesting that how logistics research and theory development could benet from borrowing and applying existing theories from other disciplines stressing that there is a need of more behavior research; . introducing new theories to logistics researchers, e.g. structuration theory a research approach derived from sociology; . mentioning the limitation of the quantitative methods, e.g. optimisation of various parameters is not a useful approach due to interdependence among supply chain, where there are no boundaries to optimise within; and . providing multi-dimensional insights into research problems, e.g. recommending methodological triangulation, i.e. combining qualitative and quantitative methodology. There is also another class of researchers who have not directly suggested any methodology, but have contributed in advancing the discipline at times. New (1997) suggested that research agenda in SCM should not be driven by industrial interest alone. Arlbjrn and Halldorsson (2002) examined logistics knowledge-creation activity with respect to its content, context and processes. Soonhong and Mentzer (2000) proposed that the concepts such as marketing concept, a market orientation, relationship marketing, and SCM are not separate. Svensson (2002) stressed that there is a need for a generic re-denition and expansion of the theoretical boundaries of SCM towards the incorporation of horizontal dependencies between marketing channels in the

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IJPDLM 35,9

marketplace. Svensson (2003) mentioned that the current theory generation of SCM often tends to omit marketing theory (i.e. generally) and the ultimate consumers perspective (i.e. specically). 1.1 Existing reviews of research papers It is previously mentioned that this paper is inspired by the three paper reviews already present. First by Dunn et al. (1994), second by Mentzer and Kahn (1995) and third by Samuel (1997). Using a framework for research paradigms (refer Appendix 1) developed by Meredith et al. (1989), Dunn et al. (1994) classied logistics research papers of ve journals for the years 1986-1990. Mentzer and Kahn (1995) reviewed all the papers published in the Journal of Business Logistics (JBL) between 1978 and 1993. They analysed the research method, data analysis techniques and hypothesis testing in those published papers. Samuel (1997) compared dominating paradigms and methods used in three logistics/SCM journals. Findings from the existing reviews are: . direct observation research methods (case study and action research) are less popular; . researchers are mainly using peoples perception (survey and interview) or articial methods (simulation and mathematical modeling) for research in the discipline; . surveys, interviews, modeling are popular methods of research in logistics; . experiments are only popular in form of simulations only; . hypothesis testing is minimal in the discipline about 4.3 percent; . descriptive statistics is usually used for analysis of empirical studies data; and . survey-based research denitely dominates in US research community, or one can say that US is dominated by positivist paradigm. The literature review done in the previous sections shows the concern researchers towards the discipline. Whether the suggestion are on quantitative research side (e.g. construct validity issues, scientic methods, etc.) or on the qualitative research side (action research or case studies). The idea behind all these suggestion is that research should represent reality and contribute towards building SCM and logistics theory. The main reason for this concern is as mentioned by Naslund (2002) that if logistics academicians want to lead rather than to follow practitioners then they must gain extreme relevance in our research. Keeping these concerns of researchers in mind and no methodological review of published papers from last seven year, the need was felt of this type of review and objective was decided. Objective of the paper is to examine the state of logistics and SCM research in last ve years from the standpoint of methodologies to look for trends, and to determine implications for future research. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we describe the methodology of review. Section 3 presents the summary of review and discussion. Section 4 is the last section devoted to conclusions, which has three subsections presenting the gaps identied in the research, signicant ndings of the report, and future directions of the research. 2. Methodology of review Since the objective of this paper was to look for trends in research methods and to determine implications for future research. For this purpose all the papers published in

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JBL, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management (IJPDLM), and Supply Chain Management: An International Journal (SCMIJ) in last ve years (from 1999 to 2003) are reviewed. According to Gibson et al. (2001) IJPDLM and JBL are the highest rated journal in Europe and US. SCMIJ comes at sixth position in European top 20. We have assessed the state of research in SCM and logistics by examining the research design, number of hypothesis testing, research methods, data analysis techniques, innovative data sources, level of analysis and country of authors in a subset of three academic journals (442 papers). Then the review results are compared with the Dunn et al. (1994), Mentzer and Kahn (1995) and Samuel (1997) to look for trends. Next section presents the summary of review and discussion. 3. Summary of review and discussion This section contains the summary of review. We have assessed the state of research in SCM and logistics by examining the research design, number of hypothesis testing, research methods and data analysis techniques used in all the 442 papers. 3.1 Research design applied The research design applied in this report means the type of paper whether it is based on empirical work or desk research. We have divided this section into ve categories. They are empirical quantitative, empirical qualitative, desk research qualitative, desk research quantitative and empirical triangulation. Table I presents matrix of research design from 1999 to 2003 of the three journals. This table provides information about the number of papers in each category of research design per year. It also provides the percentages of each element. In case of JBL about 80 percent of the papers are quantitative (empirical and desk). This shows that it is more inclined towards positivist paradigm. Empirical quantitative is more of mail survey-based. Second empirical qualitative design is present only in ve papers. Which indicates that qualitative research methods such as case study, action research approaches is less popular in this journal. No paper in this journal has empirical triangulation as research design. As compared to JBL in IJPDLM although empirical quantitative has highest percentages, but empirical qualitative is holding a good position in the journal. Empirical triangulation (multi method approach) is also used in some papers of the journal. Desk qualitative (conceptual models, archival studies, developing propositions for future research, etc.) work is more popular than desk quantitative (mathematical model, fuzzy logic, etc.). This shows that this journal is more inclined towards qualitative research methods than JBL. In SCMIJ quantitative research (empirical and desk) accounts for only about 35 percent and qualitative research (empirical and desk) accounts for 64 percent of the papers.
Research design Empirical quantitative Empirical qualitative Desk quantitative Desk qualitative Empirical triangulation Total JBL (percent) 52 5 22 13 (57) (5) (24) (14) SCMIJ (percent) 38 41 14 53 1 147 (26) (28) (10) (35) (1) (100) IJPDLM (percent) 72 32 42 51 6 203 (35) (16) (21) (25) (3) (100) Total (percent) 72 32 42 51 6 203 (37) (18) (18) (26) (2) (100)

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92 (100)

Table I. Research design applied

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3.2 Hypothesis testing A hypothesis is a specic statement of prediction. It describes in concrete (rather than theoretical) terms what you expect will happen in your study. According to Mentzer and Kahn (1995), hypotheses are empirically testable statements about non-observable constructs. According to Popper (1959), all knowledge in the nature of theories and laws has a hypothetical character. In essence, theories are only hypotheses that may not be true. Researchers task is to test the hypotheses empirically and subsequently remove falsied hypotheses. As such, the development of science can be seen as a sequence of revisions of hypotheses. Rough hypotheses are replaced by more solid hypotheses. Hence, the process of scientic development, and thus our knowledge of reality, involves a sequence of trials and errors. Table II presents the table of hypothesis testing. This table provides information about the percentages of the papers in which hypothesis testing is done. JBL accounts for highest hypothesis testing 37.4 percent. IJPDLM and SCMIJ are both close to 10 percent in hypothesis testing. One main reason could be that both of these journals more inclined towards qualitative methods. While in JBL the empirical quantitative research design is followed in about 57 percent of the papers and there hypothesis testing is done. Table II gives the results of comparison between Mentzer and Kahn (1995) results and our. They found that only 4.3 percent of the papers involved hypothesis testing. They recommended that that to improve the theory base and rigor of logistics, the logistics discipline needs to pursue more hypothesis testing. It seems that JBL has strictly followed their recommendation and change is clearly visible in Table II. 3.3 Research methods Major research methods chosen here are survey, simulation, interviews, math modelling, case studies, conceptual model and others (literature review, insights from the industry, etc.). Research methods such as surveys, simulation and math modelling come under positivist paradigm. And logistics discipline is dominated by this paradigm (Naslund, 2002). Since one purpose of the report is to observe the shift in the focus of logistics and SCM research so each paper is observed and research methods are noted down. Table III shows information about the research methods found after surveying the papers it also gives the results of comparison between Mentzer and Kahn (1995) results. Mentzer and Kahn (1995) have stated that survey is a common method used in logistics research. Similar things are found in this survey of papers. Survey is highest in JBL and IJPDLM and holds second rank in SCMIJ. Simulation and mathematical modelling combined are holding second position in JBL and IJPDLM and third position in SCMIJ. Simulation is often performed to check for validity of the models developed in an paper, or to examine the efciency of heuristics, or to assess model solution times. It is also found that many mathematical papers are supported by example to prove their usefulness.
Journals Percentage of hypothesis testing 9.52 37.36 10.34 15.6 4.30

Table II. Comparison of present results with Mentzer and Kahn (1995)

SCMIJ JBL IJPDLM Total Mentzer and Kahn (1995)

Interview and case study method account third position in JBL and IJPDLM and rst position in SCMIJ. Case study method is used to investigate a specic phenomenon through an in-depth, limited-scope study. Methods such as ethnography and ethno methodology are used by anthropology and some other social sciences. Typically, the breadth is restricted to a single site, which is studied in detail, possibly over an extended duration of time. The attractions of the case study are that operations can be studied in their natural settings and theories generated directly from the data. In addition, how and why questions can be included, and most important, the case study method is useful in the early phases of research (description, concept development) where there may be no prior hypotheses or previous work for guidance. As illustrated by the percentages shown in Figure 1, 34.3 percent of all the papers fell in logical/perceptive paradigm and about 50 percent fell in the highly rationalist paradigms of axiomatic or logical positivist/empiricist. It is interesting to note the changes over the years the percentage of axiomatic/articial has decreased from 24 to 10.4, and interpretive/direct has increased from 7 to 16.1 percent. We believe that a much stronger movement toward naturalistic paradigms (especially direct observation via case, action, and eld studies) and existential primarily interpretive paradigms. The methods are accessible, their legitimacy is proven, and the need is great. If academicians today do not expand the approaches to research, managers will continue to perceive them as irrelevant academicians, which address ctitious problems and are not interested in the real world. To make true contributions to both research and practice, we must enlarge our collection of methodologies and apply those that are most appropriate, efcient, and effective for the situations at hand. Table IV gives the detailed list of all the papers methodology wise considered in the review (for list of papers refer Appendix 2). 3.4 Data analysis techniques Data analysis techniques help the researcher to summarize the large amount of data. Questionnaire data tend to be voluminous various data analysis techniques are used to summarize the data. Second data analysis techniques help the researcher to understand the effects of a number of variables on nal outcome. How do product quality, service quality and price affect the customer satisfaction? Third data analysis techniques help the researcher to minimize the confounding effects inherent in most questionnaire data. Finally, data analysis techniques enable the researcher to assess the effects of alternative future scenario. Major techniques used for data analysis are descriptive statistics, factor analysis, regression, discriminant analysis, conjoint analysis, path analysis, structure equation modelling, data envelopment analysis.

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Research methods Survey Simulation Interviews Math model Case study Conceptual models Others

JBL (percent) 52.2 9.8 3.3 13.0 4.3 4.3 13.0

SCMIJ (percent) 22.4 2.0 10.2 5.4 25.2 7.5 27.2

IJPLDM (percent) 35.5 4.9 5.9 12.8 14.8 6.4 19.7

Total (percent) 34.6 5.0 6.8 10.4 16.1 6.3 20.8

Mentzer and Kahn (1995) (percent) 54.3 14.9 13.8 4.30 3.20 9.60 Table III. Research methods

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Figure 1. Logistics journals paradigm

Table V shows information about data analysis techniques used for data analysis in the papers. In SCMIJ and IJPDLM descriptive statistics is employed in about half of the empirical studies. This can be one reason of low hypothesis testing in these journals. While in case of JBL, SEM and Regression are employed in 50 percent of the papers. Mentzer and Kahn (1995) has suggested that more advanced data analysis techniques are needed to improve sensitivity to detect signicant ndings of survey research and experimental manipulations in testing hypothesis. Such advance data analysis techniques include discriminant analysis, regression, MANOVA, and path analysis. In discriminant analysis we identify the variables that distinguish the groups, and assigns weight to each variable so that distinction is maximized. Path analysis is extension of multiple regression analysis. Its purpose is to examine the magnitude and signicance of causal connections between set of variables. The causal connections are hypothesised by the researcher. Path analysis is a subset of more elaborate technique known as structural equation modeling (SEM). The most important difference between path analysis and SEM is that SEM allows for measured and latent variables. A measured variable is a variable that can be observed directly and is measurable. Latent variables are those that are not directly measures, but are implied by covariance among two or more variables. Table V shows the comparison of my results with Mentzer and Kahn (1995) results. There is a drastic reduction in descriptive statistics in JBL. From 1978 to 1993 descriptive statistics is employed in two-third of the papers while from 1999 to 2003 descriptive statistics is employed in only one-fth of the papers. It seems that JBL has

Research methods Survey (152)

Papers 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 28, 29, 30, 34, 36, 37, 44, 48, 50, 65, 68, 73, 75, 86, 87, 88, 92, 95, 96, 100, 101, 102, 103, 110, 114, 116, 117, 119, 120, 126, 127, 131, 132, 133, 135, 136, 141, 147, 149, 152, 161, 168, 171, 172, 177, 184, 185, 190, 194, 200, 202, 204, 205, 206, 209, 211, 212, 216, 217, 218, 219, 221, 225, 226, 229, 230, 232, 238, 242, 250, 253, 254, 255, 256, 264, 271, 274, 276, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, 285, 286, 287, 288, 291, 300, 303, 306, 308, 310, 312, 314, 318, 319, 322, 323, 325, 327, 328, 330, 335, 336, 347, 350, 351, 356, 357, 358, 359, 360, 361, 363, 369, 371, 373, 374, 376, 377, 378, 379, 380, 381, 382, 384, 387, 392, 394, 395, 399, 419, 421, 426, 427, 432, 433, 436, 438, 439, 440, 57, 62, 112, 158, 163, 178, 195, 208, 251, 258, 297, 304, 311, 313, 340, 341, 348, 388, 428, 429, 430, 434 12, 19, 22, 23, 40, 43, 49, 52, 57, 59, 84, 97, 98, 113, 117, 118, 142, 143, 177, 183, 213, 238, 268, 301, 321, 333, 376, 403, 405,441 1, 3, 4, 15, 16, 31, 38, 42, 54, 55, 56, 63, 83, 85, 121, 123, 134, 144, 154, 156, 166, 182, 187, 189, 191, 222, 231, 236, 275, 290, 317, 338, 339, 343, 370, 383, 390, 397, 398, 400, 401, 410, 411, 417, 420, 437 5, 6, 18, 27, 45, 51, 58, 60, 64, 67, 69, 76, 78, 91, 94, 116, 122, 127, 130, 137, 140, 146, 153, 157, 165, 186, 196, 198, 215, 224, 225, 227, 234, 235, 237, 243, 245, 247, 249, 252, 260, 262, 267, 273, 289, 294, 296, 302, 315, 320, 324, 326, 329, 331, 346, 352, 367, 379, 385, 386, 404, 406, 407, 412, 415, 416, 422, 431, 435, 11, 46, 53, 66, 71, 77, 167, 175, 181, 210, 223, 228, 240, 261, 266, 269, 277, 293, 307, 337, 342, 353, 354, 362, 364, 366, 408, 425 2, 10, 26, 32, 33, 35, 39, 41, 47, 70, 72, 74, 79, 80, 81, 82, 89, 90, 93, 99, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 111, 115, 124, 125, 128, 129, 138, 139, 145, 148, 150, 151, 155, 159, 160, 162, 164, 169, 170, 173, 174, 176, 179, 180, 188, 192, 193, 197, 199, 201, 203, 207, 214, 220, 233, 239, 241, 244, 246, 248, 257, 259, 263, 265, 270, 272, 278, 284, 292, 295, 298, 299, 305, 309, 316, 332, 334, 344, 345, 349, 355, 365, 368, 372, 375, 389, 391, 393, 396, 402, 409, 413, 414, 418, 423, 424, 442

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Simulation (22) Interviews (30) Mathematical modeling (46)

Case study (71)

Conceptual model (28) Others (103)

Note: Papers that have used multi-method approach are 116, 117, 127, 177, 225, 238, 376, and 379

Table IV. Detailed list of papers

strictly followed the suggestion of Mentzer and Kahn (1995) that to improve the sensitivity more advance data analysis techniques are needed. In about one-fth of the papers SEM is used. 3.5 Innovative data sources There are many papers, which have used secondary data. Papers such as the state of logistics in Cuba not just sugarcane anymore, Freight logistics in the New Zealand context, some logistics realities in Indochina, distribution and logistics development in China: the revolution has begun. These all papers have just depicted the data from the

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Techniques Descriptive analysis Regression Factor analysis Discriminant analysis Correlation analysis Cluster analysis Conjoint MANOVA Path analysis DEA Logit model SEM Other (e.g. case study)

JBL (percent) 19.23 25.00 11.54 5.77 1.92

SCMIJ (percent) 48.72 17.95 7.69 2.56 2.56

IJPDLM (percent) 50.00 4.17 18.06 4.17 8.33 2.78

Total (percent) 39.88 14.11 13.50 2.45 5.52 0.61 0.61 1.84 0.61 2.45 0.61 8.59 9.20

Mentzer and Kahn (1995) (percent) 66.70 5.70 4.60 3.40 1.10 1.10

672

Table V. Data analysis techniques

1.92 1.92 1.92 1.92 21.15 7.69

2.56 2.56 15.38

2.78 2.78 6.94

17.20

published reports of the government. These papers have provided the information like freight distance of rail and highways, freight volumes in rail and road. Then WTO issues and comparison with developed countries. These all papers are focusing on the developing countries and more specically countries where MNCs are looking for investment. The papers are good for practitioner but not helping in the advancement of the discipline. In the same line there is one paper by Bookbinder and Tan (2003) in which they compared the logistics systems of Asia and Europe. They used six attributes infrastructure, HR, business environment, performance, IT, and political environment to form clusters. They took ranking data from World Competitiveness Yearbook and used SPSS for forming clusters. Bowersox et al. (2003) used neural network to estimate the global logistics expenditure. Input variables were geographic variables, income variables, country size variables, economy variables, and transportation variables. Found that it represent 13.7 percent of GDP. Lemoine and Dagnaes (2003) focused on the organisational routes used by the rms in order to expand their activities outside of their home base, and on their business strategies. They gathered information by using the internet. Papadakis (2003) has used the stock market data in an innovative way. They have linked the supply chain strategy and company risk structure. He tested whether investors nd customized direct manufacturing (CDM) companies more vulnerable to supply disruptions. The stock price of the four major PC producers was examined using event study framework. A stochastic model for regular behavior of stock price returns is tted in each of the four cases. The four companies were HP, Compaq, IBM and Dell. Except Dell every body follows push supply chain strategy. During Taiwan earthquake the price of computer chips went up suddenly. They found computer memory increases were not passed on to consumers as higher product prices, but they were absorbed by the company and were passed on to investors in the form of less stock repurchases. 3.6 Level of analysis Table VI shows the information about the level of analysis in the paper published in three journals. Examination of the data reveals that the frequency with which the paper operate on the levels of functions within a rm and single rm in itself, is quite high (244 out of 442) nearly about 56 percent of the total papers. On the one hand, it is remarkable that not more

papers have an inter-organizational level (dyad, chain and network) of analysis despite the increasing attention toward these level had started at the beginning of the 1980s. Gubi et al. (2003) ndings were also on similar lines, in PhDs also researcher are looking at the at functional and rm perspective but not looking at an inter-organizational level. Only 30 percent of the papers are focusing on the inter-organizational issues if this continues to happen then how the objective of the supply chain will be achieved. This shows that although supply chain is dened by keeping system thinking in mind, but researches are more focusing on one part of the system. 3.7 Country of authors Table VII shows the information about the country of Authors in the paper published in three journals. Examination of the data reveals that the authors form North America are occupying 50 percent of the portion and in them about 95 percent are from US. JBL an American Journal is having most of the paper from American authors. European Journals IJPDLM and SCMIJ are maintaining balance between North American and European authors. While from other continents the publications are very less. The problem with this uneven regional distribution is that the issues highlighted by these authors are basically of these countries. But what about developing and undeveloped countries. These are the regions where most of the MNCs are targeting either as new market for their products or for sourcing the raw material due to the low cost. It would be better if researchers focus on these countries also. 4. Conclusions This paper has attempted to provide an overview of the body of the papers published in last ve years. As stated, this survey has attempted to provide an introductory picture of the body of paper published in last ve years. In general, the papers reviewed were based on empirical research (about 57 percent). But the good development in the discipline is
Level of analysis Function Firm Dyad Chain Network NA Total IJPDLM (percent) 47 57 18 32 15 34 203 (23) (28) (9) (16) (7) (17) (100) JBL (percent) 27 (29) 31 (34) 4 (4) 8 (9) 3 (3) 19 (21) 92 (100) SCMIJ (percent) 30 52 15 39 1 10 147 (20) (35) (10) (27) (1) (7) (100) Total (percent) 104 140 37 79 19 63 442 (24) (32) (8) (18) (4) (14) (100)

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Table VI. Distribution of level of analysis in the reviewed papers

Continent North America Europe Asia South America Australia Combinations

JBL (percent) 92.4 2.2 3.3 0.0 1.1 1.1

IJPDLM (percent) 40.8 41.3 9.0 0.0 8.5 0.5

SCMIJ (percent) 36.1 40.1 4.1 0.7 8.8 10.2

Total (percent) 50.0 32.7 6.1 0.2 7.0 3.9

Table VII. Distribution of continent wise in the reviewed papers

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that out of total empirical papers the empirical qualitative papers are about 36. Additionaly, in some papers the framework of doing qualitative research was also suggested. Research in logistics has employed a limited set of paradigms for too long. But now with the research agendas of various researchers there is shift in research methodologies in the discipline. Researchers have realised that the time has come to expand our limited set of worn-out paradigms and consider new research methods from paradigms used in our sister elds. This broadening of our perspective would contribute substantially in advancing the logistics theory, and on the other hand, research will be more relevant for practitioners. Subsequent subsections present the gaps identied in the research, signicant ndings of the report, and future directions of the research. 4.1 Gaps identied . Theories of other discipline are applied in very few papers. Only in two papers the theory/methodologies of other discipline are suggested rst is Lemke et al. (2003) conducted the research using the repertory grid technique (from psychology) and explored the meaning of supplier manufacturer relationship. Repertory grid technique was chosen, as it is a powerful research tool for probing interviewees understanding of complex topics. Second is Pfohl and Buse (2000) used the research methodology based on the ideas of the grounded theory approach and included some elements of the ethnographic approach to arrive at an understanding of relational capabilities. . Secondary data sources are used in many papers, but not in an innovative way. Except in one or two papers there was some analysis done on data, otherwise they are just taken from some government report and put there. . The research at inter organizational level is very less. However, the objective of the SCM is to integrate all the rms in the value chain and treat them as a single entity. But the current research has failed to look at that perspective of the SCM. 4.2 Signicant ndings . Quantitative research methods such as survey, mathematical modeling and simulation are used in 50 percent of the papers. Survey scores highest among all the research method used in the discipline. However, percentages of qualitative research method such as case studies have increased. Case study method generally emphasises on qualitative or quantitative research resign and focuses on in depth study of one or multiple case studies, e.g. Catalan and Kotzab (2003) did 17 case studies to assess the responsiveness of Danish phones supply chain. They found that the notions of responsiveness to be a useful analysis variable and critical success factor for the mobile phone supply chain. But the research in the discipline is still dominated by the quantitative research methods. . In papers where survey method is used, they have a section on non response bias test, reliability and validity tests. This clearly shows that the research journals are becoming stricter on reliability and validity issues. Survey research methodology, which has often been used to capture data from business organizations. However, it seems that journals have realised that to effectively contribute to theory development in the SCM eld, this methodology must be carefully implemented. Poorly designed and executed survey research is of little or no value.

Hypothesis testing is highest in JBL, while IJPDLM and SCMIJ are similar each having about 10 percent of hypothesis testing. In JBL, from 1978 to 1993 there were only 4.3 percent of the papers that had hypothesis testing, but now in JBL hypothesis testing is being done about 37.36 percent papers. In total, hypothesis testing is being done about 15.5 percent of the papers. Data analysis techniques of JBL has changed signicantly, earlier descriptive statistics was holding major position (about 66 percent from 1978 to 1993), but now it is employed only in 20 percent of the papers. JBL is now using more advance data analysis techniques such as SEM, logit model, path analysis, etc. In case of JBL one can easily identify that trend has move from exploratory research to uncovering relationship between variables to model building and model testing. While in other journals (IJPDLM and SCMIJ) half of the empirical research papers are using descriptive statistics for data analysis.

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4.3 Future directions of research This paper has shown the current status of SCM and logistics research from standpoint of research methods, data analysis techniques, data sources, and level of analysis. It has been shown that present research is more rigorous than the past research. Rigor implies care in avoiding randomly concluding something the research did not actually reveal. It means that research should represent reality and output should be applicable in real life problems. Then only the research community can actually support and justify the claims it makes. The following points offer some direction for future research: (1) Earlier SCM and logistics researchers have looked at the operational and nancial aspects of supply chains. Major problems were inventory management, network optimisation, facility layout and locations and demand forecasting. The most common research methods used were simulations and mathematical modeling. Researchers were also interested to nd out what aspect of the phenomenon, and for that survey method was used. But with time and maturity in the discipline the research questions changed to how and why. Further the nature of problems also changed. Problems such as, how functions within a company can be integrated, how companies can coordinate their activities, and the chain of customer service to customer satisfaction to customer value. All these problems involve behavior issues and are affected by factors like culture, relationship, trust and power. This brings the opportunity to behavioral research methods, which can bring more insights to what we know about supply chain today. (2) Another reason for this shift is the problem with positivist approach, which assumes that whole is equal the sum of its parts while SCM is based on systems thinking. In this paradigm, it is assumed that the whole differs from the sum of its parts due to synergy effects, i.e. knowledge depends on the system and how it is dened. One can easily see that the underlying assumption of the research methods and discipline are contracting with each other. Owing to these positivist methods dominance the research in the discipline is not able to look the system holistically, and more research as on today is focusing at the function or at the rm level. (3) Arlbjrn and Halldorsson (2002) stated that central element or the hard core of logistics is the ow thinking. The hard core may be formulated as follows: Directed toward the ow of materials, information and services, along the vertical and

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horizontal value chain (or supply chain) that seeks to, coordinate the ows and is based on, system thinking (a holistic view), where the unit of analysis essentially is the ow. By emphasising on the ow thinking he clearly means that research should focus on inter-organisational level and should researcher should treat supply chain as one system. But this inter-organisational level research is currently less in the discipline as compared to the focal (function or rm level) research. More research is needed at inter organisation level then only one can develop an appreciation of concept supply chain. (4) The development of new discipline is based on the usage of concepts, denitions, theories, rules and principles from other disciplines. There are many theories from other disciplines that are potentially relevant to the examination and study of various logistics issues. Stock (1997) has recommended 53 theories of other discipline like Anthropology, sociology, Computing, Economics, Philosophy, Political science and Psychology which can be used in logistics research. But at present, the theories and methods of other discipline are applied in very few papers. (5) Most of the authors in the published papers are from North America (mainly US) and Europe, and the context taken by them is also from these countries. It would be better if in future these researchers also look supply chain issues of other part of the world, especially the developing countries which are now becoming either the sourcing centers or markets of many companies. It is recommended that in future, research should not overlook the above mentioned points, then only the objective to increase the value of products and services to customer in the supply chain vis-a-vis improved customer service and quality, and lower total cost can be achieved. It is hoped that this work will act as a catalyst in compressing the learning curve with respect to research methods practices in SCM and logistics, and also accelerate the use of greater methodological rigor in future research.
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Appendix 1 .

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Figure A1. Framework for research methods

Appendix 2. Papers reviewed in the paper 1. Abdinnour-Helm, S. (2001), Using simulated annealing to solve the p-hub median problem, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 203-20. 2. Ackerman, K.B. (1999), Designing tomorrows warehouse: a little ahead of the times, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 1-4. 3. Adenso-Daz, B. and Gascon, F. (1999), A payback model for radio frequency in warehousing, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 10, pp. 631-45. 4. Agarwal, A. and Shankar, R. (2003), On-line trust building in e-enabled supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 324-34. 5. Ahn, H-S., Jung, H-D., Ahn, B-H. and Rhee, S-K. (1999), Supply chain competitiveness and capabilities of constituent rms: an exploratory study of the Korean home appliance industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 5, pp. 242-53. 6. Al-Mashari, M. and Zairi, M. (2000), Supply-chain re-engineering using enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems: an analysis of a SAP R/3 implementation case, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 296-313. 7. Alvarstein, V. and Johannesen, L.K. (2001), Problem-based learning approach in teaching lower level logistics and transportation, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 Nos 7/8, pp. 557-73. 8. Angeles, R. and Nath, R. (2001), Partner congruence in electronic data interchange (EDI)-enabled relationships, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 109-27. 9. Angeles, R. and Nath, R. (2000), The importance of congruence in implementing electronic data interchange systems, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 198-205. 10. Anumba, C.J., Siemieniuch, C.E. and Sinclair, M.A. (2000), Supply chain implications of concurrent engineering, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 7/8, pp. 566-97. 11. Arlbjrn, J.S. and Halldorsson, A. (2002), Logistics knowledge creation: reections on content, context and processes, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 22-40. 12. Auramo, J., Aminoff, A. and Punakivi, M. (2002), Research agenda for e-business logistics based on professional opinions, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 513-31. 13. Autry, C.W. and Daugherty, P.J. (2003), Warehouse operations employees: Linking person-organization t, job satisfaction and coping responses, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 171-97. 14. Autry, C.W., Daugherty, P.J. and Richey, R.G. (2001), The challenge of reverse logistics in catalog retailing, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 26-37. 15. Ballou, R.H. (2000), Evaluating inventory management performance using a turnover curve, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 72-85.

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16. Ballou, R.H. and Burnetas, A. (2003), Planning multiple location inventories, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 65-89. 17. Ballou, R.H. and Masters, J.M. (1999), Facility location commercial software survey, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 215-32. 18. Banomyong, R. and Beresford, A.K.C. (2001), Multimodal transport: the case of Laotian garment exporters, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 9, pp. 663-85. 19. Barragan, S., Cappellino, C., Dempsey, N. and Rothenberg, S. (2003), A framework for sourcing product development services, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 271-80. 20. Barratt, M. and Oliveira, A. (2001), Exploring the experiences of collaborative planning initiatives, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 266-89. 21. Basnet, C., Corner, J., Wisner, J. and Tan, K-C. (2003), Benchmarking supply chain management practice in New Zealand, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 57-64. 22. Batenburg, R. and Rutten, R. (2003), Managing innovation in regional supply networks: a Dutch case of knowledge industry clustering, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 263-70. 23. Batt, P.J. (2003a), Examining the performance of the supply chain for potatoes in the Red River Delta using a pluralistic approach, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 442-54. 24. Batt, P.J. and Morooka, R. (2003), Perceptual differences in offer quality between Western Australian rock lobster exporters and Japanese rock lobster importers, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 476-84. 25. Batt, P.J. (2003b), Building trust between growers and market agents, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 65-78. 26. Battezzati, L. and Magnani, R. (2000), Supply chains for FMCG and industrial products in Italy, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 413-24. 27. Bhatnagar, R. and Viswanathan, S. (2000), Re-engineering global supply chains, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 13-34. 28. Bhatnagar, R., Jayaram, J. and Phua, Y.C. (2003), Relative importance of plant location factors: a cross national comparison between Singapore and Malaysia, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 147-70. 29. Bhatnagar, R., Sohal, A.S. and Millen, R. (1999), Third party logistics services: a Singapore perspective, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 9, pp. 569-87. 30. Bhatt, G.D. (2001), Business process improvement through electronic data interchange (EDI) systems: an empirical study, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 60-74. 31. Bhutta, K.S. and Huq, F. (2002), Supplier selection problem: a comparison of the total cost of ownership and analytic hierarchy process approaches, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 126-35.

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32. Bienstock, C.C. (2002), Understanding buyer information acquisition for the purchase of logistics services, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 636-48. 33. Bin, J. (2002), How international rms are coping with supply chain issues in China, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 184-8. 34. Blumberg, D.F. (1999), Strategic examination of reverse logistics & repair service requirements, needs, Market Size and Opportunities, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 141-59. 35. Bodegraven, A.V. (2001), The state of logistics in Cuba not just sugar cane anymore, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 209-19. 36. Boger, S., Hobbs, J.E. and Kerr, W.A. (2001), Supply chain relationships in the polish pork sector, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 74-83. 37. Bommer, M., ONeil, B. and Shadrach, S.T. (2001), Treat Strategic assessment of the supply chain interface: a beverage industry case study, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 11-25. 38. Bookbinder, J.H. and Zarour, F.H. (2001), Direct product protability and retail shelf-space allocation models, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 183-208. 39. Bookbinder, J.H. and Tan, C.S. (2003), Comparison of Asian and European logistics systems, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 1, pp. 36-58. 40. Bourlakis, M.A. and Bourlakis, C.A. (2001), Deliberate and emergent logistics strategies in food retailing: a case study of the Greek multiple food retail sector, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 189-200. 41. Bowersox, D.J., Closs, D.J. and Stank, T.P. (2000), Ten mega-trends that will revolutionize supply chain logistics, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 1-16. 42. Bowersox, D.J., Calantone, R.J. and Rodrigues, A.M. (2003), Estimation of global logistics expenditures using neural networks, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 21-36. 43. Boyd, S.L., Hobbs, J.E. and Kerr, W.A. (2003), The impact of customs procedures on business to consumer e-commerce in food products, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 195-200. 44. Boyson, S., Corsi, T., Dresner, M. and Rabinovich, E. (1999), Managing effective third party logistics relationships: What does it take?, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 73-100. 45. Braglia, M. and Petroni, A. (2000), A quality assurance-oriented methodology for handling trade-offs in supplier selection, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 96-111. 46. Brewer, P.C. and Speh, T.W. (2000), Using the balanced scorecard to measure supply chain performance, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 75-93. 47. Maskell, B. (2001), The age of agile manufacturing, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 5-11. 48. Brown, T.A. and Bukovinsky, D.M. (2001), ECR and grocery retailing: an exploratory nancial statement analysis, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 77-90. 49. Brunnermeier, S.B. and Martin, S.A. (2002), Interoperability costs in the US automotive supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 71-82.

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50. Burkink, T. (2002), Cooperative and voluntary wholesale groups: channel coordination and interrm knowledge transfer, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 2, pp. 60-70. 51. Burnes, B. and Anastasiadis, A. (2003), Outsourcing: a public-private sector comparison, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 355-66.

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52. Burnes, B. and Coram, R. (1999), Barriers to partnerships in the public sector: the case of the UK construction industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 43-50. 53. Cadilhon, J-J., Fearne, A.P., Moustier, P. and Poole, N.D. (2003), Modelling vegetable marketing systems in South East Asia: phenomenological insights from Vietnam, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 427-41. 54. Campbell, J.F., Labelle, A. and Langevin, A. (2001), A hybrid travel distance approximation for a GIS-based decision support system, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 165-81. 55. Canel, C. and Das, S.R. (1999), The uncapacitated multi-period facilities location problem with prot maximization, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 409-33. 56. Caplice, C. and Shef, Y. (2003), Optimization-based procurement for transportation services, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 109-28. 57. Caridi, M. and Cigolini, R. (2002), Improving materials management effectiveness: a step towards agile enterprise, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 7, pp. 556-76. 58. Carranza, O., Maltz, A. and Antun, J.P. (2002), Linking logistics to strategy in Argentina, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 480-96. 59. Carter, C.R. and Jennings, M.M. (2002), Logistics social responsibility: an integrative framework, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 145-80. 60. Catalan, M. and Kotzab, H. (2003), Assessing the responsiveness in the Danish mobile phone supply chain, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 8, pp. 668-85. 61. Cavinato, J.L. (1999), A general methodology for determining a t between supply chain logistics and ve stages of strategic management, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 162-81. 62. Chan, F.T.S., Humphreys, P. and Lu, T.H. (2001), Order release mechanisms in supply chain management: a simulation approach, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 124-39. 63. Chan, F.T.S. and Qi, H.J. (2003), An innovative performance measurement method for supply chain management, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 209-23. 64. Chandra, C. and Kumar, S. (2000), An application of a system analysis methodology to manage logistics in a textile supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 234-45. 65. Chang, T-Z., Chen, S-J. and Polsa, P. (2003), Manufacturer channel management behavior and retailers performance: an empirical investigation of automotive channel, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 132-9.

66. Chapman, R.L., Soosay, C. and Kandampully, J. (2003), Innovation in logistic services and the new business model: a conceptual framework, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 7, pp. 630-50. 67. Childerhouse, P., Lewis, J., Naim, M. and Towill, D.R. (2003), Re-engineering a construction supply chain: a material ow control approach, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 395-406. 68. Chiou, J-S., Wu, L-Y. and Hsu, J.C. (2002), The adoption of form postponement strategy in a global logistics system: the case of Taiwanese information technology industry, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 107-24. 69. Choy, K.L. and Lee, W.B. (2003), A generic supplier management tool for outsourcing manufacturing, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 140-54. 70. Christiaanse, E. and Kumar, K. (2000), ICT-enabled coordination of dynamic supply webs, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 268-85. 71. Christopher, M. and Towill, D. (2001), An integrated model for the design of agile supply chains, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 4, pp. 235-46. 72. Christopher, M. and Towill, D.R. (2000), Supply chain migration from lean and functional to agile and customised, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 4, pp. 206-13. 73. Claycomb, C., Germain, R. and Droge, C. (1999), Total system JIT outcomes: inventory, organization and nancial effects, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 10, pp. 612-30. 74. Closs, D.J. and Stank, T.P. (1999), A cross-functional curriculum for supply chain education at Michigan State University, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 59-72. 75. Closs, D.J. and Xu, K. (2000), Logistics information technology practice in manufacturing and merchandising rms An international benchmarking study versus world class logistics rms, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 10, pp. 869-86. 76. Collins, A., Henchion, M. and OReilly, P. (1999), The impact of coupled-consolidation: experiences from the Irish food industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 102-11. 77. Collins, R., Dunne, T. and OKeeffe, M. (2002), The locus of value: a hallmark of chains that learn, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 5, pp. 318-21. 78. Collyer, M. (2000), Communication the route to successful change management: lessons from the guinness integrated business programme, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 222-7. 79. Cox, A. (1999), A research agenda for supply chain and business management thinking, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 209-12. 80. Cox, A. (1999), Power, value and supply chain management, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 167-75. 81. Cunningham, D.C. (2001), The distribution and extent of agrifood chain management research in the public domain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 5, pp. 212-5. 82. Currie, W. (2000), The supply-side of IT outsourcing: the trend towards mergers, acquisitions and joint ventures, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 238-54.

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83. Dahel, N-E. (2003), Vendor selection and order quantity allocation in volume discount environments, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 335-42. 84. Dainty, A.R.J., Millett, S.J. and Briscoe, G.H. (2001), New perspectives on construction supply chain integration, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 4, pp. 163-73. 85. Das, C. and Tyagi, R. (1999), Effect of correlated demands on safety stock centralization: patterns of correlation versus degree of centralization, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 205-13. 86. Daugherty, P.J., Autry, C.W. and Ellinger, A.E. (2001), Reverse logistics: the relationship between resource commitment and program performance, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 107-23. 87. Daugherty, P.J., Myers, M.B. and Autry, C.W. (1999), Automatic replenishment programs: an empirical examination, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 63-82. 88. Daugherty, P.J., Myers, M.B. and Richey, R.G. (2002), Information support for reverse logistics: the inuence of relationship commitment, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 85-106. 89. Delfmann, W., Albers, S. and Gehring, M. (2002), The impact of electronic commerce on logistics service providers, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 3, pp. 203-22. 90. Desbarats, G. (1999), The innovation supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 7-10. 91. Dewhurst, F., Spring, M. and Arkle, N. (2000), Environmental change and supply chain management: a multi-case study exploration of the impact of Y2000, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 245-61. 92. Dinwoodie, J. (2001), Motivational proling of logistics Masters students in Great Britain, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 187-202. 93. Donaldson-Briggs, A., Peters, J. and Whiteld, R. (2002), I dont know much about art but I know what I like: measuring and managing supply quality in a publishing company, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 872-80. 94. Dorp, K-J.van. (2003), Beef labelling: the emergence of transparency, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 1, pp. 32-40. 95. Droge, C. and Germain, R. (2000), The relationship of electronic data interchange with inventory and nancial resources, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 209-30. 96. Dubelaar, C., Chow, G. and Larson, P.D. (2001), Relationships between inventory, sales and service in a retail chain store operation, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 96-108. 97. Dzever, S., Merdji, M. and Saives, A-L. (2001), Purchase decision making and buyer-seller relationship development in the French food processing industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 5, pp. 216-29. 98. Edwards, P., Peters, M. and Sharman, G. (2001), The effectiveness of information systems in supporting the extended supply chain, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 1, pp. 1-27. 99. Elliman, T. and Orange, G. (2000), Electronic commerce to support construction design and supply-chain management: a research note, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 345-60.

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117. Fawcett, S.E., Calantone, R.J. and Roath, A. (2000), Meeting quality and cost imperatives in a global market, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 6, pp. 472-99. 118. Fearne, A. and Hughes, D. (1999), Success factors in the fresh produce supply chain: insights from the UK, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 3, pp. 120-31. 119. Fernie, J. (1999), Outsourcing distribution in UK retailing, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 83-95. 120. Ferrin, B.G., Landeros, R. and Reck, R.F. (2001), Integrated supply matrix management: a TQM approach for curriculum development, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 Nos 7/8, pp. 520-37. 121. Fite, J.T., Taylor, G.D., Usher, J.S., English, J.R. and Roberts, J.N. (2002), Forecasting freight demand using economic indices, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 4, pp. 299-308. 122. Flint, D.J. and Mentzer, J.T. (2000), Logiticians as marketers: their role when customers desired value changes, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 19-45. 123. Fransoo, J.C. and Wouters, M.J.F. (2000), Measuring the bullwhip effect in the supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 78-89. 124. Fraser, J. and Fraser, N. (2000), Frank McDonald the strategic challenge of electronic commerce, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 7-14. 125. Fujimoto, H. (2003), Collaborative networking in a multi-stage industrial channel, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 229-35. 126. Gammelgaard, B. (2001), The joint-Nordic PhD program in logistics, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 Nos 7/8, pp. 585-605. 127. Gammelgaard, B. and Larson, P.D. (2001), Logistics skills and competencies for supply chain management, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 22 No. 2, pp. 27-50. 128. Gardner, J.T. and Cooper, M.C. (2003), Strategic supply chain mapping approaches, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 37-64. 129. Garver, M.S. and Mentzer, J.T. (1999), Logistics research methods: Employing structural equation modeling to test for Construct Validity, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 33-57. 130. Garver, M.S. and Mentzer, J.T. (2000), Salesperson logistics expertise: a proposed contingency framework, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 113-32. 131. Gibson, B.J. and Cook, R.L. (2001), Hiring practices in US third-party logistics rms, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 10, pp. 714-32. 132. Gibson, B.J. and Hanna, J.B. (2003), Periodical usefulness: the US logistics educator perspective, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 221-40. 133. Gibson, B.J., Rutner, S.M. and Keller, S.B. (2002), Shipper-carrier partnership issues, rankings and satisfaction, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 669-81. 134. Giddings, A.P., Bailey, T.G. and Moore, J.T. (2001), Optimality analysis of facility location problems using response surface methodology, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 1, pp. 38-52. 135. Gilmour, P. (1999), Benchmarking supply chain operations, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 259-66.

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152. Gudmundsson, S.V. and Nijhuis, J. (2001), Collaborative learning in logistics and transport: the application of 3WIM, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 Nos 7/8, pp. 537-64. 153. Gunasekaran, A. and Ngai, E.W.T. (2003), The successful management of a small logistics company, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 9, pp. 825-42. 154. Gupta, Y., Sundararaghavan, P.S. and Ahmed, M.U. (2003), Ordering policies for items with seasonal demand, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 500-18. 155. Hale, B.J. (1999), Logistics perspectives for the new millennium, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 5-8. 156. Halskau, . Sr (2003), EOQ models for postponed payment of stored commodities, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 8, pp. 686-700. 157. Hamdar, B.C. (1999), A new era for efcient food manufacturing in the Lebanon: the experience of conserves modernes chtaura, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 14-17. 158. Hammant, J., Disney, S.M., Childerhouse, P. and Naim, M.M. (1999), Modelling the consequences of a strategic supply chain initiative of an automotive aftermarket operation, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 9, pp. 535-50. 159. Hammel, T., Phelps, T. and Kuettner, D. (2002), The re-engineering of Hewlett-Packards CD-RW supply chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 3, pp. 113-8. 160. Hancock, J. and Oates, S. (2001), Minding other peoples business: perspectives on outsourcing at Bradford and Bingley, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 58-60. 161. Harris, J.K., Swatman, P.M.C. and Kurnia, S. (1999), Efcient consumer response (ECR): a survey of the Australian grocery industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 35-42. 162. Harvey, M. (2000), Innovation and competition in UK supermarkets, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 15-21. 163. Haughton, M.A. (2002), Measuring and managing the learning requirements of route reoptimization of delivery vehicles drivers, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 45-66. 164. Haughton, M.A., Grenoble, W.L., Thomchick, E.A. and Young, R.R. (1999), The role of benchmarking in the performance of the import process, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 9, pp. 551-68. 165. Hertz, S., Johansson, J.K. and de Jager, F. (2001), Customer-oriented cost cutting: process management at Volvo, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 3, pp. 128-42. 166. Hines, P., Holweg, M. and Sullivan, J. (2000), Waves, beaches, breakwaters and rip currents a three-dimensional view of supply chain dynamics, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 10, pp. 827-46. 167. Hobbs, J.E. and Young, L.M. (2000), Closer vertical co-ordination in agri-food supply chains: a conceptual framework and some preliminary evidence, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 3, pp. 131-43.

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186. Hyland, W., Soosay, C. and Sloan, T.R. (2003), Continuous improvement and learning in the supply chain, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 316-35. 187. Ingene, C.A. and Lusch, R.F. (1999), Estimation of a department store production function, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 7, pp. 453-64. 188. Ireland, P. (1999), Satiscing dependent customers: on the power of suppliers in IT systems integration supply chains, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 4, pp. 184-91. 189. Jane, C.C. (2000), Storage location assignment in a distribution center, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 1, pp. 55-71. 190. Jayaram, J., Vickery, S.K. and Droge, C. (2000), The effects of information system infrastructure and process improvements on supply-chain time performance, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 314-30. 191. Jayaraman, V. (1999), A multi-objective logistics model for a capacitated service facility problem, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 65-81. 192. Jiang, B. and Hansen, J.D. (2003), Matsushita realigns its supply chain in China, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 185-9. 193. Jiang, B. and Prater, E. (2002), Distribution and logistics development in China: the revolution has begun, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 9, pp. 783-98. 194. Jonsson, P. and Zineldin, M. (2003), Achieving high satisfaction in supplier-dealer working relationships, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 3, pp. 224-40. 195. Kamarainen, V., Saranen, J. and Holmstrom, J. (2001), The reception box impact on home delivery efciency in the e-grocery business, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 6, pp. 414-26. 196. Karkkainen, M., Ala-Risku, T. and Holmstrom, J. (2003), Increasing customer value and decreasing distribution costs with merge-in-transit, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 2, pp. 132-48. 197. Karkkainen, M. and Holmstrom, J. (2002), Wireless product identication: enabler for handling efciency, customisation and information sharing, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 7 No. 4, pp. 242-52. 198. Katz, J.P. and Boland, M. (2000), A new value-added strategy for the US beef industry: the case of US Premium Beef Ltd, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 99-110. 199. Katz, J.P., Pagell, M.D. and Bloodgood, J.M. (2003), Strategies of supply communities, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 291-302. 200. Keller, S.B. (2002), Driver relationships with customers and driver turnover: key-mediating variables affecting drivers performance in the eld, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 1, pp. 39-64. 201. Keller, S.B. (2002), Internal relationship marketing: a key to enhanced supply chain relationships, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 8, pp. 649-68. 202. Keller, S.B. and Ozment, J. (1999), Managing driver retention: effects of the dispatcher, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 97-119.

203. Keller, S.B., Savitskie, K., Stank, T.P., Lynch, D.F. and Ellinger, A.E. (2002), A summary and analysis of multi-item scales used in logistics research, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 23 No. 2, pp. 83-281. 204. Kemppainen, K. and Vepsalainen, A.P.J. (2003), Trends in industrial supply chains and networks, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 8, pp. 701-19. 205. Kent, J.L. and Parker, R.S. (1999), International containership carrier selection criteria, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 6, pp. 398-408. 206. Kent, J.L. and Mentzer, J.T. (2003), The effect of investment in interorganizational information technology in a retail supply chain, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 155-75. 207. Kerr, W.A. (1999), Genetically modied organisms, consumer scepticism and trade law: implications for the organisation of international supply chains, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 67-74. 208. Kia, M., Shayan, E. and Ghotb, F. (2000), The importance of information technology in port terminal operations, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 Nos 3/4, pp. 331-44. 209. Kim, B., Park, K. and Kim, T. (1999), The perception gap among buyer and suppliers in the semiconductor industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 5, pp. 231-41. 210. Klint, M.B. and Sjoberg, U. (2003), Towards a comprehensive SCP-model for analysing strategic networks/alliances, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 5, pp. 408-26. 211. Knemeyer, A.M. and Murphy, P.R. (2002), Logistics internships: employer and student perspectives, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 135-52. 212. Knemeyer, A.M., Corsi, T.M. and Murphy, P.R. (2003), Logistics outsourcing relationships: customer perspectives, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 24 No. 1, pp. 77-109. 213. Knemeyer, A.M., Ponzurick, T.G. and Logar, C.M. (2002), A qualitative examination of factors affecting reverse logistics systems for end-of-life computers, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 6, pp. 455-79. 214. Knudsen, D. (2003), Aligning corporate strategy, procurement strategy and e-procurement tools, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 8, pp. 720-34. 215. Koehorst, H., de Vries, H. and Wubben, E. (1999), Standardisation of crates: lessons from the Versfust (Freshcrate) project, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 95-101. 216. Korneliussen, T. and Grnhaug, K. (2003), Quality perceptions in international distribution: an empirical investigation in a complete distribution chain, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 5, pp. 467-75. 217. de Koster, R.(Marinus) B.M. (2002), Distribution structures for food home shopping, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 5, pp. 362-80. 218. Kotzab, H. and Christoph (2003), Teller value-adding partnerships and co-opetition models in the grocery industry, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 3, pp. 268-81.

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252. Lumsden, K., Dallari, F. and Ruggeri, R. (1999), Improving the efciency of the hub and spoke system for the SKF European distribution network, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 50-64. 253. Lynagh, P.M., Murphy, P.R. and Poist, R.F. (1999), Career perspectives of women in distribution: congruency or contrast?, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 3, pp. 192-207.

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320. Ritchie, L., Burnes, B., Whittle, P. and Hey, R. (2000), The benets of reverse logistics: the case of the Manchester Royal Inrmary Pharmacy, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 5 No. 5, pp. 226-34. 321. Robson, I. and Rawnsley, V. (2001), Co-operation or coercion? Supplier networks and relationships in the UK food industry, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 1, pp. 39-48.

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336. Scannell, T.V., Vickery, S.K. and Droge, C.L. (2000), Upstream supply chain management and competitive performance in the automotive supply industry, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 23-48. 337. Schiebel, W. and Pochtrager, S. (2003), Corporate ethics as a factor for success the measurement instrument of the University of Agricultural Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 2, pp. 116-21. 338. Schniederjans, M.J. and Cao, Q. (2001), An alternative analysis of inventory costs of JIT and EOQ purchasing, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 31 No. 2, pp. 109-23. 339. Schuster, E.W., Allen, S.J. and DItri, M.P. (2000), Capacitated materials requirements planning and its application in the process industries, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 1, pp. 169-89. 340. Schwarz, L.B. and Weng, Z.K. (1999), The design of a JIT supply chain: the effect of lead time uncertainty on safety stock, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 20 No. 1, pp. 141-63. 341. Schwarz, L.B. and Weng, Z.K. (2000), The design of a JIT supply chain: the effect of leadtime uncertainty on safety stock, Journal of Business Logistics, Vol. 21 No. 2, pp. 231-53. 342. Shams-ur, R. (2002), The theory of constraints thinking process approach to developing strategies in supply chains, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 10, pp. 809-28. 343. Shore, B. and Venkatachalam, A.R. (2003), Evaluating the information sharing capabilities of supply chain partners: a fuzzy logic model, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 9, pp. 804-24. 344. Siragher, N. (1999), Enterprise resource planning the end of the line for the sales automation market and a major step towards sales process denition standards?, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 4 No. 1, pp. 11-13. 345. Skjoett-Larsen, T. (2000a), European logistics beyond, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 5, pp. 377-87. 346. Skjoett-Larsen, T. (2000b), Third party logistics from an interorganizational point of view, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 30 No. 2, pp. 112-27. 347. Skjoett-Larsen, T., Therne, C. and Andresen, C. (2003), Supply chain collaboration: theoretical perspectives and empirical evidence, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 6, pp. 531-49. 348. Smaros, J., Lehtonen, J-M., Appelqvist, P. and Holmstrom, J. (2003), The impact of increasing demand visibility on production and inventory control efciency, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 33 No. 4, pp. 336-54. 349. Smith, G.A. (2003), Using integrated spreadsheet modeling for supply chain analysis, Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, Vol. 8 No. 4, pp. 285-90. 350. Sohal, A.S., Millen, R. and Moss, S. (2002), A comparison of the use of third-party logistics services by Australian rms between 1995 and 1999, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 1, pp. 59-68. 351. Sohal, A.S., Millen, R., Maggard, M. and Moss, S. (1999), Quality in logistics: a comparison of practices between Australian and North American/European rms, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 29 No. 4, pp. 267-80. 352. Sohal, A.S., Power, D.J. and Terziovski, M. (2002), Integrated supply chain management from the wholesalers perspective: two Australian case studies, International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, Vol. 32 No. 2, pp. 96-109.

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