AKRAM

A seminar report on
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

Submitted By
MOHAMMED AKRAM
08B11A0328
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
AL-AMEER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Kakinada, A.P
ABSTRACT
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES
Intercontinental Ballistic Missile - a ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. Early ICBMs had limited accuracy that allowed them to be used only against the largest targets, cities. Ballistic Missile - a missile that is guided in the first part of its flight but falls freely as it approaches target A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. The missile is only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is subsequently governed by the laws of orbital mechanics and ballistics. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types.A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion, the free flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the missile reenters the Earth's atmosphere. Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (transporter erector launchers,TELs), aircraft, ships and submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages. When in space and no more thrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about 1200 km.Many different types of rocket engines have been designed or proposed. There are three categories of chemical propellants for rocket engines: liquid propellant, solid propellant, and hybrid propellant. The propellant for a chemical rocket engine usually consists of a fuel and an oxidizer. Sometimes a catalyst is added to enhance the chemical reaction between the fuel and the oxidizer.
INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE

BALLISTIC MISSILE:
A ballistic missile is a missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath with the objective of delivering one or more warheads to a predetermined target. The missile is only guided during the relatively brief initial powered phase of flight and its course is subsequently governed by the laws of orbital mechanics and ballistics. To date, ballistic missiles have been propelled during powered flight by chemical rocket engines of various types. History The first ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the V-2 rocket, developed by Nazi Germany in the 1930s and 1940s under direction of Wernher von Braun. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942 and began operation on September 6, 1944
against Paris, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II, May 1945, over 3,000 V-2s had been launched. A total of 30 nations have deployed operational ballistic missiles. Development continues, with around 100 ballistic missile flight tests (not including those of the US) in 2007, mostly by China, Iran and the Russian Federation.[citation needed] In 2010 the US and Russian governments signed a treaty to reduce their inventory of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) over a seven year period (to 2017) to 1550 units each.
FLIGHT
A ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered flight portion, the free-flight portion which constitutes most of the flight time, and the re-entry phase where the missile reenters the Earth's atmosphere. Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (transporter erector launchers, TELs), aircraft, ships and submarines. The powered flight portion can last from a few tens of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple rocket stages. When in space and no more thrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is about 1200 km. The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile impact.
MISSILE TYPES
Trident II SLBM launched by ballistic missile submarine. Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range.
Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:
Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km
Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km
Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range between 300 km and 3,500 km

Short-range ballistic missile (SRBM): Range 1,000 km or less Medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM): Range between 1,000 km and 3,500 km
Intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range between 3,500 km and 5,500 km Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM): Range greater than 5,500 km Submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM): Launched from ballistic submarines (SSBNs), all current designs have intercontinental range. missile
Short- and medium-range missiles are often collectively referred to as theater or tactical ballistic missiles (TBMs). Long and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver nuclear weapons because their payload is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective (though the U.S. may be evaluating the idea of a conventionally-armed ICBM for near-instant global air strike capability despite the high costs).The flight phases are like those for ICBMs, except with no exoatmospheric phase for missiles with ranges less than about 350 km.
BALLISTIC MISSILE BASICS

A ballistic missile (BM) is a a missile that has a ballistic trajectory over most of its flight path, regardless of whether or not it is a weapon-delivery vehicle. Ballistic missiles are categorized according to their range, the maximum distance measured along the surface of the earth's ellipsoid from the point of launch of a ballistic missile to the point of impact of the last element of its payload. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles.
The United States divides missiles into four range classes. Intercontinental Ballistic Missile ICBM over 5500 kilometers Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile IRBM 3000 to 5500 kilometers Medium-Range Ballistic Missile MRBM 1000 to 3000 kilometers Short-Range Ballistic missile SRBM up to 1000 kilometers The Soviet and Russian military developed a system of five range classes. Strategic over 1000 kilometers Operational-Strategic 500 to 1000 kilometers Operational 300 to 500 kilometers Operational-Tactical 50 to 300 kilometers Tactical up to 50 kilometers The 1987 Treaty on the Elimination of Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles [INF Treaty] required elimination of all Soviet and American longer-range intermediate nuclear force (LRINF) missiles with ranges between 1,000 and 5,500 kilometers, as well as shorter-range intermediate nuclear force (SRINF) missiles with ranges between 500 and 1,000 kilometers. The Missile Technology Control Regime initially focused on missiles with ranges greater than 300 kilometers, the range of the Soviet SCUD missile. Delivery systems vary in their flight profile, speed of delivery, mission flexibility, autonomy, and detectability. Each of these considerations is important when planning a chemical or biological attack. Ballistic missiles have a prescribed course that cannot be altered after the missile has burned its fuel, unless a warhead maneuvers independently of the missile or some form of terminal guidance is provided. A pure ballistic trajectory limits the effectiveness of a chemical or biological attack because, generally, the reentry speed is so high that it is difficult to distribute the agent in a diffuse cloud or with sufficient precision to ensure a release under the shear layer of the atmosphere. In addition, thermal heating upon reentry, or during release, may degrade the quality of the chemical or biological agent. U.S. experience has shown that often less than 5 percent of a chemical or biological agent remains potent after flight and release from a ballistic missile without appropriate heat shielding. A ballistic missile also closely follows a pre-established azimuth from launch point to target. The high speed of the ballistic missile makes it difficult to deviate too far from this azimuth, even when submunitions or other dispensed bomblets are ejected from the missile during reentry. Consequently, if the target footprint axis is not roughly aligned with the flight azimuth, only a small portion of the target is effectively covered. A ballistic missile has a relatively short flight time, and defenses against a ballistic missile attack are still less than completely effective, as proved in the Allied experience during the Gulf War. However, with sufficient warning, civil defense measures can be implemented in time to protect civil populations against chemical or biological attack. People in Tel Aviv and Riyadh received enough warning of SCUD missile attacks to don gas masks and seek shelter indoors before the missiles arrived. Even with these limitations on ballistic missile delivery of airborne agents, Iraq had built chemical warheads for its SCUDs, according to United Nations inspection reports. Nuclear weapons differ markedly from chemical, biological, or conventional warheads. The principal difference is the size, shape, and inertial properties of the warhead. Generally, nuclear weapons have a lower limit on their weight and diameter, which determines characteristics of the delivery system, such as its fuselage girth. Though these limits may be small, geometric
considerations often influence the selection of a delivery system. Chemical and biological weapons, which are usually fluids or dry powders, can be packed into almost any available volume. Nuclear weap-ons cannot be retrofitted to fit the available space; however, they can be designed to fit into a variety of munitions (e.g., artillery shells). Nuclear weapons also have a different distribution of weight within the volume they occupy. Fissile material, the core of a nuclear weapon, weighs more per unit of volume than most other materials. This high specific gravity tends to concentrate weight at certain points in the flight vehicle. Since virtually all WMD delivery systems must fly through the atmosphere during a portion of their trip to a target, a designer has to consider the aerodynamic balance of the vehicle and the required size of control system to maintain a stable flight profile while carrying these concentrations of weight. Chemical, biological, and conventional weapons all have specific gravities near 1.0 gram/cc, so these materials may be placed further from the center of gravity of the vehicle without providing large compensating control forces and moments. In some special applications, such as ballistic missile reentry vehicles and artillery shells, the designer needs to include ballasting material essentially useless weight to balance the inertial forces and moments of the nuclear payload. Because nuclear weapons have a large kill radius against soft and unhardened targets, accuracy is a minor consideration in the delivery system selection as long as the targeting strategy calls for counter value attacks. Nuclear weapons destroy people and the infrastructure they occupy. They only require that the delivery system places the warhead with an accuracy of approximately 3 kilometers of a target if the weapon has a yield of 20 kilotons and to an even larger radius as the yield grows. Most un-manned delivery systems with a range of less than 500 kilometers easily meet these criteria. Often, as is the case with ballistic missiles, the quality of the control system beyond a certain performance does not materially change the accuracy of a nuclear warhead, because a large fraction of the error arises after the powered phase of the flight as the vehicle reenters the atmosphere. While this is true of chemical and biological warheads as well, with a nuclear warhead, there is less need to compensate for this error with such technologies as terminal guidance or homing reentry vehicles. To be effective, a delivery vehicle employed to spread chemical or biological agents must distribute the material in a fine cloud below a certain altitude and above the surface. It should be capable of all-weather operations and should not betray its presence to air defense assets.
MISSILE COMPONENTS
Sir Isaac Newton stated in his Third Law of Motion that "every action is accompanied by an equal and opposite reaction." A rocket operates on this principle. The continuous ejection of a stream of hot gases in one direction causes a steady motion of the rocket in the opposite direction. A jet aircraft operates on the same principle, using oxygen in the atmosphere to support combustion for its fuel. The rocket engine has to operate outside the atmosphere, and so must carry its own oxidizer. A rocket is a machine that develops thrust by the rapid expulsion of matter. The major components of a chemical rocket assembly are a rocket motor or engine, propellant consisting of fuel and an oxidizer, a frame to hold the components, control systems and a payload such as a warhead. A rocket differs from other engines in that it carries its fuel and oxidizer internally, therefore it will burn in the vacuum of space as well as within the Earth's atmosphere. A rocket
is called a launch vehicle when it is used to launch a satellite or other payload into orbit or deep space. A rocket becomes a missile when the payload is a warhead and it is used as a weapon. There are a number of terms used to describe the power generated by a rocket.
Thrust is the force generated, measured in pounds or kilograms. Thrust generated by the first stage must be greater than the weight of the complete missile while standing on the launch pad in order to get it moving. Once moving upward, thrust must continue to be generated to accelerate the missile against the force of the Earth's gravity. The impulse, sometimes called total impulse, is the product of thrust and the effective firing duration. A shoulder fired rocket such as the LAW has an average thrust of 600 lbs and a firing duration of 0.2 seconds for an impulse of 120 lb sec. The Saturn V rocket, used during the Apollo program, not only generated much more thrust but also for a much longer time. It had an impulse of 1.15 billion lb sec. The efficiency of a rocket engine is measured by its specific impulse (Isp). Specific impulse is defined as the thrust divided by the mass of propellant consumed per second. The result is expressed in seconds. The specific impulse can be thought of as the number of seconds that one pound of propellant will produce one pound of thrust. If thrust is expressed in pounds, a specific impulse of 300 seconds is considered good. Higher values are better. Although specific impulse is a characteristic of the propellant system, its exact value will vary to some extent with the operating conditions and design of the rocket engine. It is for this reason that different numbers are often quoted for a given propellant or combination of propellants. A rocket's mass ratio is defined as the total mass at lift off divided by the mass remaining after all the propellant has been consumed. A high mass ratio means that more propellant is pushing less missile and payload mass, resulting in higher velocity. A high mass ratio is necessary to achieve the high velocities needed for long-range missiles.
Most current long-range missiles consist of two or more rockets or stages that are stacked on top of each other. The second stage is on top of the first, and so on. The first stage is the one that lifts the missile off the launch pad and is sometimes known also as a "booster" or "main stage". When the first stage runs out of propellant or has reached the desired altitude and velocity, its rocket engine is turned off and it is separated so that the subsequent stages do not have to propel unnecessary mass. Dropping away the useless weight of stages whose propellant has been expended means less powerful engines can be used to continue the acceleration, which less propellant has to be carried, which in turn means more payload can be placed onto the target.
PROPULSION
Many different types of rocket engines have been designed or proposed. There are three categories of chemical propellants for rocket engines: liquid propellant, solid propellant, and hybrid propellant. The propellant for a chemical rocket engine usually consists of a fuel and an
oxidizer. Sometimes a catalyst is added to enhance the chemical reaction between the fuel and the oxidizer. Each category has advantages and disadvantages that make them best for certain applications and unsuitable for others.
LIQUID PROPELLANT: rocket engines burn two separately stored liquid chemicals, a
fuel and an oxidizer, to produce thrust. Cryogenic Propellant A cryogenic propellant is one that uses very cold, liquefied gases as the fuel and the oxidizer. Liquid oxygen boils at 297 F and liquid hydrogen boils at 423 F. Cryogenic propellants require special insulated containers and vents to allow gas from the evaporating liquids to escape. The liquid fuel and oxidizer are pumped from the storage tanks to an expansion chamber and injected into the combustion chamber where they are mixed and ignited by a flame or spark. The fuel expands as it burns and the hot exhaust gases are directed out of the nozzle to provide thrust. Hypergolic Propellant A hypergolic propellant is composed of a fuel and oxidizer that ignite when they come into contact with each other. No spark is needed. Hypergolic propellants are typically corrosive so storage requires special containers and safety facilities. However, these propellants are typically liquid at room temperature, and do not require the complicated storage facilities that are mandatory with cryogenic propellants. Mono- propellants Monopropellants combine the properties of fuel and oxidizer in one chemical. By their nature, monopropellants are unstable and dangerous. Monopropellants are typically used in adjusting or vernier rockets to provide thrust for making changes to trajectories once the main stages of the rocket have burnd out. Advantages of liquid propellant rockets include the highest energy per unit of fuel mass, variable thrust, and a restart capability. Raw materials, such as oxygen and hydrogen are in abundant supply and a relatively easy to manufacture. Disadvantages of liquid propellant rockets include requirements for complex storage containers, complex plumbing, precise fuel and oxidizer injection metering, high speed/high capacity pumps, and difficulty in storing fueled rockets.
The petroleum used as a rocket fuel is a type of kerosene similar to the sort burned in heaters and lamps. However, the rocket petroleum is highly refined, and is called RP-1 (Refined Petroleum). It is burned with liquid oxygen (the oxidizer) to provide thrust. RP-1 is a fuel in the first-stage boosters of the Delta and Atlas-Centaur rockets. It also powered the first stages of the Saturn 1B and Saturn V. RP-1 delivers a specific impulse considerably less than that of cryogenic fuels. Cryogenic propellants are liquid oxygen (LOX), which serves as an oxidizer, and liquid hydrogen (LH2), which is a fuel. The word cryogenic is a derivative of the Greek kyros, meaning "ice cold." LOX remains in a liquid state at temperatures of minus 298 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 183 degrees Celsius). LH2 remains liquid at temperatures of minus 423 degrees Fahrenheit (minus 253 degrees Celsius). In gaseous form, oxygen and hydrogen have such low densities that extremely large tanks would be required to store them aboard a rocket. But cooling and compressing them into liquids vastly increases their density, making it possible to store them in large quantities in smaller tanks. The distressing tendency of cryogenics to return to gaseous form unless kept supercool makes them difficult to store over long periods of time, and hence less satisfactory as propellants for
military rockets, which must be kept launch-ready for months at a time. But the high efficiency of the liquid hydrogen/liquid oxygen combination makes the low-temperature problem worth coping with when reaction time and storability are not too critical. Hydrogen has about 40 percent more "bounce to the ounce" than other rocket fuels, and is very light, weighing about one-half pound (0.45 kilogram) per gallon (3.8 liters). Oxygen is much heavier, weighing about 10 pounds (4.5 kilograms) per gallon (3.8 liters). The RL-10 engines on the Centaur, the United States' first liquid-hydrogen/liquid-oxygen rocket stage, have a specific impulse of 444 seconds. The J-2 engines used on the Saturn V second and third stages, and on the second stage of the Saturn 1B, also burned the LOX/LH2 combination. They had specific impulse ratings of 425 seconds. For comparison purposes, the liquid oxygen/kerosene combination used in the cluster of five F-1 engines in the Saturn V first stage had specific impulse ratings of 260 seconds. The same propellant combination used by the booster stages of the Atlas/Centaur rocket yielded 258 seconds in the booster engine and 220 seconds in the sustainer. The high efficiency engines aboard the Space Shuttle orbiter use liquid hydrogen and oxygen and have a specific impulse rating of 455 seconds. The fuel cells in an orbiter use these two liquids to produce electrical power through a process best described as electrolysis in reverse. Liquid hydrogen and oxygen burn clean, leaving a by-product of water vapor. The rewards for mastering LH2 are substantial for spaceflight applications. The ability to use hydrogen means that a given mission can be accomplished with a smaller quantity of propellants (and a smaller vehicle), or alternately, that the mission can be accomplished with a larger payload than is possible with the same mass of conventional propellants. In short, hydrogen yields more power per gallon. Hypergolic propellants are fuels and oxidizers which ignite on contact with each other and need no ignition source. This easy start and restart capability makes them attractive for both manned and unmanned spacecraft maneuvering systems. Another plus is their storability -- they do not have the extreme temperature requirements of cryogenics. The fuel is monomethyl hydrazine (MMH) and the oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide (N2O4). Hydrazine is a clear, nitrogen/hydrogen compound with a "fishy" smell. It is similar to ammonia. Nitrogen tetroxide is a reddish fluid. It has a pungent, sweetish smell. Both fluids are highly toxic, and are handled under the most stringent safety conditions. Hypergolic propellants are used in the core liquid propellant stages of the Titan family of launch vehicles, and on the second stage of the Delta. The Space Shuttle orbiter uses hypergols in its Orbital Maneuvering Subsystem (OMS) for orbital insertion, major orbital maneuvers and deorbit. The Reaction Control System (RCS) uses hypergols for attitude control. The efficiency of the MMH/N2O4 combination in the Space Shuttle orbiter ranges from 260 to 280 seconds in the RCS, to 313 seconds in the OMS. The higher efficiency of the OMS system is attributed to higher expansion ratios in the nozzles and higher pressures in the combustion chambers.
SOLID PROPELLANT rockets are basically combustion chamber tubes packed
with a propellant that contains both fuel and oxidizer blended together uniformly. The solid-propellant motor is the oldest and simplest of all forms of rocketry, dating back to the ancient Chinese. It's simply a casing, usually steel, filled with a mixture of solid-form
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chemicals (fuel and oxidizer) which burn at a rapid rate, expelling hot gases from a nozzle to achieve thrust. The principal advantage is that a solid propellant is relatively stable therefore it can be manufactured and stored for future use. Solid propellants have a high density and can burn very fast. They are relatively insensitive to shock, vibration and acceleration. No propellant pumps are required thus the rocket engines are less complicated. Disadvantages are that, once ignited, solid propellants cannot be throttled, turned off and then restarted because they burn until all the propellant is used. The surface area of the burning propellant is critical in determining the amount of thrust being generated. Cracks in the solid propellant increase the exposed surface area, thus the propellant burns faster than planned. If too many cracks develop, pressure inside the engine rises significantly and the rocket engine may explode. Manufacture of a solid propellant is an expensive, precision operation. Solid propellant rockets range in size from the Light Antitank Weapon to the 100 foot long Solid Rocket Boosters (SRBs) used on the side of the main fuel tank of the Space Shuttle. The Space Shuttle uses the largest solid rocket motors ever built and flown. Each reusable booster contains 1.1 million pounds (453,600 kilograms) of propellant, in the form of a hard, rubbery substance with a consistency like that of the eraser on a pencil. The four center segments are the ones containing propellant. The uppermost one has a star-shaped, hollow channel in the center, extending from the top to about two thirds of the way down, where it gradually rounds out until the channel assumes the form of a cylinder. This opening connects to a similar cylindrical hole through the center of the second through fourth segments. When ignited, the propellant burns on all exposed surfaces, from top to bottom of all four segments. Since the star-shaped channel provides more exposed surface than the simple cylinder in the lower three segments, the total thrust is greatest at liftoff, and gradually decreases as the points of the star burn away, until that channel also becomes cylindrical in shape. The propellant in the star-shaped segment is also thicker than that in the other three. A solid propellant always contains its own oxygen supply. The oxidizer in the Shuttle solids is ammonium perchlorate, which forms 69.93 percent of the mixture. The fuel is a form of powdered aluminum (16 percent), with an iron oxidizer powder (0.07) as a catalyst. The binder that holds the mixture together is polybutadiene acrylic acid acrylonitrile (12.04 percent). In addition, the mixture contains an epoxycuring agent (1.96 percent). The binder and epoxy also burn as fuel, adding thrust. The specific impulse of the Space Shuttle solid rocket booster propellant is 242 seconds at sea level and 268.6 seconds in a vacuum. HYBRID PROPELLANT rocket engines attempt to capture the advantages of both liquid and solid fueled rocket engines. The basic design of a hybrid consists of a combustion chamber tube, similar to ordinary solid fueled rockets, packed with a solid chemical, usually the fuel. Above the combustion chamber tube is a tank, containing a complementary reactive liquid chemical, usually the oxidizer. The two chemicals are hypergolic, and when the liquid chemical is injected into the combustion chamber containing the solid chemical, ignition occurs and thrust is produced. The ability to throttle the engine is achieved by varying the amount of liquid injected per unit of time. The rocket engine can be stopped by cutting off the flow of the liquid chemical. The engine can be restarted by resuming the flow of the liquid chemical. Other advantages of
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hybrid propellant rocket engines are that they provide higher energy than standard solid propellant rockets, they can be throttled and restarted like liquid propellant rockets, they can be stored for long periods like solid propellant rockets, and they contain less than half the complex machinery (pumps, plumbing) of standard liquid propellant engines. They are also less sensitive to damage to the solid fuel component than standard solid propellant system. Hybrid rockets control the combustion rate by metering the liquid component of the fuel. No matter how much solid component surface area is exposed, only so much can be burned in the presence of the liquid component. Disadvantages are that these engines do not generate as much energy per pound of propellant as liquid propellant engines and they are more complex than standard solid fueled engines. Hybrid propellant rocket engines are still in development and are not yet available for operational use.
GUIDANCE SYSTEM
The guidance system in a missile can be compared to the human pilot of an airplane. Every missile guidance system consists of an attitude control system and a flight path control system. The attitude control system functions to maintain the missile in the desired attitude on the ordered flight path by controlling the missile in pitch, roll, and yaw. The attitude control system operates as an auto-pilot, damping out fluctuations that tend to deflect the missile from its ordered flight path. The function of the flight path control system is to determine the flight path necessary for target interception and to generate the orders to the attitude control system to maintain that path. The operation of a guidance and control system is based on the principle of feedback. The control units make corrective adjustments of the missile control surfaces when a guidance error is present. The control units will also adjust the control to stabilize the missile in roll, pitch, and yaw. Guidance and stabilization corrections are combined, and the result is applied as an error signal to the control system. The heart of the inertial navigation system for missiles is an arrangement of accelerometers that will detect any change in vehicular motion. An accelerometer, as its name implies, is a device for mea-suring acceleration. In their basic form such devices are sim-ple. For example, a pendulum, free to swing on a transverse axis, could be used to measure acceleration along the fore-and-aft axis of the missile. When the missile is given a forward acceleration, the pendulum will tend to lag aft; the actual displacement of the pendulum form its original position will be a function of the magnitude of the accelerating force. The movement of the mass (weight) is in accordance with Newton's second law of motion, which states that the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force applied and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. Usually there are three double-integrating accelerometers continuously measuring the distance traveled by the missile in three directions--range, altitude, and azimuth. Doubleintegrating accelerometers are devices that are sensitive to acceleration, and by a doublestep process measure distance. These measured distances are then compared with the desired dis-tances, which are preset into the missile; if the missile is off course, correction signals are sent to the control system. If the missile speed were constant, the distance covered could be calculated simply by multiplying the speed by time of flight. But because the acceleration varies, the speed also varies. For that reason, the second integration is necessary.
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When targets are located at great distances from the launching site, some form of navigational guidance must be used. Accuracy at long distances is achieved only after exacting and comprehensive calculations of the flight path have been made. Navigational systems that may be used for long-range missile guidance include inertial and celestial.
INERTIAL GUIDANCE.
The simplest principle for guidance is the law of inertia. In aiming a basketball at a basket, an attempt is made to give the ball a trajectory that will terminate in the basket. However, once the ball is released, the shooter has no further control over it. If he has aimed incorrectly, or if the ball is touched by another person, it will miss the bas-ket. However, it is possible for the ball to be incorrectly aimed and then have another person touch it to change its course so it will hit the basket. In this case, the second player has provided a form of guidance. The inertial guidance system sup-plies the intermediate push to get the missile back on the proper trajectory. The inertial guidance method is used for the same purpose as the preset method and is actually a refinement of that method. The inertially guided missile also receives programmed informa-tion prior to launch. Although there is no electromagnetic contact between the launching site and the missile after launch, the missile is able to make corrections to its flight path with amazing precision, controlling the flight path with accelerometers that are mounted on a gyro-stabilized platform. All in-flight accelerations are continuously measured by this arrangement, and the missile attitude control generates corresponding correction signals to maintain the proper trajectory. The use of inertial guidance takes much of the guesswork out of long-range missile delivery. The unpredictable outside forces working on the missile are continuously sensed by the accelerometers. The genera-ted solution enables the missile to continuously correct its flight path. The inertial method has proved far more reliable than any other long-range guidance method developed to date.
CELESTIAL REFERENCE.
A celestial navigation guidance system is a system designed for a predetermined path in which the missile course is adjusted continuously by reference to fixed stars. The system is based on the known apparent positions of stars or other celestial bodies with respect to a point on the surface of the earth at a given time. Navigation by fixed stars and the sun is highly desirable for longrange missiles since its accuracy is not dependent on range. The missile must be provided with a horizontal or a vertical reference to the earth, automatic star-tracking telescopes to determine star elevation angles with respect to the reference, a time base, and navigational star tables mechanically or electrically recorded. A computer in the missile continuously compares star observations with the time base and the navigational tables to determine the missile's present position. From this, the proper signals are computed to steer the missile correctly toward the target. The missile must carry all this complicated equipment and must fly above the clouds to assure star visibility. Celestial guidance (also called stellar guidance) was used for the Mariner (unmanned spacecraft) interplanetary mission to the vicinity of Mars and Venus. ICBM and SLBM systems at present use celestial guidance.
COMMAND GUIDANCE Multi-source
radio signals that allow a triangulation of position offer an alternative to acceleration measurements. Advanced
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missile powers dropped radio guidance in the 1960s and switched to autonomous inertial measuring units, which are carried onboard the missile. The United States considered radio guidance again in the late 1980s for mobile missiles but dropped the idea in favor of a Global Positioning System (GPS). A radio guidance system could transmit signals from the launch site, or an accurate transmitter array near the launch site to create the signals. Radio command and control schemes, because of the immediate presence of a radio signal when the system is turned on, alert defenses that a missile launch is about to occur. And performance for these systems degrades because of the rocket plume and radio noise. Also, these systems are very much subject to the effects of jamming or false signals. Global Positioning System (GPS) and the Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) are unlikely ever to be used in the control function of a ballistic missile. The best military grade GPS receivers produce positions with an uncertainty of tens of centimeters. If a missile has two of these receivers in its airframe spaced 10 meters apart, the best angular resolution is roughly in the centiradian range. Theater ballistic missiles [TBMs] require milliradian range angular accuracy to maintain control. However, GPS has significant application for an TBM outfitted with a post-boost vehicle (bus) or attitude control module that navigates a reentry vehicle to a more accurate trajectory.
REENTRY VEHICLE
Following the completion of the propulsive phase of the mission, the missile will typically align, inertially stabilize, and release a reentry vehicle [RV] on a trajectory toward a pre-selected target. During atmospheric reentry, the exterior of the RV is protected from aerothermodynamic heating by a thermal protection system (TPS). The aerodynamic shape configuration (ballistic or lifting) of a reentry vehicle determines the severity, duration, and flight path of reentry experienced by the vehicle. This, in turn, affects the vehicle systems complexity and the heating loads on the payload. A lifting reentry vehicle has many operational advantages over a non-lifting vehicle. Primarily, the reentry loads can be minimized to almost any desired level, with flexibility in landing site selection. The vehicle has the ability to deviate its reentry trajectory to reach selected landing sites "cross range" from the orbital track, and to fine tune deorbit propulsion system errors. Spherical and ballistic vehicles can only deorbit to selected sites which are on the orbital ground track. A disadvantage of the lifting shape over the non-lifting shape lies in the complexity and high cost associated with guidance and control of the lifting vehicle. A failure of the guidance or control system could render the vehicle uncontrollable and cause it to diverge a great distance off course. Methods which have been used to protect RVs in the past include: ablation (erosion of surface material, such as silicone elastomers); and radiative heat shield (e.g., ceramic-based surface insulation systems).
Either of these methods, or a combination of them, may be used to protect the RV against excessive heating. After the vehicle reenters the atmosphere, it will decelerate to below sonic speeds. In order to further reduce the velocity of the RV for delivery of chemical or biological agents, supplemental deceleration systems such as parachutes may be used. RVs possess a tremendous amount of kinetic energy, which must be dissipated during reentry as the vehicles decelerate to their impact or landing velocity. The RV reenters the Earth's
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atmosphere at velocities of up to Mach (M) 25. As the RV passes through the atmosphere, atmospheric friction decelerates it to below M 1, and converts its kinetic energy primarily into thermal energy (heat). Within the stagnation zone, an area immediately in front of the RV, an area of compressed, extremely hot, ionized and stagnant air is formed. Heat from the hot gas is transferred to the surface of the RV.The heat generated during reentry is not only dependent on atmospheric density, but is also inversely proportional to the square root of the radius of the RV's nose cone and proportional to the cube of its velocity. Hence, blunt nose RVs are heated less than slender ones; and lifting RV designs, which use the glider principle, produce less heat than ballistic hyperbolic descent designs because their velocity is typically lower. Thus, a full evaluation of thermal impacts during reentry is dependent on both vehicle- and mission-specific criteria. Temperatures generated within the hottest area (the stagnation zone) during ballistic reentry may exceed 11,100C (20,000F). Heat generation is not as severe on vehicles which are capable of some degree of lift during reentry; the temperature of the Apollo capsule surface reached about 2,760C (5,000F). Thermal protection systems are required for RVs to ensure the vehicle does not burn up during reentry. The choice of systems to be used is dependent upon the vehicle design, the reentry temperatures the RV may be subject to, and mission-specific requirements of the warhead. Thermal protection systems for the exterior of RVs which may be feasible include ablation, radiative heat shield, heat sink, transpiration, and radiator. However, to date, heat sink, transpiration, and radiator systems have not been used to protect the exterior surface of RVs from the thermal stress of reentry. Ablation cooling or simple ablation is a process in which heat energy is absorbed by a material (the heat shield) through melting, vaporization and thermal decomposition and then dissipated as the material vaporizes or erodes. In addition, high surface temperatures are reached and heat is dissipated by surface radiation, pyrolysis of the surface material causing formation of a "char," and the generation of chemical by-products which move through the char carrying heat outward towards the surface boundary. The rejected chemical by-products then tend to concentrate in the ablation boundary layer where they further block convective heating. These ablative materials may be chemically constructed or made from natural materials. A common man-made ablative material in current use is a firm silicone rubber whose chemical name is phenolmethylsiloxane. It has a silicone elastomer base, with silica filler and carbon fibers for shear strength. Its primary use is in high shear, high heatflux environments; it is used on control surfaces and nose cones of hypervelocity vehicles, including some parts of the Space Shuttle. This material yields a carbonaceous char on pyrolysis, which is a glassy, ceramic-type material composed of silicon, oxygen, and carbon. An ablative material known as polydimethylsiloxane has been used on manned reentry capsules in the past, including the Mercury program. An elastomeric silicon ablative material was used in the Discoverer program. An example of a natural material is the oak wood heat shield used on the Chinese FSW reentry vehicles. During reentry, the ablative processes begin in the upper atmosphere when the pyrolysis temperature of the material is reached resulting from an increase in atmospheric friction. At altitudes above 120 km (75 mi), atmospheric density is generally insufficient to cause the onset of ablation.
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An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads). Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target. Early ICBMs had limited accuracy that allowed them to be used only against the largest targets, cities. They were seen as a "safe" basing option, one that would keep the deterrent force close to home where it would be difficult to attack. Attacks against military targets, if desired, still demanded the use of a manned bomber. Second and third generation designs dramatically improved accuracy to the point where even the smallest point targets can be successfully attacked. Similar evolution in size has allowed similar missiles to be placed on submarines, where they are known as submarine launched ballistic missiles, or SLBMs. Submarines are an even safer basing option than land-based missiles, able to move about the ocean at will. This evolution in capability has pushed the manned bomber from the front-line deterrant force in all forces but the United States, and land-based ICBMs have similarly given way largely to SLBMs. ICBMs are differentiated by having greater range and speed than other ballistic missiles: intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs), medium-range ballistic missiles (MRBMs), short-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs)these shorter range ballistic missiles are
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known collectively as theatre ballistic missiles. There is no single, standardized definition of what ranges would be categorized as intercontinental, intermediate, medium, or short. Additionally, ICBMs are generally considered to be nuclear only; although several conceptual designs of conventionally-armed missiles have been considered, the launch of such a weapon would be such a threat that it would demand a nuclear response, eliminating any military value to such a weapon. Strategic missiles consist of propellant-filled stages, a guidance system, and a payload. Once launched, the missile passes through three phases of flight: boost, ballistic, and reentry. If a missile has more than one stage (as all of ours do) there may be more than one boost phase interspersed with several ballistic (coasting) phases where the missile follows its trajectory. The missile can only be guided during boost phase with inertial or stellar or both. Inertial guidance uses onboard computer driven gyroscopes to determine the missile's position and compares this to the targeting information fed into the computer before launch. Stellar guidance uses an optical tracking system to triangulate star positions and update targeting information when it is out of the earth's atmosphere. Targeting cannot be changed after launch, nor can strategic missiles be recalled or destroyed in flight. These guidance systems produce accuracies measured in hundreds of feet at ranges of 7,000 miles. Payloads of strategic missiles consist of nuclear warheads which cannot arm themselves until the onboard computer confirms that all three phases of flight have been completed. Current American ICBMs use solid propellants. The solid propellant used in the first three stages of both the Minuteman II and III, as well as the Peacekeeper, uses acrylic acid/aluminum powder for fuel, ammonium perchlorate as the oxidizer, and polybutadiene as the binder. Once ignited, solid propellant cannot be extinguished; it burns until exhaustion. The resulting burn is a metal fire which produces exhaust fumes consisting primarily of aluminum oxide dust and hydrogen chloride gas. In the event of an accident, small levels of hydrochloric acid could be inhaled by nearby personnel, but it is unlikely that much more than eye and upper airway irritation will be experienced. Minuteman III and Peacekeeper both have a liquid fuel, restartable fourth stage, called the payload bus. The fuel is monomethyl hydrazine and the oxidizer is nitrogen tetroxide. They are stored in a sealed system that is never opened in the field. Both chemicals are highly toxic at low levels and any exposure requires immediate decontamination with copious amounts of water followed by hospitalization for a minimum observation period. Symptoms of eye and airway irritation must be treated promptly. In the last 20 years, several countries have built, or sought to build, missiles with an intercontinental reach, usually under the auspices of a space launch capability. France led the way with the introduction of the S-2 launch vehicle in the late 1960s. Derivatives and motor technology from their S-2 missile assisted France in developing its Ariane space launch vehicle, which competes directly with the American Delta class space vehicles. Israel demonstrated the technical capacity to put a satellite in orbit in 1991, indicating to the world that it could deliver WMD to any spot on the globe. Space launch programs came out of South Africa and India in the late 1980s. The South Africans constructed an especially credible prototype for a three-stage launch vehicle that had immediate use as an ICBM. Finally, Iraq showed that a long-range missile did not necessarily have to be built from the ground up. With the help of foreign consultants, Iraq test fired the al Abid Space Launch Vehicle in December 1990. The al Abid
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consisted of five SCUD missiles strapped together to form a lower stage, which was designed to boost two upper stages, together with a payload, into orbit. The al Abid did not work as predicted, and, if it had, it would have put only a few kilograms of useful payload into orbit. As an ICBM, though, it established the possibility of building a long-range rocket from dated technology. The various technologies will be addressed as complete systems and as subsystems. Systems Iraq built its al Abid capability with the direct assistance of foreign scientists and engineers and by attempting to purchase technology, such as carbon-carbon materials, for rocket nozzle throats and nosetips directly from foreign companies. The multiple uses for aerospace materials and the development of aerospace consortiums have multiplied the number of sources of research talent and manufacturing industries that a potential proliferant nation can tap for assistance in building an ICBM. These foreign outlets have also exposed the prolieferant world to the high expense associated with building an ICBM. In the late 1980s, Iraq could afford to trade some of its oil wealth for the cost of buying the entire corporate talent of one research and development (R&D) firm. Most economies that can sustain such a high level of funding are either already building space launch vehicles (France and China), are in a multilateral arrangement to build one (Germany, Great Britain, Italy), or have recently abandoned building one because of market forces (South Africa). ICBM attacks must also be effective because a launching nation will get few opportunities to continue the attack. The simple cost of an ICBM limits the total size of a missile inventory. This decreases the potential for sustained firing of ICBMs, a tactic used to disrupt a society by the threat of repeated chemical weapons attacks by long-range missiles. If a country seeks to launch an ICBM, it must launch the missile from a vulnerable fixed launch site, harden the launch site for better survivability against attack, or invest the additional expense in building a mobile transporter-erector launcher (TEL). Use of vulnerable, fixed launch site ICBMs provides opportunity for opposing forces to eliminate most of these sites quickly. Hardened launch sites are difficult to reload quickly and thus damper a sustained firing tactic. Without the use of fixed launch sites, a nation must rely on mobile launchers. Making enough mobile launchers to support a long missile campaign is an expensive endeavor. It also lessens the possibility of a sustained firing. A small ICBM that delivers 500 kg of payload to a distance of 9,000 km will weigh between 15,000 and 22,000 kg, depending on the efficiency of the design and the sophistication of the technology involved. The FSU and the United States have built TELs to handle missiles of this mass. Chemical or biological agents are not spread efficiently by the flight path that an ICBM follows. The high velocity along the flight azimuth makes it almost impossible to distribute airborne agents in an even and effective cloud. Submunitions make the problem somewhat more tractable, but the submunitions still require a very capable propulsion system if they are to cancel
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the azimuthal velocity and impart a cross range velocity to circularize the distribution of an agent cloud. Other problems abound: U.S. experience with fuzes for ballistic missiles showed that much less than 10 percent of chemical and biological agents survived the launch and delivery sequence. Iraq used fuzing for its chemical warheads on its TBMs that would have allowed less than 1 percent of the agent to survive. The most sensible warhead for an ICBM to carry is a nuclear weapon, and the weaponization section concerns itself primarily with the weaponization of ICBMs to carry nuclear warheads.
SUBSYSTEMS
Some of the same technologies for extending a TBMs range provide extra capability to build an ICBM. An ICBM may include strap-ons, a clustered combination of single-stage missiles, parallel staging, and serial staging. Iraq increased the range of its missile fleet by reducing the weight of the warhead in one case (the al Hussein missile) and extending the propellant and oxidizer tanks and increasing the burn time in another (the al Abbas missile). The particular path that Iraq followed in making the al Abbas out of SCUD parts is not technically practical for building an ICBM. An airframe must have a thrust-to-weight ratio of greater than one to lift off, and a SCUD airframe cannot be extended sufficiently to reach intercontinental ranges and still lift off with the current turbo pump, given its low stage fraction (the ratio of burn-out weight to
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takeoff weight a strong measure of missile performance). Building a new turbo pump that provides the needed take-off thrust and also fits within the air-frame is a more difficult task than simply building a new and much more capable missile from scratch. Both strap-ons and parallel staging provide ways for a proliferant to reach an ICBM capability. Many countries have built small, solid rocket motors that can be tailored to fit within the MTCR guidelines. A number of these motors strapped on to a reasonably capable main stage, such as the S-2, would resemble the Ariane launch vehicle. The country that pursues this path requires a firing sequencer that can ignite all the motors simultaneously. Strap-ons generally operate for a short fraction (roughly one-third) of the total missile burn time of an ICBM. If they are dropped off, the guidance and control requirement can be met by using the main engine thrust vector control to steer the whole assemblage. Aerodynamically, the strap-ons behave much as fins in the lower atmosphere, increasing the amount of total cycle time available for the guidance computer to operate. Parallel staging offers many of the same advantages for liquid rockets that strap-ons do for solid rockets. The United States built the Atlas missile as a parallel staged rocket because, in the 1950s, it was the quickest path to developing an ICBM to meet the Soviet challenge. A liquidfueled, parallel-staged rocket draws propellant and oxidizer from existing tanks but feeds it to several engines at once to sustain the proper thrust level. When these engines are no longer needed, they are dropped. The tanks, however, remain with the missile so a parallel-staged missile is not as efficient as a serially staged missile. As many designers already know, and most textbooks prove mathematically, a serially staged missile is the best design to deliver a payload to long distances. Examples of an optimal, serially staged ICBM include the U.S. Peacekeeper missile and the Soviet Unions SS-24. Each of these missiles can reach 11,000-km range and carry up to 10 nuclear warheads. In an optimum serially staged configuration, each stage contributes about twice as much velocity as the stage that preceded it, though many effective ICBMs can be built without following any particular design guideline. To be capable of an 11,000-km range, the ideal ICBM would be composed of four stages. The United States and the Soviet Union both ignored this consideration, though, because of concerns about the overall reliability of the missile. The ignition of each stage in sequence at the staging interval is difficult to time properly, and, inevitably, some period occurs during this staging event when the control authority over the missile is at its worst. To reduce these events and improve the overall reliably of the missiles, the superpowers chose to trade performance for fewer stages. A proliferant that does not buy a fully equipped ICBM must solve this same staging sequence problem. The technologies to build event sequencers and the short duration, reproducibly timed squibs, exploding bridge-wires, or other stage separation shaped charges to support these
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sequencers are among the most sensitive material to be con-trolled in trying to prevent the proliferation of ICBMs. If a proliferant clusters existing single-stage missiles together, it must consider the guidance and control implications of the design. Several ordinary single-stage missiles grouped together make a very stout planform with a high lateral moment of inertia. To control this missile, the thrust vector control system has to produce much greater torque on the airframe than it would for an equivalent mass that is long and thin, as are most missiles. The high moment of inertia, in turn, requires either higher actuation strokes in a thrust vector control system, which reduces the thrust available for range, or a much larger liquid injection system, which reduces the weight available for propellant and again reduces the range. On the other hand, simple thrust vector control strategies, such as vernier nozzles and fluid injection, can satisfactorily control the missile. A proliferant only needs to build the fluidics to support these schemes: fast acting valves and the actuators to control these valves. The same types of valve and piping concerns that are covered in the tables for TBMs apply to the fluid system of an ICBM. A serially staged missile forces a designer to carefully consider the control of a more dynamically complex vehicle. The stages and interstage breaks make the structure of a serially staged missile behave under some loading conditions as a series of smaller integral segments attached at points with flexible joints. This construction has natural frequencies that are different than a single, integral body, such as a one-stage missile. If flight conditions excite any of these many and complex resonant modes in the missile stack, the guidance and control system must supply the correct damping motion, in frequency or duration, to prevent the missile from losing control. Some of the corrections affect the guidance of the missile, and the flight computer must determine the proper steering to return the missile to its predicted trajectory. A proliferator may use many existing finite element routines and modal analysis hardware to find or predict these frequencies. In addition to the hardware, a requirement exists to test and validate the computer routines in wind tunnels and structural laboratories. Since these computer routines reduce the number of engineers needed to modify missiles, they are particularly key to reducing the cost of individual missiles. For this reason, automated engineering computer routines are ranked at the same level of threat in the technology tables as hardware items. The guidance and navigation systems of an ICBM closely mirror those that are used in a TBM, and anyone who has passed through the phase of building a TBM can possibly scale up a version of the guidance system suitable from the earlier missiles. The mathematical logic for determining range is different for ICBMs than for TBMs if a digital guidance computer is used rather than a pendulous integrating gyro accelerometer, which is the standard for most TBMs. However, many text books derive the equations of motion for digital guidance computers. Errors created by the guidance system feedback instrumentation during the boost-phase can be
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corrected later in the flight with post-boost vehicles (to be discussed in the weaponization section). Navigation technologies, beyond the issues already discussed for TBMs, can be applied in this same post-boost vehicle. The propulsion system of ICBMs can be either liquid or solid fueled (or in some cases a hybrid of the two). A proliferator that understands the principles of solid fuel burning and how to shape the configuration of the internal grain to achieve the desired thrust/time trace can build any of its stages for an ICBM indigenously. Larger motors, of course, are more difficult to manufacture. The outer case of a solid missile can be made from any conventional material, such as steel, but better propellants with higher burning temperatures often require the substitution of materials with higher strength-to- weight ratios, such as Kevlar and carbon or glass epoxy. Steel cases can be used with cross-linked, double-based solid fuels, but the need for additional liners and insulation to protect the case against the higher burning temperatures of these newer propellants compromises some of the range that can be achieved by using the better propellant in the first place. Most steel cases must be produced from a material having a thickness that closely or exactly matches the final thickness of the motor case to pre-vent excessive milling of the material. Filament winding technology may lay the filaments in solid motor cases in longitudinal and circumferential plies, in bias plies, and in the most structurally efficient way of all in helically wound orientations. Any European, former Soviet, or U.S. multi-axis filament-winding machine of sufficient size can be used to wind a solid rocket motor case. The plays winding orientation determines the structural, or stage, efficiency of the solid rocket motor. In a liquid-fueled missile, the supply pressure to feed fuel and oxidizer to the thrust chamber may come either from creating an ullage pressure or pumping the liquids to the thrust chamber with turbo pumps. Large volume flow rate pumps, particularly those designed for caustic fuels, have unique applications to ICBM construction. A proliferant may avoid the need for pumps by building tanks within the ICBM to contain an ullage pressure, which forces the liquids into the thrust chambers when the tanks are exposed to this high pressure. In most cases, ullage pressure is structurally less efficient than modern turbopumps because the missile frame must cover the ullage tanks, which are maintained at very high pressure and thus are quite heavy. However, this decrement in range performance is small. Since the technology is simpler to obtain, it may serve the needs of a proliferant. In either case, a liquid missile generally requires valves and gauges that are lightweight, operate with sub-millisecond time cycles, and have a reliable and reproducible operation time. These valves must also accept electrical signals from standard computer interfaces and require little, if any, ancillary electrical equipment. The choice of liquid propellant may also influence other technology choices. Some liquid propellants are storable, and others must be cryogenically cooled to temperatures approaching absolute zero. The cryogenic coolers make the missile less mobile and more difficult to prepare
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to fire. The superpowers long ago abandoned nonstorable liquid-propellant missiles for these reasons, but a country that can support the technology to manufacture and store liquid oxygen and hydrogen may find this to be one possible path to making an ICBM. The ICBM trajectory creates the most stressing problem for weapons integration, mainly because of the enormous heat load that velocity imparts to the reentry vehicle (RV). A TBM reenters the atmosphere at about 2 km/sec, and an ICBM reenters at about 6 km/sec. This increase in velocity creates more than an order of magnitude increase in associated heating. Traditionally, ICBMs have overcome the heat load with two reentry strategies: one using a very high ballistic coefficient and one using a very low ballistic coefficient. The choice has important and mutually exclusive implications for other aspects of the design. If a low ballistic coefficient is selected for RVs, it may only require that the heat shield be built from very simple and easy to obtain material, such as cork and phenolic. These materials provide sufficient thermal protection because the velocity of the RV is dissipated high in the atmosphere and the surplus thermal energy is transferred to the shock wave that the RV creates and the turbulence of the flow in its wake. Since the RV has slowed almost to terminal velocity, the unpredictable conditions of the winds aloft reduce accuracy. A low ballistic coefficient RV may have a circular error probability (CEP) as great as 20 km from the reentry phase of its flight alone. It has, however, slowed to the point where the dissemination of chemical and biological agents is more feasible. On the other hand, if a high ballistic coefficient is selected, the nosetip of the RV must endure temperatures in excess of 2,000 C. Temperatures in this range call for the best thermal insulating materials possible, such as 3-d or 4-d carbon/carbon. In addition to protecting the RV from extreme heating, the nosetip must also experience very little erosion of its contour as it travels through the atmosphere. Materials that provide both of these properties are rare and generally limited to manufacture in technologically advanced countries. Either of these reentry strategies benefits from the aid of a post-boost vehicle (PBV). The use of a PBV makes a high ballistic coefficient RV especially accurate. The PBV operates in space after the missile has burned completely. It steers out the guidance errors that have accumulated during the boost phase of the firing and puts the RV on a more accurate ballistic path. It can also be used just before the RV reenters the atmosphere to correct any errors in the flight path that have occurred because of as-sumptions about the Earths gravitational field between the launch point and the target. In a sophisticated PBV, the vehicle may realign the RV so it reenters the atmosphere with little aerodynamic oscillation. It may also spin the RV to even out contour changes in the nose tip and, thereby, reduce unpredictable flow fields around the body. The spinning gives the RV a gyroscopic inertia that damps out small perturbations in the attitude of the RV.
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With a PBV, a proliferator can achieve a targeting accuracy of 500 m over an intercontinental range. In general, the PBV costs about half of the total throw weight of a missile. For these reasons, its use is traded off with chemical and biological agents payload.
SYSTEMS
Seven nations the United States, Russia, China, France, Japan, India, and Israel have launched space vehicles, demonstrating generalized capability to build an ICBM. Israel has demonstrated the clearest link between a space launch program and a missile delivery system with the Shavit, the first Israeli satellite, and a substantial copy and scaled-up version of the Jericho II missile. Although Ukraine has not launched any space vehicles, it has produced large space launch systems as well as the worlds only heavy ICBM, the SS-18. Brazil is developing a sounding rocket that has applications to an ICBM program, and Pakistan has made first-generation rockets that indicate an underlying objective of developing an ICBM. No country has yet sold ICBMs abroad. Under United States pressure, Taiwan all but abandoned its space launch program in 1993. However, a residual infrastructure of knowledge and manufacturing capability remains in Taiwan. South Korea and Indonesia, once ICBM aspirants, have also dropped their development programs in recent years because of U.S. pressure and economic forces. No one purchaser names a possible price for the purchase of an ICBM, since none have been sold as unregulated commodities in the way that SCUDs have. However, other sales provide some indication of the rough costs. The Brazilians reportedly ex-pected to receive in excess of $10 million each for their Condor II, whose range of 1,000 km is much less than intercontinental, and the Chinese apparently received about $20 million for each of the 2,500-km range CSS-2s they sold to Saudi Arabia. Many studies within the United States indicate that the Peacekeeper, a highly capable and advanced missile, costs the military about $65 million per copy. At $50 million per missile, a country would need to invest about $2 billion to purchase or build 40 missiles. When this is compared to the roughly $200 million the Iraqis paid to build their Saad 16 missile manufacturing facility, it becomes clear that the economies of many countries cannot support a nuclear weapons production capa-bility and an ICBM launch capability. A determined proliferant can make an ICBM by substituting many technologies for the ones that have been listed so far as being militarily sufficient. The proliferants that have not been named as already capable of building an ICBM Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya need to seek out certain technologies on overseas markets. The nature of an acquisition program need not reveal its intention, if substitutions for certain materials are done properly.
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HARDWARE
Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Libya can manufacture or import steel of an equivalent grade to the material found in the early Minuteman II ICBM. If these countries seek to build a composite motor case instead, they must purchase the filament-winding machine from the United States, the FSU, France, Germany, the UK, or South Africa. The Chinese may be able to supply a reverse engineered filament winding machine based on Soviet technology. Other than the traditional solid-propellant manufacturing centers in France, Swe-en, Norway, Germany, and the United States, many other European countries with arms manufacturing centers, such as the Czech Republic, have some solid-propellant capability. In addition, Pakistan can manufacture small, solid-propellant motors that can be used as strap-on boosters. South Africa also has an indigenous solid-propellant production capability, which, if it so desired, can export small solid-propellant motors. Proliferators that may wish to follow the liquid-fueled path to ICBMs without using strap ons are likely to purchase turbo pumps primarily from Germany, Sweden, the United States, France, or Russia. The guidance and control package that a country needs to support an ICBM depends upon the desired accuracy it expects to achieve with its missile. Without a PBV, this accuracy is going to be poor, and more rudimentary technology can be used. Any industrial/advanced nation manufactures equipment and parts that, when properly constructed, can be used to build an inertial measuring unit. In addition to the United States, a proliferant can turn to Belgium, Germany, France, Holland, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Austria, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Russia, Italy, China, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, or India. In general, though, a guidance and control unit, using a digital guidance computer and consistent with a staged missile, cannot be built from cannibalized parts of older, analog guidance systems. A PBV requires a small liquid rocket motor, cold gas thrusters, or many small total impulse solid rocket motors. These motors must be supported by a small guidance, control, and navigation unit that flies with the RVs until they are dropped. GPS units have wide application for this particular phase of the ICBM trajectory. Because of existing export controls, a proliferant would have to modify an over-the-counter GPS receiver to operate at high altitude and at ICBM velocities. The knowledge of how to build a GPS receiver is now widespread, however, and many individual hobbyists have built receivers that evade these restrictions. A modified GPS receiver or a GLONASS receiver is completely consistent with the needs of a PBV.
TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE
Besides supplying whole systems, many corporations and nations have offered technical assistance in the last 10 years to some emerging missile powers. German firms reportedly assisted the missile programs of Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Iraq, and Libya. The Italians have offered assistance to Argentina, Egypt, and India. The French have participated in missile
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programs in Iraq and Pakistan. Israel has been accused by international arms regulators of participating in technology programs that lend a country the capability to build or modify a ballistic missile. The South Africans reportedly have received significant aid from the Israelis. Most European countries can lend technical assistance to emerging missiles powers. The French have a long history of developing missiles, not only to support the Ariane space launch capability but to launch the force de frappe nuclear arsenal. The Italians have participated in the European Union space program that helped design the Hermes missile. While the British relied on American missile programs in the 1960s to supply their TBM needs, a technical exchange program between Britain and the United States trained and educated a sizable pool of missile talent from the British Isles
HISTORY
The development of the world's first practical design for an ICBM, A9/10, intended for use in bombing New York and other American cities, it was undertaken in Nazi Germany by the team of Wernher von Braun under Projekt Amerika. The ICBM A9/A10 rocket initially was intended to be guided by radio, but was changed to be a piloted craft after the failure of Operation Elster. The second stage of the A9/A10 rocket was tested a few times in January and February 1945. The progenitor of the A9/A10 was the German V-2 rocket, also designed by von Braun and widely used at the end of World War II to bomb British and Belgian cities. All of these rockets used liquid Intercontinental ballistic missile 2 propellants. Following the war, von Braun and other leading German scientists were relocated to the United States to work directly for the U.S. Army through Operation Paperclip, developing the IRBMs, ICBMs, and launchers. In the immediate post-war era, the US and USSR both started rocket research programs based on the German wartime designs, especially the V-2. In the US, each branch of the military started its own programs, leading to considerable duplication of effort. In the USSR, rocket research was centrally organized, although several teams worked on different designs. Early designs from both countries were short-range missiles, like the V-2, but improvements quickly followed. The U.S. initiated ICBM research in 1946 with the MX-774 project. This was a three-stage effort with the ICBM development not starting until the third stage. However, funding was cut after only three partially successful launches in 1948 of the second stage design, used to test variations on the V-2 design. With overwhelming air superiority and truly intercontinental bombers, the newly-forming US Air Force did not take the problem of ICBM development seriously. Things changed in 1953 with the Soviet testing of their first hydrogen bomb, but it was not until 1954 that the Atlas missile program was given the highest national priority. The Atlas A first flew on 11 June 1957.The USSR faced different strategic concerns, and early development was focused on missiles able to attack European targets. This changed in 1953 when Sergey Korolyov was directed to start development of a true ICBM able to deliver newly developed hydrogen bombs. Given steady funding throughout, the R-7 developed with some speed, and was successfully tested in August 1957 and, on October 4, 1957, placed the first artificial satellite in space, Sputnik. Testing of the R-7 ended in January 1958, but the missile was not considered ready for military service. The first armed version of the Atlas, the Atlas D, was declared operational in January 1959 at Vandenberg, although
WORLD WAR II
COLD WAR
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it had not yet flown. The first test flight was carried out on 9 July 1959,[3][4] and the missile was accepted for service on 1 September. Soviet developments quickly followed; the improved R-7A was first flown in December 1959, and declared fully operational in September 1960. The R-7 and Atlas each required a large launch facility, making them vulnerable to attack, and could not be kept in a ready state. These early ICBMs also formed the basis of many space launch systems. Examples include Atlas, Redstone, Titan, R-7, and Proton, which was derived from the earlier ICBMs but never deployed as an ICBM. The Eisenhower administration supported the development of solid-fueled missiles such as the LGM-30 Minuteman, Polaris and Skybolt. Modern ICBMs tend to be smaller than their ancestors, due to increased accuracy and smaller and lighter warheads, and use solid fuels, making them less useful as orbital launch vehicles. The Western view of the deployment of these systems was governed by the strategic theory of Mutual Assured Destruction. In the 1950s and 1960s, development began on Anti-Ballistic Missile systems by both the U.S. and USSR; these systems were restricted by the 1972 ABM treaty. The first successful ABM test were conducted by the USSR in 1961, that later deployed a fully operating system defending Moscow in the 1970s (see Moscow ABM system). The 1972 SALT treaty froze the number of ICBM launchers of both the USA and the USSR at existing levels, and allowed new submarine-based SLBM launchers only if an equal number of land-based ICBM launchers were dismantled. Subsequent talks, called SALT II, were held from 1972 to 1979 and actually reduced the number of nuclear warheads held by the USA and USSR. SALT II was never ratified by the United States Senate, but its terms were nevertheless honored by both sides until 1986, when the Reagan administration "withdrew" after accusing the USSR of violating the pact. In the 1980s, President Ronald Reagan launched the Strategic Defense Initiative as well as the MX and Midgetman ICBM programs. In 1991, the United States and the Soviet Union agreed in the START I treaty to reduce their deployed ICBMs and attributed warheads. As of 2009, all five of the nations with permanent seats on the United Nations Security Council have operational ICBM systems: all have submarine-launched missiles, and Russia, the United States and China also have land-based missiles. In addition, Russia and China have mobile land-based missiles. India is reported to be developing a new variant of the Agni missile, called the Agni V, which is a a three stage solid fueled missile, with a strike range of more than 6,000 km.[5] There is also speculation that India may be developing the Surya missile, with a possible range of 10,000-16,000 kms. It is speculated by some intelligence agencies that North Korea is developing an ICBM;[6] two tests of somewhat different developmental missiles in 1998 and 2006 were not fully successful. On April 5, 2009, North Korea launched a missile. They claimed that it was to launch a satellite, but there is no proof to back up that claim.Pakistan, is also said to be seeking ICBM capability and the development of a 7000 km range ICBM called Taimur is said to be under development.Most countries in the early stages of developing ICBMs have used liquid propellants, with the known
POSTCOLD WAR
27
exceptions being the Indian Agni-V, the planned South African RSA-4 ICBM and the now in service Israeli Jericho 3. The following flight phases can be distinguished: BOOST PHASE: 3 to 5 minutes (shorter for a solid rocket than for a liquid-propellant rocket); altitude at the end of this phase is typically 150 to 400 km depending on the trajectory chosen, typical burnout speed is 7 km/s. MIDCOURSE PHASE: approx. 25 minutessub-orbital spaceflight in an elliptic flightpath; the flightpath is part of an ellipse with a vertical major axis; the apogee (halfway through the midcourse phase) is at an altitude of approximately 1,200 km; the semi-major axis is between 3,186 km and 6,372 km; the projection of the flight path on the Earth's surface is close to a great circle, slightly displaced due to earth rotation during the time of flight; the missile may release several independent warheads, and penetration aids such as metallic-coated balloons, aluminum chaff, and full-scale warhead decoys. REENTRY PHASE (STARTING AT AN ALTITUDE OF 100 KM): 2 minutes impact is at a speed of up to 4 km/s (for early ICBMs less than 1 km/s); see also maneuverable reentry vehicle.
FLIGHT PHASES
MODERN ICBMS
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Modern ICBMs typically carry multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), each of which carries a separate nuclear warhead, allowing a single missile to hit multiple targets. MIRV was an outgrowth of therapidly shrinking size and weight of modern warheads and the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaties which imposed limitations on the number of launch vehicles (SALT I and SALTII). It has also proved to be an "easy answer" to proposed deployments of ABM systemsit is far less expensive to add more warheads to an existing missile system than to build an ABM system capable of shooting down the additional warheads; hence, most ABM system proposals have been judged to be impractical. The first operational ABM systems were deployed in the U.S. during 1970s. Safeguard ABM facility was located in North Dakota and was operational from 19751976. The USSR deployed its Galosh ABM system around Moscow in the 1970s, which remains in service. Israel deployed a national ABM system based on the Arrow missile in 1998,[12] but it is mainly designed to intercept shorter-ranged theater ballistic missiles, not ICBMs. The U.S. Alaska-based National missile defense system attained initial operational capability in 2004. ICBMs can be deployed from multiple platforms: in missile silos, which offer some protection from military attack (including, the designers hope, some protection from a nuclear first strike)
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on submarines: submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs); most or all SLBMs have the long range of ICBMs (as opposed to IRBMs) on heavy trucks; this applies to one version of the RT-2UTTH Topol M which may be deployed from a self propelled mobile launcher, capable of moving through roadless terrain, and launching a missile from any point along its route mobile launchers on rails; this applies, for example, to -23 "" (RT23UTTH "Molodets"SS-24 "Sll") The last three kinds are mobile and therefore hard to find. During storage, one of the most important features of the missile is its serviceability. One of the key features of the first computer-controlled ICBM, the Minuteman missile, was that it could quickly and easily use its computer to test itself. In flight, a booster pushes the warhead and then falls away. Most modern boosters are solid-fueled rocket motors, which can be stored easily for long periods of time. Early missiles used liquid-fueled rocket motors. Many liquid-fueled ICBMs could not be kept fuelled all the time as the cryogenic liquid oxygen boiled off and caused ice formation, and therefore fueling the rocket was necessary before launch. This procedure was a source of significant operational delay, and might allow the missiles to be destroyed by enemy counterparts before they could be used. To resolve this problem the British invented the missile silo that protected the missile from a first strike and also hidfuelling operations underground. Once the booster falls away, the warhead continues on an unpowered ballistic trajectory, much like an artillery shell or cannon ball. The warhead is encased in a cone-shaped reentry vehicle and is difficult to detect in this phase of flight as there is no rocket exhaust or other emissions to mark its position to defenders. The high speeds of the warheads make them difficult to intercept and allow for little warning striking targets anywhere in the world within minutes. Many authorities say that missiles also release aluminized balloons, electronic noisemakers, and other items intended to confuse interception devices and radars (see penetration aid). As the nuclear warhead reenters the Earth's atmosphere its high speed causes friction with the air, leading to a dramatic rise in temperature which would destroy it if it were not shielded in some way. As a result, warhead components are contained within an aluminium honeycomb substructure, sheathed in pyrolytic graphite-epoxy resin composite, with a heat-shield layer on top which is constructed out of 3-Dimensional Quartz Phenolic. Accuracy is crucial, because doubling the accuracy decreases the needed warhead energy by a factor of four. Accuracy is limited by the accuracy of the navigation system and the available geophysical information. Strategic missile systems are thought to use custom integrated circuits designed to calculate navigational differential equations thousands to millions of times per second in order to reduce navigational errors caused by calculation alone. These circuits are usually a network of binary addition circuits that continually recalculate the missile's position. The inputs to the navigation circuit are set by a general purpose computer according to a navigational input Intercontinental ballistic missile 6 schedule loaded into the missile before launch. One particular weapon developed by the Soviet Union (FOBS) had a partial orbital trajectory, and unlike most ICBMs its target could not be deduced from its orbital flight path. It was decommissioned in compliance with arms control agreements, which address the maximum range of ICBMs and prohibit orbital or fractional-orbital weapons. Low-flying guided cruise missiles are an alternative to ballistic missiles.
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Only Russia, the United States, and China are currently known to possess land-based ICBMs. The United States currently operates 450 ICBMs ihree USAF bases. The only model deployed is LGM-30G Minuteman-III. All previous USAF Minuteman II missiles have been destroyed in accordance with START, and their launch silos have been sealed or sold to the public. To comply with the START II most U.S.multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles, or MIRVs, have been eliminated and replaced with single warhead missiles. The powerful MIRVcapable Peacekeeper missiles were phased out in 2005.[15] However, since the abandonment of the START II treaty, the U.S. is said to be considering retaining 800 warheads on an existing 450 missiles.[16] China has developed several long range ICBMs. Israel is suspected of deploying the nuclear armed Jericho 3 ICBM. India is also slated to test the Agni V ICBM in the first quarter of 2012. Agni V is expected to be fully operational in 2014. All current designs of submarine launched ballistic missiles have intercontinental range. Current operators of such missiles are the United States, Russia, United Kingdom, France, China, India.
SPECIFIC MISSILES LAND-BASED ICBMS
SUBMARINE-LAUNCHED
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FIRST BLASTIC MISSILE IN WORLD
V-2
The V-2 rocket (German: Vergeltungswaffe 2, i.e. retaliation weapon 2), technical name Aggregat-4 (A4), was a ballistic missile that was developed at the beginning of the Second World War in Germany, specifically targeted at London and later Antwerp. The liquidpropellant rocket was the world's first long-range[3] combat-ballistic missile and first known human artifact to enter outer space.[5] It was the progenitor of all modern rockets, including those used by the United States and Soviet Union's space programs. During the aftermath of World War II the American, Soviet and British governments all gained access to the V-2's technical designs and the actual German scientists responsible for creating the rockets, via Operation Paperclip, Operation Osoaviakhim and Operation Backfire. The weapon was presented by Nazi propaganda as a retaliation for the bombers that attacked ever more German cities from 1942 until Germany surrendered.Over 3,000 V-2s were launched as military rockets by the German Wehrmacht against Allied targets during the war, mostly London and later Antwerp. The attacks resulted in the death of an estimated 7,250 military personnel and civilians, while 12,000 forced labourers were killed producing the weapons. Technical details
32
The A-4 used a 75% ethanol/water mixture for fuel and liquid oxygen (LOX) for oxidizer. At launch the A-4 propelled itself for up to 65 seconds on its own power, and a program motor controlled the pitch to the specified angle at engine shutdown, from which the rocket continued on a ballistic free-fall trajectory. The rocket reached a height of 80 km (50 mi) after shutting off the engine.The fuel and oxidizer pumps were steam turbines, and the steam was produced by concentrated hydrogen peroxide with Sodium permanganate catalyst. Both the alcohol and oxygen tanks were an aluminium-magnesium alloy.[1] The combustion burner reached a temperature of 2500,2700 C (4500, 4900 F). The alcohol-water fuel was pumped along the double wall of the main combustion burner. This regenerative cooling heated the fuel and cooled the chamber. The fuel was then pumped into the main burner chamber through 1,224 nozzles, which assured the correct mixture of alcohol and oxygen at all times. Small holes also permitted some alcohol to escape directly into the combustion chamber, forming a cooled boundary layer that further protected the wall of the chamber, especially at the throat where the chamber was narrowest. The boundary layer alcohol ignited in contact with the atmosphere, accounting for the long, diffuse exhaust plume. By contrast, later, post-V2 engine designs not employing this alcohol boundary layer cooling show a translucent plume with shock diamonds. The V-2 was guided by four external rudders on the tail fins, and four internal graphite vanes at the exit of the motor. The LEV-3 guidance. system consisted of two free gyroscopes (a horizon and a vertical) for lateral stabilization, and a pre-surveyed location, so the distance and azimuth to the target were known. Fin 1 of the missile was aligned to the target azimuth.[24] Some later V-2s used "guide beams", radio signals transmitted from the ground, to keep the missile on course, but the first models used a simple analog computer that adjusted the azimuth for the rocket, and the flying distance was controlled by the timing of the enginecut-off, "Brennschluss", ground controlled by a Doppler system or by different types of on-board integrating accelerometers. The rocket stopped accelerating and soon reached the top of the approximately parabolic flight curve.
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R-7 Semyorka
WORLDS FIRST INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE (R-7)
The first ICBMs - Soviet R-7 and R-7A (SS-6) The R-7 (Russian: -7) was a Soviet missile developed during the Cold War, and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile.[1] The R-7 made 28 launches between 1957 and 1961, but was never deployed operationally. A derivative, the R-7A, was deployed from 1960 to 1968. To the West it was known by the NATO reporting name SS-6 Sapwood and within the Soviet Union by the GRAU index 8K71. In modified form, it launched Sputnik 1, the first artificial satellite, into orbit, and became the basis for the R7 family which includes Sputnik, Luna, Molniya, Vostok, and Voskhod spacelaunchers, as well as later Soyuz/L/U/U2/FG/2 variants.The widely used nickname for the R-7 launcher, "semyorka", means(colloquially, affectionately) "the digit 7" or a group of seven" (usually people rather than inanimate objects) in Russian. Operator : Soviet Union The Strategic Rocket Forces is the only operator of the Semyorka.
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35
BMHB
LIST OF ICBM IN INDIA
Agni (missile)
The Agni missile (Sanskrit: , Agn, root of English ignite) is a family of Medium to Intercontinental range ballistic missiles developed byIndia under the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program. As of 2008, the Agni missile family comprises three deployed variants:
1. AGNI-I Medium range ballistic missile, 700 1200 km range. 2. AGNI-II intermediate range ballistic missile, 2,000- 2,500 km range. 3. AGNI-III intermediate range ballistic missile, 3,000 - 5,500 km range. 4. AGNI-IV intermediate range ballistic missile, 3,200- 3,700 km range 5. AGNI-V intercontinental ballistic missile, 5,000 km range (under development). 6. AGNI-VI intercontinental ballistic missile, 10,000 km range (under development) INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES
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AGNI-V
Agni-V Type Place of origin INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE India Service history In service Used by Under development Indian Army Production history Manufacturer Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL) 250-350 million (INR) or $ 5.6-7.9 million (USD) Specifications Weight Length Diameter 50,000 kM 17.5 m 2m
Unit cost
Engine Operational range Launch platform
Three stage solid 5,000 km 8 x 8 Tatra TELAR (Transporter erector launcher) & Rail Mobile Launcher (canisterized missile package
37
Agni-V is a solid fueled Intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) under development by DRDO of India. It will greatly expand India's reach to strike targets up to 5,000 km away. Missile tests are expected to begin in December 2011. Agni-V ICBM has been designed with addition of a third composite stage to the two-stage Agni-III missile. To reduce the weight it is built with high composite content. The 17.5-metre-long Agni-V would be a canister launch missile system so as to ensure that it has the requisite operational flexibility and can be swiftly transported and fired from anywhere. Agni-V weighs around 49 tonnes, one tonne more than Agni III even then its range has gone up to far more
Agni-VI
Agni-VI Type Place of origin Service history In service Used by Planned Indian Army Indian Navy INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE India
Production history Manufacturer Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), Bharat Dynamics Limited (BDL)
Specifications
Operational range
10000 km
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Agni-VI is an intercontinental ballistic missile being developed by India and the latest & most advanced version among the Agni (missile) program. Capable of launched from submarines or from land, it will be able to strike at a target of 10000km with MIRVed warheads. The SLBM version of missile will arm the Arihant class submarines of the Indian Navy.The program was classified and was never disclosed to public till 2011. However, in the DRDO newsletter in May 2011, the described achievements of a recently promoted scientist revealed that he headed a program codenamed A6; Which will be a 10000 km missile with underwater launch and MIRV capabilities. This only confirmed that India has been actively working on the Agni-VI ICBM. The mentions of A6 were soon removed and a modified version of newsletter was published on DRDO website. However, several bloggers and defense enthusiasts who had accessed the earlier version posted the excerpt on various defense forums.
SURYA MISSILE
The Surya missile was speculated to be an ICBM being developed by India. The first report about the Surya missile was published by The Nonproliferation Review in 1995. History According to a report published in The Nonproliferation Review, in the Winter of 1995, Surya (meaning the Sun in Sanskrit and many Indian languages) is the codename for the first Intercontinental Ballistic Missile that India is reported to be developing.[1] The DRDO is believed to have begun the project in 1994. This report has not been confirmed by any other sources until 2010. Officials of the Indian government have repeatedly denied the existence of the project. According to the report, the Surya is an intercontinental-range, surface-based, solid and liquid propellant ballistic missile. The report further adds that Surya is the most ambitious project in Indias Integrated. The Surya is speculated to have a range between 10,000 to 16,000 kilometers. As the missile is yet to be developed, the specifications of the missile are not known and the entire program continues to remain highly secretive. It is believed to be a three-stage
39
design, with the first two stages using solid propellants and the third-stage using liquid. In 2007, the Times of India reported that the DRDO is yet to reveal whether India's currently proposed ICBM will be called Agni-V.As of 2009 it was reported that the government had not considered an 10,000-km above range ICBM. Design Sources say the DRDO's most treasured dreamdenied in publicremains the development of an ICBM with a range above 10,000 kilometers, already christened Surya or sun, to match Chinese DF-3 ICBMs that can hit US cities."DRDO scientists are working on miniaturizing systems of Agni-III so that a third stage can be squeezed into the 16-metre-long missile to enable it to go up to 5,500 kilometers with the same 1.5-tonne payload, "DRDO chief M. Natarajan told reporters in New Delhi. Speculated specifications
Class: ICBM
Lasing: "Surface based",Underwater based in certain strategic areas & "Submarine" based is its most important aspect which may range above 10,000 km. Length: 40.00 m. Diameter: 1.1m. Launch Weight: 55,000 kg. Propulsion: First/second stage solid, third liquid. Warhead Capabilities: 3-10 nuclear warheads of 250-750 kilotons each. Status: Development / Developed to be tested. In Service: 2015. Range: 10,000 - 16,000 km.
CHINA (ICBMs)
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Missiles of the People's Republic of China
Intercontinental
DF-41 DF-31A DF-31 DF-5A DF-5 DF-4
Intermediate Range
DF-16 DF-3A DF-3
Medium Range
DF-25 DF-21 DF-2A DF-2
Ballistic Missiles Surface -to- Surface Short Range
M20 B-611 P-12 BP-12 BP-12A Type 621 Type 631
DF-15 (M-9) DF-11 (M-11) DF-1 Submarine Launched
JL-2 JL-1
Anti-Ship
DF-21D[1]
Deployed variants of R-36M missiles System: R-36M R-36M R-36M RR36MUTTH 36MUTTH R-36M2
RUSSIA (ICBMS)
41
Treatydesignation: GRAUdesignation: NATOdesignation: Deployment: Maximum deployed number: Length: Diameter: Launch weight: Number of warheads: Range: CEP:
RS-20A
RS-20A1
RS-20A2
RS-20B
RS-20B
RS-20V
15A14
15A14
15A14
15A18
15A18
15A18M
SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan SS-18 Satan Mod Mod 1 Mod 2 Mod 3 Mod 4 Mod 5 6 19741983 19761980 19761986 19792005 19862009 1988Present
148
10
30
278
30
58
32.6 m 3.00 m
32.6 m 3.00 m
32.6 m 3.00 m
36.3 m 3.00 m
36.3 m 3.00 m
34.3 m 3.00 m
209,600 kg 209,600 kg 210,000 kg 211,100 kg
211,100 kg
211,100 kg
10
10
10
11,200 km 700 m
10,200 km 700 m
16,000 km 700 m
11,000 km 370 m
16,000 km 370 m
11,000 km 220 m
Missile defense is a system, weapon, or technology involved in the detection, tracking, interception and destruction of attacking missiles. Originally conceived as a defence
42
against nuclear-armed Intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), its application has broadened to include shorter-ranged non-nuclear tactical and theater missiles. The interception technology used has varied over time. In the 1960s, missile defense against ICBMs emphasized nuclear warheads. In recent decades non-nuclear kinetic warheads have been used. Directed-energy weapons such as lasers have been investigated and deployed on a limited basis. The United States, United Kingdom, Russia, France, India, China and Israel have all developed such air defense systems.[1] In the United St
Boost phase
Intercepting the missile while its rocket motors are firing, usually over the launch territory (example: American aircraft-mounted laser weapon Boeing YAL-1 [under development]).
Advantages
Bright, hot rocket exhaust makes detection, discrimination and targeting easier.
Decoys cannot be used during boost phase.
Disadvantages
Difficult to geographically position interceptors to intercept missiles in boost phase (not always possible without flying over hostile territory). Short time for intercept (typically about 180 seconds).
Mid-course phase
Intercepting the missile in space after the rocket burns out (example: American Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD)).
Advantages
Extended decision/intercept time (the coast period through space before reentering the atmosphere can be several minutes, up to 20 minutes for an ICBM). Very large geographic defensive coverage; potentially continental.
Disadvantages
Requires large/heavy anti-ballistic missiles and sophisticated powerful radar which must often be augmented by space-based sensors.
Must handle potential space-based decoys.
Terminal phase
Intercepting the missile after it reenters the atmosphere (examples: American Aegis Ballistic Missile Defense System, American Sprint, Russian ABM-3 Gazelle)
Advantages
Smaller/lighter anti-ballistic missile required Balloon decoys do not work during reentry. Smaller, less sophisticated radar required.
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Disadvantages
Very short intercept time, possibly less than 30 seconds. Less defended geographic coverage. Possible blanketing of target area with hazardous materials in the case of detonation of nuclear warhead(s).
Intercept location relative to the atmosphere
Missile defense can take place either inside (endoatmospheric) or outside (exoatmospheric) the Earth's atmosphere. The trajectory of most ballistic missiles takes them inside and outside the Earth's atmosphere, and they can be intercepted either place. There are advantages and disadvantages to either intercept technique. Some missiles such as THAAD can intercept both inside and outside the Earth's atmosphere, giving two intercept opportunities.
Endoatmospheric
Endoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually shorter ranged (example: American MIM104 Patriot).
Advantages
Physically smaller/lighter Easier to move and deploy Endoatmospheric intercept means balloon-type decoys won't work
Disadvantages
Limited range and defended area Limited decision and tracking time for the incoming warhead
Exoatmospheric
Exoatmospheric anti-ballistic missiles are usually longer ranged (example: American GroundBased Midcourse Defense).
Advantages
More decision and tracking time Fewer missiles required for defense of a larger area
Disadvantages
Larger/heavier missiles required More difficult to transport and emplace than smaller missiles Must handle decoys
CONCLUSION
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The ballistic missiles are often produced for increased security to 'improve the nation's deterrent against regional adversaries and the US', while advanced missiles enhance existing capabilities and offer a 'more tactical application of force', at least in the west. An example of this is China's development of precision-guided munitions (PGMs) is more about deterring US intervention in a potential cross-straits military conflict between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. Then there are nations like the US, using defense interceptors (usually PGMs), followed by Israel, the Russians, Europeans and Japanese, which all have modest missile defense development programmers underway. The US is the largest spender on missile technologies, and as such, it is the nation that is mostly likely to shape how the missile industry looks in years to come. New policies look not only to shape the industry, but also the global warfare environment, especially in Europe, with the US making some key decisions regarding defense.
REFERENCES
Intercontinental ballistic missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia [1] "Atlas" (http:/ / www. century-of-flight. net/ Aviation history/ space/ Atlas. htm), Century of Flight [2] Wade, Mark. "R-7" (http:/ / www. astronautix. com/ lvs/ r7. htm). Encyclopedia Astronautica. . Retrieved 4 July 2011. [3] Missile Threat: Atlas D (http:/ / www. missilethreat. com/ missilesoftheworld/ id. 15/ missile_detail. asp) [4] Encyclopedia Astronautica: Atlas (http:/ / www. astronautix. com/ lvs/ atlas. htm) [5] Times of India: India plans 6,000-km range Agni-V missile (http:/ / timesofindia. indiatimes. com/ India_plans_6000-km_range_Agni-IV_missile/ articleshow/ 2618413. cms) [6] Taep'o-dong 2 (TD-2) - North Korea (http:/ / www. fas. org/ nuke/ guide/ dprk/ missile/ td-2. htm)
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A seminar report on

Intercontinental Ballistic Missile

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

AL-AMEER COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING & INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

Tactical ballistic missile: Range between about 150 km and 300 km

Battlefield range ballistic missile (BRBM): Range less than 200 km

Theatre ballistic missile (TBM): Range between 300 km and 3,500 km

BALLISTIC MISSILE BASICS

SOLID PROPELLANT rockets are basically combustion chamber tubes packed

COMMAND GUIDANCE Multi-source

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

SPECIFIC MISSILES LAND-BASED ICBMS

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

FIRST BLASTIC MISSILE IN WORLD

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

WORLDS FIRST INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE (R-7)

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

LIST OF ICBM IN INDIA

Engine Operational range Launch platform

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

Missiles of the People's Republic of China

DF-41 DF-31A DF-31 DF-5A DF-5 DF-4

DF-16 DF-3A DF-3

DF-25 DF-21 DF-2A DF-2

Ballistic Missiles Surface -to- Surface Short Range

M20 B-611 P-12 BP-12 BP-12A Type 621 Type 631

DF-15 (M-9) DF-11 (M-11) DF-1 Submarine Launched

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

209,600 kg 209,600 kg 210,000 kg 211,100 kg

Decoys cannot be used during boost phase.

Must handle potential space-based decoys.

Intercept location relative to the atmosphere

INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILES

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