Introduction To Statistical Analysis - Appendix - B

Appendix B
Tables
Table 1 Random Numbers
10 09 73 25 33
37 54 20 48 05
08 42 26 89 53
99 01 90 25 29
12 80 79 99 70
66 06 57 47 17
31 06 01 08 05
85 26 97 76 02
63 57 33 21 35
73 79 64 57 53
98 52 01 77 67
11 80 50 54 31
83 45 29 96 34
88 68 54 02 00
99 59 46 73 48
65 48 11 76 74
80 12 43 56 35
74 35 09 98 17
69 91 62 68 03
09 89 32 05 05
91 49 91 45 23
80 33 69 45 98
44 10 48 19 49
12 55 07 37 42
63 60 64 93 29
61 19 69 04 46
15 47 44 52 66
94 55 72 85 73
42 48 11 62 13
23 52 37 83 17
04 49 35 24 94
00 54 99 76 54
35 96 31 53 07
59 80 80 83 91
46 05 88 52 36
32 17 90 05 97
69 23 46 14 06
19 56 54 14 30
45 15 51 49 38
94 86 43 19 94
98 08 62 48 26
33 18 51 62 32
80 95 10 04 06
79 75 24 91 40
18 63 33 25 37
76 52 01 35 86
64 89 47 42 96
19 64 50 93 03
09 37 67 07 15
80 15 73 61 47
34 07 27 68 50
45 57 18 24 06
02 05 16 56 92
05 32 54 70 48
03 52 96 47 78
14 90 56 86 07
39 80 82 77 32
06 28 89 80 83
86 50 75 84 01
87 51 76 49 69
17 46 85 09 50
17 72 70 80 15
77 40 27 72 14
66 25 22 91 48
14 22 56 85 14
68 47 92 76 86
26 94 03 68 58
85 15 74 79 54
11 10 00 20 40
16 50 53 44 84
26 45 74 77 74
95 27 07 99 53
67 89 75 43 87
97 34 40 87 21
73 20 88 98 37
75 24 63 38 24
64 05 18 81 59
26 89 80 93 54
45 42 72 68 42
01 39 09 22 86
87 37 92 52 41
20 11 74 52 04
01 75 87 53 79
19 47 60 72 46
36 16 81 08 51
45 24 02 84 04
41 94 15 09 49
96 38 27 07 74
71 96 12 82 96
98 14 50 65 71
34 67 35 48 76
24 80 52 40 37
23 20 90 25 60
38 31 13 11 65
64 03 23 66 53
36 69 73 61 70
35 30 34 26 14
68 66 57 48 18
90 55 35 75 48
35 80 83 42 82
22 10 94 05 58
50 72 56 82 48
13 74 67 00 78
36 76 66 79 51
91 82 60 89 28
58 04 77 69 74
45 31 82 23 74
43 23 60 02 10
36 93 68 72 03
46 42 75 67 88
46 16 28 35 54
70 29 73 41 35
32 97 92 65 75
12 86 07 46 97
40 21 95 25 63
51 92 43 37 29
59 36 78 38 48
54 62 24 44 31
16 86 84 87 67
68 93 59 14 16
45 86 25 10 25
96 11 96 38 96
33 35 13 54 62
83 60 94 97 00
77 28 14 40 77
05 56 70 70 07
15 95 66 00 00
40 41 92 15 85
43 66 79 45 43
34 88 88 15 53
44 99 90 88 96
89 43 54 85 81
20 15 12 33 87
69 86 10 25 91
31 01 02 46 74
80 95 90 91 17
20 63 61 04 02
15 95 33 43 64
88 67 67 43 97
98 95 11 68 77
65 81 33 98 85
86 79 90 74 39
73 05 38 52 47
28 46 82 87 09
60 93 52 03 44
60 97 09 34 33
29 40 52 42 01
18 47 54 06 10
90 36 47 64 93
93 78 56 13 68
73 03 95 71 86
21 11 57 82 53
45 52 16 42 37
76 62 11 39 90
96 29 77 88 22
94 75 08 99 23
54 14 03 33 40
57 60 04 08 81
96 64 48 94 39
43 65 17 70 82
65 39 45 95 93
82 39 61 01 18
91 19 04 25 92
03 07 11 20 59
26 25 22 96 63
61 96 27 93 35
54 69 28 23 91
77 97 45 00 24
13 02 12 48 92
93 91 08 36 47
86 74 31 71 57
18 74 39 24 23
66 67 43 68 06
59 04 79 00 33
01 54 03 54 56
39 09 47 34 07
88 69 54 19 94
25 01 62 52 98
74 85 22 05 39
05 45 56 14 27
39 29 27 49 45
00 82 29 16 65
35 08 03 36 06
04 43 62 76 59
12 17 17 68 33
11 19 92 91 70
23 40 30 97 32
18 62 38 85 79
83 49 12 56 24
35 27 38 84 35
50 50 07 39 98
52 77 56 78 51
68 71 17 78 17
29 60 91 10 62
23 47 83 41 13
40 21 81 65 44
14 38 55 37 63
96 28 60 26 55
94 40 05 64 18
54 38 21 45 98
37 08 92 00 48
42 05 08 23 41
22 22 20 64 13
28 70 72 58 15
07 20 73 17 90
42 58 26 05 27
33 21 15 94 66
92 92 74 59 73
25 70 14 66 70
05 52 28 25 62
65 33 71 24 72
23 28 72 95 29
90 10 33 93 33
78 56 52 01 06
70 61 74 29 41
85 39 41 18 38
97 11 89 63 38
84 96 28 52 07
20 82 66 95 41
05 01 45 11 76
35 44 13 18 80
37 54 87 30 43
94 62 46 11 71
00 38 75 95 79
77 93 89 19 36
For specific details about using this table, see page 14 or go online at 4ltrpress.cengage.com/stat.
328
STAT.indb 328
A p p e n d i x B Ta b l e s
4/15/09 10:58:54 AM
Table 1 Random Numbers (continued)

54 17 84 56 11
11 66 44 98 83
48 32 47 79 28
69 07 49 41 38
09 18 82 00 97
90 04 58 54 97
73 18 95 02 07
75 76 87 64 90
54 01 64 40 56
08 35 86 99 10
28 30 60 32 64
53 84 08 62 33
91 75 75 37 41
89 41 59 26 94
77 51 30 38 20
19 50 23 71 74
21 81 85 93 13
51 47 46 64 99
99 55 96 83 31
33 71 34 80 07
85 27 48 68 93
84 13 38 96 40
56 73 21 62 34
65 13 85 68 06
38 00 10 21 76
37 40 29 63 97
97 12 54 03 48
21 82 64 11 34
73 13 54 27 42
07 63 87 79 29
60 52 88 34 41
83 59 63 56 55
10 85 06 27 46
39 82 09 89 52
59 58 00 64 78
38 50 80 73 41
30 69 27 06 68
65 44 39 56 59
27 26 75 02 64
91 30 70 69 91
68 43 49 46 88
48 90 81 58 77
06 91 34 51 97
10 45 51 60 19
12 88 39 73 43
21 77 83 09 76
19 52 35 95 15
67 24 55 26 70
60 58 44 73 77
53 85 34 13 77
24 63 73 97 36
83 08 01 24 51
16 44 42 43 34
60 79 01 81 57
80 99 33 71 43
52 07 98 48 27
31 24 96 47 10
87 63 79 19 76
32 82 53 95 27
51 98 15 06 54
47 67 72 62 69
20 97 18 17 49
66 28 13 10 03
78 54 24 27 85
81 33 31 05 91
81 59 41 36 28
61 61 36 22 69
00 39 75 83 91
86 83 42 99 01
69 97 92 02 88
93 27 88 17 57
68 10 72 36 21
62 53 52 41 70
93 58 47 28 69
11 30 32 92 70
44 03 55 21 66
17 39 59 61 31
87 60 88 52 61
81 71 91 17 11
01 30 47 75 86
87 08 33 14 17
47 14 33 40 72
95 71 90 90 35
03 06 11 80 72
07 95 41 98 14
06 95 89 29 83
99 59 91 05 07
43 62 26 31 47
75 56 97 88 00
23 79 34 87 63
94 68 81 61 27
18 28 82 74 37
13 19 27 22 94
19 07 22 42 10
84 47 31 36 22
54 74 52 45 91
42 67 27 86 01
14 21 03 37 12
65 02 76 11 84
38 80 73 69 61
65 12 25 96 59
35 58 31 65 63
07 50 03 79 92
36 06 69 48 50
74 38 48 93 42
38 99 22 28 15
36 15 19 90 73
57 17 86 57 62
05 33 51 29 69
59 38 17 15 39
02 29 53 68 70
35 58 40 44 01
04 22 08 63 04
94 93 88 19 97
62 29 06 44 64
90 42 91 22 72
00 68 22 73 98
13 66 15 88 73
40 51 00 78 93
51 21 59 02 90
50 26 39 02 12
12 60 71 76 46
68 41 48 27 74
55 21 02 97 73
05 68 67 31 56
94 04 99 13 45
69 77 71 28 30
51 92 66 47 21
28 83 43 41 37
73 85 27 00 91
10 12 39 16 22
34 31 36 58 61
71 60 29 29 37
56 27 11 00 86
21 81 53 92 50
64 63 88 59 02
85 79 47 42 96
96 20 74 41 56
59 17 52 06 95
05 12 80 97 19
13 49 90 63 19
64 42 18 08 14
88 83 55 44 86
90 82 29 70 22
56 19 68 00 91
49 63 22 40 41
07 47 74 46 06
36 69 95 37 28
62 12 69 84 08
35 70 00 47 54
11 88 30 95 28
91 34 23 78 21
04 28 50 13 92
31 64 94 20 96
86 28 36 82 58
79 24 68 66 86
45 13 42 65 29
58 83 87 38 59
52 62 30 79 92
07 75 95 17 77
27 49 37 09 39
11 16 17 85 76
56 12 71 92 55
09 97 33 34 40
32 30 75 75 46
10 51 82 16 15
83 38 98 73 74
91 87 07 61 50
27 12 46 70 18
95 37 50 58 71
20 71 45 32 95
04 61 89 75 53
32 60 46 04 75
28 46 66 87 95
55 78 17 65 14
48 94 97 23 06
51 90 81 39 80
74 28 77 52 51
07 08 28 50 46
42 83 60 91 91
74 81 97 81 42
58 30 32 98 22
73 51 59 04 00
61 22 26 05 61
85 49 65 75 60
45 87 52 10 69
74 21 96 40 49
47 32 46 26 05
75 23 76 20 47
49 13 90 64 41
08 78 98 81 56
23 82 19 95 38
05 53 35 21 39
77 43 35 37 83
53 07 57 18 39
43 80 00 93 51
23 76 80 61 56
17 71 90 42 07
82 06 76 34 00
08 33 76 56 76
17 98 54 89 11
28 82 53 57 93
12 84 38 25 90
83 82 45 26 92
63 01 19 89 01
88 32 58 08 51
17 97 41 50 77
63 28 10 20 23
69 57 21 37 98
76 46 33 42 22
26 76 08 36 37
49 36 47 33 31
12 36 91 86 01
97 37 72 75 85
85 13 03 25 52
45 81 95 29 79
36 04 09 03 24
88 46 12 33 56
15 02 00 99 94
01 84 87 69 38
64 27 85 80 44
68 47 66 46 59
41 36 18 27 60
93 82 34 31 78
07 70 61 78 13
31 22 30 84 20
94 11 90 18 40
77 76 22 07 91
83 48 34 70 55
94 54 13 74 08
72 89 35 55 07
65 34 46 74 15
31 85 33 84 52
08 00 74 54 49
43 86 07 28 34
93 17 49 39 72
71 14 84 36 43
62 32 71 84 23
81 60 41 88 80
85 64 44 72 77
65 58 44 96 98
40 03 03 74 38
15 50 12 95 78
03 85 65 45 52
64 69 11 92 02
04 71 36 69 94
61 21 20 64 55
92 30 15 04 98
06 41 01 93 62
31 02 47 31 67
04 11 10 84 08
95 95 44 99 53
05 46 26 92 00
96 29 99 08 36
97 34 13 03 58
28 97 66 62 52
09 81 59 31 46
54 13 05 51 60
14 97 44 03 44
43 66 77 08 83
90 71 22 67 69
08 81 64 74 49
16 43 59 15 29
26 65 59 08 02
41 32 64 43 44
96 24 04 36 42
03 74 28 38 73
51 97 23 78 67
54 84 65 47 59
65 13 00 48 60
From tables of the RAND Corporation. Reprinted from Wilfred J. Dixon and Frank J. Massey, Jr., Introduction to Statistical Analysis. 3rd ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), pp. 446447. Reprinted by permission
of the RAND Corporation.
STAT.indb 329
329
4/15/09 10:58:55 AM
[( )
Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x
0.01
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
P
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.95
0.99
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
.980
.020
0+
.970
.029
0+
0+
.961
.039
.001
0+
0+
.951
.048
.001
0+
0+
0+
.941
.057
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
.932
.066
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.923
.075
.003
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.902
.095
.002
.857
.135
.007
0+
.815
.171
.014
0+
0+
.774
.204
.021
.001
0+
0+
.735
.232
.031
.002
0+
0+
0+
.698
.257
.041
.004
0+
0+
0+
0+
.663
.279
.051
.005
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.810
.180
.010
.729
.243
.027
.001
.656
.292
.049
.004
0+
.590
.328
.073
.008
0+
0+
.531
.354
.098
.015
.001
0+
0+
.478
.372
.124
.023
.003
0+
0+
0+
.430
.383
.149
.033
.005
0+
0+
0+
0+
.640
.320
.040
.512
.384
.096
.008
.410
.410
.154
.026
.002
.328
.410
.205
.051
.006
0+
.262
.393
.246
.082
.015
.002
0+
.210
.367
.275
.115
.029
.004
0+
0+
.168
.336
.294
.147
.046
.009
.001
0+
0+
.490
.420
.090
.343
.441
.189
.027
.240
.412
.265
.076
.008
.168
.360
.309
.132
.028
.002
.118
.303
.324
.185
.060
.010
.001
.082
.247
.318
.227
.097
.025
.004
0+
.058
.198
.296
.254
.136
.047
.010
.001
0+
.360
.480
.160
.216
.432
.288
.064
.130
.346
.346
.154
.026
.078
.259
.346
.230
.077
.010
.047
.187
.311
.276
.138
.037
.004
.028
.131
.261
.290
.194
.077
.017
.002
.017
.090
.209
.279
.232
.124
.041
.008
.001
.250
.500
.250
.125
.375
.375
.125
.062
.250
.375
.250
.062
.031
.156
.312
.312
.156
.031
.016
.094
.234
.312
.234
.094
.016
.008
.055
.164
.273
.273
.164
.055
.008
.004
.031
.109
.219
.273
.219
.109
.031
.004
.160
.480
.360
.064
.288
.432
.216
.026
.154
.346
.346
.130
.010
.077
.230
.346
.259
.078
.004
.037
.138
.276
.311
.187
.047
.002
.017
.077
.194
.290
.261
.131
.028
.001
.008
.041
.124
.232
.279
.209
.090
.017
.090
.420
.490
.027
.189
.441
.343
.008
.076
.265
.412
.240
.002
.028
.132
.309
.360
.168
.001
.010
.060
.185
.324
.303
.118
0+
.004
.025
.097
.227
.318
.247
.082
0+
.001
.010
.047
.136
.254
.296
.198
.058
.040
.320
.640
.008
.096
.384
.512
.002
.026
.154
.410
.410
0+
.006
.051
.205
.410
.328
0+
.002
.015
.082
.246
.393
.262
0+
0+
.004
.029
.115
.275
.367
.210
0+
0+
.001
.009
.046
.147
.294
.336
.168
.010
.180
.810
.001
.027
.243
.729
0+
.004
.049
.292
.656
0+
0+
.008
.073
.328
.590
0+
0+
.001
.015
.098
.354
.531
0+
0+
0+
.003
.023
.124
.372
.478
0+
0+
0+
0+
.005
.033
.149
.383
.430
.002
.095
.902
0+
.007
.135
.857
0+
0+
.014
.171
.815
0+
0+
.001
.021
.204
.774
0+
0+
0+
.002
.031
.232
.735
0+
0+
0+
0+
.004
.041
.257
.698
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.005
.051
.279
.663
0+
.020
.980
0+
0+
.029
.970
0+
0+
.001
.039
.961
0+
0+
0+
.001
.048
.951
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.057
.941
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.066
.932
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.003
.075
.923
0
1
2
0
1
2
3
0
1
2
3
4
0
1
2
3
4
5
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
For specific details about using this table, see page 110.
330
STAT.indb 330
4/15/09 10:58:55 AM
[( )
Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x (continued)

n
9
10
11
12
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
0.01
.914
.083
.003
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.904
.091
.004
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.895
.099
.005
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.886
.107
.006
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.05
.630
.299
.063
.008
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.599
.315
.075
.010
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.569
.329
.087
.014
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.540
.341
.099
.017
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.10
.387
.387
.172
.045
.007
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
.349
.387
.194
.057
.011
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.314
.384
.213
.071
.016
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.282
.377
.230
.085
.021
.004
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.20
.134
.302
.302
.176
.066
.017
.003
0+
0+
0+
.107
.268
.302
.201
.088
.026
.006
.001
0+
0+
0+
.086
.236
.295
.221
.111
.039
.010
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
.069
.206
.283
.236
.133
.053
.016
.003
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.30
.040
.156
.267
.267
.172
.074
.021
.004
0+
0+
.028
.121
.233
.267
.200
.103
.037
.009
.001
0+
0+
.020
.093
.200
.257
.220
.132
.057
.017
.004
.001
0+
0+
.014
.071
.168
.240
.231
.158
.079
.029
.008
.001
0+
0+
0+
0.40
.010
.060
.161
.251
.251
.167
.074
.021
.004
0+
.006
.040
.121
.215
.251
.201
.111
.042
.011
.002
0+
.004
.027
.089
.177
.236
.221
.147
.070
.023
.005
.001
0+
.002
.017
.064
.142
.213
.227
.177
.101
.042
.012
.002
0+
0+
P
0.50
.002
.018
.070
.164
.246
.246
.164
.070
.018
.002
.001
.010
.044
.117
.205
.246
.205
.117
.044
.010
.001
0+
.005
.027
.081
.161
.226
.226
.161
.081
.027
.005
0+
0+
.003
.016
.054
.121
.193
.226
.193
.121
.054
.016
.003
0+
0.60
0+
.004
.021
.074
.167
.251
.251
.161
.060
.010
0+
.002
.011
.042
.111
.201
.251
.215
.121
.040
.006
0+
.001
.005
.023
.070
.147
.221
.236
.177
.089
.027
.004
0+
0+
.002
.012
.042
.101
.177
.227
.213
.142
.064
.017
.002
0.70
0+
0+
.004
.021
.074
.172
.267
.267
.156
.040
0+
0+
.001
.009
.037
.103
.200
.267
.233
.121
.028
0+
0+
.001
.004
.017
.057
.132
.220
.257
.200
.093
.020
0+
0+
0+
.001
.008
.029
.079
.158
.231
.240
.168
.071
.014
0.80
0+
0+
0+
.003
.017
.066
.176
.302
.302
.134
0+
0+
0+
.001
.006
.026
.088
.201
.302
.268
.107
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.010
.039
.111
.221
.295
.236
.086
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.003
.016
.053
.133
.236
.283
.206
.069
0.90
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.007
.045
.172
.387
.387
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.011
.057
.194
.387
.349
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.016
.071
.213
.384
.314
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.004
.021
.085
.230
.377
.282
0.95
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.008
.063
.299
.630
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.010
.075
.315
.599
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.014
.087
.329
.569
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.017
.099
.341
.540
0.99
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.003
.083
.914
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.004
.091
.904
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.005
.099
.895
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.006
.107
.886
STAT.indb 331
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0
1
1
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
331
4/15/09 10:58:56 AM
[( )
Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x (continued)

n
13
14
15
332
STAT.indb 332
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0.01
.878
.115
.007
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.869
.123
.008
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.860
.130
.009
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.05
.513
.351
.111
.021
.003
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.488
.359
.123
.026
.004
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.463
.366
.135
.031
.005
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.10
.254
.367
.245
.100
.028
.006
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.229
.356
.257
.114
.035
.008
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.206
.343
.267
.129
.043
.010
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.20
.055
.179
.268
.246
.154
.069
.023
.006
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.044
.154
.250
.250
.172
.086
.032
.009
.002
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.035
.132
.231
.250
.188
.103
.043
.014
.003
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.30
.010
.054
.139
.218
.234
.180
.103
.044
.014
.003
.001
0+
0+
0+
.007
.041
.113
.194
.229
.196
.126
.062
.023
.007
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
.005
.031
.092
.170
.219
.206
.147
.081
.035
.012
.003
.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.40
.001
.011
.045
.111
.184
.221
.197
.131
.066
.024
.006
.001
0+
0+
.001
.007
.032
.085
.155
.207
.207
.157
.092
.041
.014
.003
.001
0+
0+
0+
.005
.022
.063
.127
.186
.207
.177
.118
.061
.024
.007
.002
0+
0+
0+
P
0.50
0+
.002
.010
.035
.087
.157
.209
.209
.157
.087
.035
.010
.002
0+
0+
.001
.006
.022
.061
.122
.183
.209
.183
.122
.061
.022
.006
.001
0+
0+
0+
.003
.014
.042
.092
.153
.196
.196
.153
.092
.042
.014
.003
0+
0+
0.60
0+
0+
.001
.006
.024
.066
.131
.197
.221
.184
.111
.045
.011
.001
0+
0+
.001
.003
.014
.041
.092
.157
.207
.207
.155
.085
.032
.007
.001
0+
0+
0+
.002
.007
.024
.061
.118
.177
.207
.186
.127
.063
.022
.005
0+
0.70
0+
0+
0+
.001
.003
.014
.044
.103
.180
.234
.218
.139
.054
.010
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.007
.023
.062
.126
.196
.229
.194
.113
.041
.007
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.003
.012
.035
.081
.147
.206
.219
.170
.092
.031
.005
0.80
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.006
.023
.069
.154
.246
.268
.179
.055
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.009
.032
.086
.172
.250
.250
.154
.044
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.003
.014
.043
.103
.188
.250
.231
.132
.035
0.90
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.006
.028
.100
.245
.367
.254
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
.008
.035
.114
.257
.356
.229
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.002
.010
.043
.129
.267
.343
.206
0.95
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.003
.021
.111
.351
.513
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.004
.026
.123
.359
.488
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.001
0.05
.031
.135
.366
.463
0.99
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.007
.115
.878
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.0+
.008
.123
.869
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
.009
.130
.860
x
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
4/15/09 10:58:56 AM
Table 3 Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution

The entries in this table are the probabilities that a random variable with a
standard normal distribution assumes a value between 0 and z; the probability
is represented by the shaded area under the curve in the accompanying figure.
Areas for negative values of z are obtained by symmetry.
z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
4.0
4.5
5.0
0.00
0.0000
0.0398
0.0793
0.1179
0.1554
0.1915
0.2257
0.2580
0.2881
0.3159
0.3413
0.3643
0.3849
0.4032
0.4192
0.4332
0.4452
0.4554
0.4641
0.4713
0.4772
0.4821
0.4861
0.4893
0.4918
0.4938
0.4953
0.4965
0.4974
0.4981
0.4987
0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.49997
0.499997
0.4999997
0.01
0.0040
0.0438
0.0832
0.1217
0.1591
0.1950
0.2291
0.2611
0.2910
0.3186
0.3438
0.3665
0.3869
0.4049
0.4207
0.4345
0.4463
0.4564
0.4649
0.4719
0.4778
0.4826
0.4864
0.4896
0.4920
0.4940
0.4955
0.4966
0.4975
0.4982
0.4987
0.4991
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.02
0.0080
0.0478
0.0871
0.1255
0.1628
0.1985
0.2324
0.2642
0.2939
0.3212
0.3461
0.3686
0.3888
0.4066
0.4222
0.4357
0.4474
0.4573
0.4656
0.4726
0.4783
0.4830
0.4868
0.4898
0.4922
0.4941
0.4956
0.4967
0.4976
0.4982
0.4987
0.4991
0.4994
0.4995
0.4997
0.4998
0.4999
0.03
0.0120
0.0517
0.0910
0.1293
0.1664
0.2019
0.2357
0.2673
0.2967
0.3238
0.3485
0.3708
0.3907
0.4082
0.4236
0.4370
0.4484
0.4582
0.4664
0.4732
0.4788
0.4834
0.4871
0.4901
0.4925
0.4943
0.4957
0.4968
0.4977
0.4983
0.4988
0.4991
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997
0.4998
0.4999
Second Decimal Place in z

0.04
0.05
0.0160
0.0199
0.0557
0.0596
0.0948
0.0987
0.1331
0.1368
0.1700
0.1736
0.2054
0.2088
0.2389
0.2422
0.2704
0.2734
0.2995
0.3023
0.3264
0.3289
0.3508
0.3531
0.3729
0.3749
0.3925
0.3944
0.4099
0.4115
0.4251
0.4265
0.4382
0.4394
0.4495
0.4505
0.4591
0.4599
0.4671
0.4678
0.4738
0.4744
0.4793
0.4798
0.4838
0.4842
0.4875
0.4878
0.4904
0.4906
0.4927
0.4929
0.4945
0.4946
0.4959
0.4960
0.4969
0.4970
0.4977
0.4978
0.4984
0.4984
0.4988
0.4989
0.4992
0.4992
0.4994
0.4994
0.4996
0.4996
0.4997
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
0.4999
0.06
0.0239
0.0636
0.1026
0.1406
0.1772
0.2123
0.2454
0.2764
0.3051
0.3315
0.3554
0.3770
0.3962
0.4131
0.4279
0.4406
0.4515
0.4608
0.4686
0.4750
0.4803
0.4846
0.4881
0.4909
0.4931
0.4948
0.4961
0.4971
0.4979
0.4985
0.4989
0.4992
0.4994
0.4996
0.4997
0.4998
0.4999
0.07
0.0279
0.0675
0.1064
0.1443
0.1808
0.2157
0.2486
0.2794
0.3078
0.3340
0.3577
0.3790
0.3980
0.4147
0.4292
0.4418
0.4525
0.4616
0.4693
0.4756
0.4808
0.4850
0.4884
0.4911
0.4932
0.4949
0.4962
0.4972
0.4979
0.4985
0.4989
0.4992
0.4995
0.4996
0.4997
0.4998
0.4999
0.08
0.0319
0.0714
0.1103
0.1480
0.1844
0.2190
0.2517
0.2823
0.3106
0.3365
0.3599
0.3810
0.3997
0.4162
0.4306
0.4429
0.4535
0.4625
0.4699
0.4761
0.4812
0.4854
0.4887
0.4913
0.4934
0.4951
0.4963
0.4973
0.4980
0.4986
0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4996
0.4997
0.4998
0.4999
0.09
0.0359
0.0753
0.1141
0.1517
0.1879
0.2224
0.2549
0.2852
0.3133
0.3389
0.3621
0.3830
0.4015
0.4177
0.4319
0.4441
0.4545
0.4633
0.4706
0.4767
0.4817
0.4857
0.4890
0.4916
0.4936
0.4952
0.4964
0.4974
0.4981
0.4986
0.4990
0.4993
0.4995
0.4997
0.4998
0.4998
0.4999
For specific details about using this table to find: probabilities, see page 121; confidence coefficients, pages 127128; p-values, page 171; critical values, pages 121123, 127128.
STAT.indb 333
333
4/15/09 10:58:57 AM
Table 4 Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution

A
One-Tailed Situations
The entries in this table are the critical values for z for which the area
under the curve representing is in the right-hand tail. Critical values
for the left-hand tail are found by symmetry.
= area of one tail
z()
0.25
0.67
0.10
1.28
Amount of in one tail

0.05
0.025
0.02
1.65
1.96
2.05
0.01
2.33
0.005
2.58
z(
One-tailed example:
= 0.05
z() = z(0.05) = 1.65
B Two-Tailed Situations
The entries in this table are the critical values for z for which the area
under the curve representing is split equally between the two tails.
= area of two tails

/2
z(
z(/2)
1-
0.25
1.15
0.75
0.20
1.28
0.80
Amount of in two-tails
0.10
0.05
1.65
1.96
0.90
0.95
Area in the center
0.02
2.33
0.98
0.01
2.58
0.99
1
/2)
/2
+z(
/2)
Two-tailed example:
= 0.05 or 1 - = 0.95
/2 = 0.025
z(/2) = z(0.025) = 1.96
For specific details about using:

Table A to find: critical values, see page 175.
Table B to find: confidence coefficients, see pages 156157; critical values, pages 160, 175.
334
STAT.indb 334
4/15/09 10:58:58 AM
Table 5 p-Values for Standard Normal Distribution

The entries in this table are the p-values related to the
right-hand tail for the calculated z for the standard
normal distribution.
p-value
0
z
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
0.20
0.25
0.30
0.35
0.40
0.45
0.50
0.55
0.60
0.65
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.90
0.95
p-value
0.5000
0.4801
0.4602
0.4404
0.4207
0.4013
0.3821
0.3632
0.3446
0.3264
0.3085
0.2912
0.2743
0.2578
0.2420
0.2266
0.2119
0.1977
0.1841
0.1711
z
1.00
1.05
1.10
1.15
1.20
1.25
1.30
1.35
1.40
1.45
1.50
1.55
1.60
1.65
1.70
1.75
1.80
1.85
1.90
1.95
p-value
0.1587
0.1469
0.1357
0.1251
0.1151
0.1056
0.0968
0.0885
0.0808
0.0735
0.0668
0.0606
0.0548
0.0495
0.0446
0.0401
0.0359
0.0322
0.0287
0.0256
z
2.00
2.05
2.10
2.15
2.20
2.25
2.30
2.35
2.40
2.45
2.50
2.55
2.60
2.65
2.70
2.75
2.80
2.85
2.90
2.95
p-value
0.0228
0.0202
0.0179
0.0158
0.0139
0.0122
0.0107
0.0094
0.0082
0.0071
0.0062
0.0054
0.0047
0.0040
0.0035
0.0030
0.0026
0.0022
0.0019
0.0016
z
3.00
3.05
3.10
3.15
3.20
3.25
3.30
3.35
3.40
3.45
3.50
3.55
3.60
3.65
3.70
3.75
3.80
3.85
3.90
3.95
p-value
0.0013
0.0011
0.0010
0.0008
0.0007
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0003
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
0+
0+
For specific details about using this table to find p-values, see pages 171, 172.
p-value = P(z > 2.30) = 0.0107

0
z = 2.30
STAT.indb 335
335
4/15/09 10:58:59 AM
Table 6 Critical Values of Students t-Distribution

The entries in this table, t(df, ), are the critical values for Students t-distribution for which the
area under the curve in the right-hand tail is . Critical values for the left-hand tail are found by
symmetry.
= area of
one tail
0
df
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
50
70
100
df>100
0.25
0.10
0.50
0.765
0.741
0.729
0.718
0.711
0.706
0.703
0.700
0.697
0.696
0.694
0.692
0.691
0.690
0.689
0.688
0.688
0.687
0.686
0.686
0.685
0.685
0.684
0.684
0.684
0.683
0.683
0.683
0.682
0.681
0.679
0.678
0.677
0.675
0.20
1.64
1.53
1.48
1.44
1.42
1.40
1.38
1.37
1.36
1.36
1.35
1.35
1.34
1.34
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.33
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.32
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.30
1.30
1.29
1.29
1.28
Amount of in One Tail

0.05
0.025
Amount of in Two Tails
0.10
0.05
2.35
3.18
2.13
2.78
2.02
2.57
1.94
2.45
1.89
2.36
1.86
2.31
1.83
2.26
1.81
2.23
1.80
2.20
1.78
2.18
1.77
2.16
1.76
2.14
1.75
2.13
1.75
2.12
1.74
2.11
1.73
2.10
1.73
2.09
1.72
2.09
1.72
2.08
1.72
2.07
1.71
2.07
1.71
2.06
1.71
2.06
1.71
2.06
1.70
2.05
1.70
2.05
1.70
2.05
1.70
2.04
1.69
2.03
1.68
2.02
1.68
2.01
1.67
1.99
1.66
1.98
1.65
1.96
= area of one tail
t(df, )
0.01
0.005
0.02
4.54
3.75
3.37
3.14
3.00
2.90
2.82
2.76
2.72
2.68
2.65
2.62
2.60
2.58
2.57
2.55
2.54
2.53
2.52
2.51
2.50
2.49
2.49
2.48
2.47
2.47
2.46
2.46
2.44
2.42
2.40
2.38
2.36
2.33
0.01
5.84
4.60
4.03
3.71
3.50
3.36
3.25
3.17
3.11
3.05
3.01
2.98
2.95
2.92
2.90
2.88
2.86
2.85
2.83
2.82
2.81
2.80
2.79
2.78
2.77
2.76
2.76
2.75
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.65
2.63
2.58
= area of two tails

/2
One-tailed example:
df = 9 and = 0.10
t(df, ) = t(9, 0.10) = 1.38
t(df, )
t(df, /2)
/2
+t(df, /2)
Two-tailed example:
df = 14, = 0.02, 1 = 0.98
t(df, /2) = t(14, 0.01) = 2.62
For specific details about using this table to find: confidence coefficients, see pages 186188; p-values, pages 189, 190; critical values, page 186.
336
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Table 7 Probability-Values for Students t-distribution

The entries in this table are the p-values related to the right-hand tail for
the calculated t value for the t-distribution of df degrees of freedom.
p-value
0
Degrees of Freedom
10
12
15
0.500 0.500 0.500
0.461 0.461 0.461
0.423 0.422 0.422
0.385 0.385 0.384
0.349 0.348 0.347
t
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
3
0.500
0.463
0.427
0.392
0.358
4
0.500
0.463
0.426
0.390
0.355
5
0.500
0.462
0.425
0.388
0.353
6
0.500
0.462
0.424
0.387
0.352
7
0.500
0.462
0.424
0.386
0.351
8
0.500
0.461
0.423
0.386
0.350
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
0.326
0.295
0.267
0.241
0.217
0.322
0.290
0.261
0.234
0.210
0.319
0.287
0.258
0.230
0.205
0.317
0.285
0.255
0.227
0.201
0.316
0.284
0.253
0.225
0.199
0.315
0.283
0.252
0.223
0.197
0.314
0.281
0.250
0.221
0.195
0.313
0.280
0.249
0.220
0.193
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0.196
0.176
0.158
0.142
0.128
0.187
0.167
0.148
0.132
0.117
0.182
0.161
0.142
0.125
0.110
0.178
0.157
0.138
0.121
0.106
0.175
0.154
0.135
0.117
0.102
0.173
0.152
0.132
0.115
0.100
0.170
0.149
0.129
0.111
0.096
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
0.115
0.104
0.094
0.085
0.077
0.104
0.092
0.082
0.073
0.065
0.097
0.085
0.075
0.066
0.058
0.092
0.080
0.070
0.061
0.053
0.089
0.077
0.066
0.057
0.050
0.086
0.074
0.064
0.055
0.047
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
0.070
0.063
0.058
0.052
0.048
0.058
0.052
0.046
0.041
0.037
0.051
0.045
0.040
0.035
0.031
0.046
0.040
0.035
0.031
0.027
0.043
0.037
0.032
0.027
0.024
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
0.044
0.040
0.037
0.034
0.031
0.033
0.030
0.027
0.024
0.022
0.027
0.024
0.021
0.019
0.017
0.023
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
0.029
0.027
0.025
0.023
0.021
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.015
0.013
0.012
0.011
0.010
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
4.0
0.020
0.018
0.017
0.016
0.015
0.014
0.012
0.011
0.010
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.006
0.005
18
0.500
0.461
0.422
0.384
0.347
21
0.500
0.461
0.422
0.384
0.347
25
0.500
0.461
0.422
0.383
0.346
29
0.500
0.461
0.421
0.383
0.346
35
0.500
0.460
0.421
0.383
0.346
df45
0.500
0.460
0.421
0.383
0.346
0.312
0.279
0.247
0.218
0.191
0.312
0.278
0.246
0.217
0.190
0.311
0.277
0.246
0.216
0.189
0.311
0.277
0.245
0.216
0.188
0.310
0.277
0.245
0.215
0.188
0.310
0.276
0.244
0.215
0.187
0.310
0.276
0.244
0.214
0.186
0.169
0.146
0.127
0.109
0.093
0.167
0.144
0.124
0.107
0.091
0.165
0.143
0.123
0.105
0.089
0.164
0.142
0.122
0.104
0.088
0.163
0.141
0.121
0.103
0.087
0.163
0.140
0.120
0.102
0.086
0.162
0.139
0.119
0.101
0.085
0.161
0.139
0.118
0.100
0.084
0.082
0.070
0.060
0.051
0.043
0.080
0.068
0.057
0.049
0.041
0.077
0.065
0.055
0.046
0.038
0.075
0.064
0.053
0.044
0.037
0.074
0.062
0.052
0.043
0.036
0.073
0.061
0.051
0.042
0.035
0.072
0.060
0.050
0.041
0.034
0.071
0.059
0.049
0.040
0.033
0.070
0.058
0.048
0.039
0.032
0.040
0.034
0.029
0.025
0.022
0.037
0.031
0.026
0.022
0.019
0.034
0.029
0.024
0.020
0.017
0.032
0.027
0.022
0.018
0.015
0.030
0.025
0.021
0.017
0.014
0.029
0.024
0.020
0.016
0.013
0.028
0.023
0.019
0.015
0.012
0.027
0.022
0.018
0.014
0.012
0.027
0.022
0.017
0.014
0.011
0.026
0.021
0.016
0.013
0.010
0.020
0.018
0.015
0.013
0.011
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.016
0.013
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.014
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.007
0.012
0.010
0.008
0.007
0.005
0.011
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.010
0.008
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.010
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.009
0.007
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.008
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.012
0.011
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.006
0.009
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.005
0.007
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.004
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.006
0.006
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.004
0.005
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.003
0.004
0.004
0.003
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.003
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.002
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.002
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0+
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0+
0+
0.001
0.001
0.001
0+
0+
0+
0.001
0.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
0.001
0+
0+
0+
0+
0+
For specific details about using this table to find p-values, see pages 190191.
STAT.indb 337
337
4/15/09 10:59:01 AM
Table 8 Critical Values of 2 (Chi-Square) Distribution

The entries in this table, 2 (df, ), are the critical values for the 2
distribution for which the area under the curve to the right is .
area to right
2 (df,
0.995
df
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.005
0.0000393
0.0100
0.0717
0.207
0.412
0.676
0.990
1.34
1.73
2.16
2.60
3.07
3.57
4.07
4.60
5.14
5.70
6.26
6.84
7.43
8.03
8.64
9.26
9.89
10.5
11.2
11.8
12.5
13.1
13.8
20.7
28.0
35.5
43.3
51.2
59.2
67.3
0.99
0.975
0.95
Area in Left-hand Tail
0.01
0.025
0.05
0.000157
0.000982
0.00393
0.0201
0.0506
0.103
0.115
0.216
0.352
0.297
0.484
0.711
0.554
0.831
1.15
0.872
1.24
1.64
1.24
1.69
2.17
1.65
2.18
2.73
2.09
2.70
3.33
2.56
3.25
3.94
3.05
3.82
4.57
3.57
4.40
5.23
4.11
5.01
5.89
4.66
5.63
6.57
5.23
6.26
7.26
5.81
6.91
7.96
6.41
7.56
8.67
7.01
8.23
9.39
7.63
8.91
10.1
8.26
9.59
10.9
8.90
10.3
11.6
9.54
11.0
12.3
10.2
11.7
13.1
10.9
12.4
13.8
11.5
13.1
14.6
12.2
13.8
15.4
12.9
14.6
16.2
13.6
15.3
16.9
14.3
16.0
17.7
15.0
16.8
18.5
22.2
24.4
26.5
29.7
32.4
34.8
37.5
40.5
43.2
45.4
48.8
51.7
53.5
57.2
60.4
61.8
65.6
69.1
70.1
74.2
77.9
0.90
0.10
0.0158
0.211
0.584
1.06
1.61
2.20
2.83
3.49
4.17
4.87
5.58
6.30
7.04
7.79
8.55
9.31
10.1
10.9
11.7
12.4
13.2
14.0
14.8
15.7
16.5
17.3
18.1
18.9
19.8
20.6
29.1
37.7
46.5
55.3
64.3
73.3
82.4
Area to the Right

0.75
0.50
Median
0.25
0.50
0.101
0.455
0.575
1.39
1.21
2.37
1.92
3.36
2.67
4.35
3.45
5.35
4.25
6.35
5.07
7.34
5.90
8.34
6.74
9.34
7.58
10.34
8.44
11.34
9.30
12.34
10.2
13.34
11.0
14.34
11.9
15.34
12.8
16.34
13.7
17.34
14.6
18.34
15.5
19.34
16.3
20.34
17.2
21.34
18.1
22.34
19.0
23.34
19.9
24.34
20.8
25.34
21.7
26.34
22.7
27.34
23.6
28.34
24.5
29.34
33.7
39.34
42.9
49.33
52.3
59.33
61.7
69.33
71.1
79.33
80.6
89.33
90.1
99.33
Left-tail example:
Find 2 with df = 28; area in left-tail = 0.10.
0.10
0.25
0.10
0.25
1.32
2.77
4.11
5.39
6.63
7.84
9.04
10.2
11.4
12.5
13.7
14.8
16.0
17.1
18.2
19.4
20.5
21.6
22.7
23.8
24.9
26.0
27.1
28.2
29.3
30.4
31.5
32.6
33.7
34.8
45.6
56.3
67.0
77.6
88.1
98.6
109.1
0.10
2.71
4.61
6.25
7.78
9.24
10.6
12.0
13.4
14.7
16.0
17.3
18.5
19.8
21.1
22.3
23.5
24.8
26.0
27.2
28.4
29.6
30.8
32.0
33.2
34.4
35.6
36.7
37.9
39.1
40.3
51.8
63.2
74.4
85.5
96.6
107.6
118.5
area to right)
0.05
0.025
0.01
Area in Right-hand Tail
0.05
0.025
0.01
3.84
5.02
6.63
5.99
7.38
9.21
7.81
9.35
11.3
9.49
11.1
13.3
11.1
12.8
15.1
12.6
14.5
16.8
14.1
16.0
18.5
15.5
17.5
20.1
16.9
19.0
21.7
18.3
20.5
23.2
19.7
21.9
24.7
21.0
23.3
26.2
22.4
24.7
27.7
23.7
26.1
29.1
25.0
27.5
30.6
26.3
28.8
32.0
27.6
30.2
33.4
28.9
31.5
34.8
30.1
32.9
36.2
31.4
34.2
37.6
32.7
35.5
38.9
33.9
36.8
40.3
35.2
38.1
41.6
36.4
39.4
43.0
37.7
40.6
44.3
38.9
41.9
45.6
40.1
43.2
47.0
41.3
44.5
48.3
42.6
45.7
49.6
43.8
47.0
50.9
55.8
59.3
63.7
67.5
71.4
76.2
79.1
83.3
88.4
90.5
95.0
100.4
101.9
106.6
112.3
113.1
118.1
124.1
124.3
129.6
135.8
0.005
0.005
7.88
10.6
12.8
14.9
16.8
18.6
20.3
22.0
23.6
25.2
26.8
28.3
29.8
31.3
32.8
34.3
35.7
37.2
38.6
40.0
41.4
42.8
44.2
45.6
46.9
48.3
49.6
51.0
52.3
53.7
66.8
79.5
92.0
104.2
116.3
128.3
140.2
Right-tail example:
Find 2 with df = 23; area in right-tail = 0.025
0.90
0.025
2 (28,
2 (df,
area to right) =
2 (23,
0.90)
2 (28,
0.90) = 18.9
2 (df,
area to right) =
2 (23,
0.025)
0.025) = 38.1
For specific details about using this table to find: p-values, see pages 202204; critical values, page 200.
338
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Table 9a Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.05)

The entries in this table are critical values of F for which the area
under the curve to the right is equal to 0.05.
= 0.05
Degrees of Freedom for Denominator
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
1
161.
18.5
10.1
7.71
6.61
5.99
5.59
5.32
5.12
4.96
4.84
4.75
4.67
4.60
4.54
4.49
4.45
4.41
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.30
4.28
4.26
4.24
4.17
4.08
4.00
3.92
3.84
2
200.
19.0
9.55
6.94
5.79
5.14
4.74
4.46
4.26
4.10
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.68
3.63
3.59
3.55
3.52
3.49
3.47
3.44
3.42
3.40
3.39
3.32
3.23
3.15
3.07
3.00
3
216.
19.2
9.28
6.59
5.41
4.76
4.35
4.07
3.86
3.71
3.59
3.49
3.41
3.34
3.29
3.24
3.20
3.16
3.13
3.10
3.07
3.05
3.03
3.01
2.99
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.60
Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

4
5
6
7
225.
230.
234.
237.
19.2
19.3
19.3
19.4
9.12
9.01
8.94
8.89
6.39
6.26
6.16
6.09
5.19
5.05
4.95
4.88
4.53
4.39
4.28
4.21
4.12
3.97
3.87
3.79
3.84
3.69
3.58
3.50
3.63
3.48
3.37
3.29
3.48
3.33
3.22
3.14
3.36
3.20
3.09
3.01
3.26
3.11
3.00
2.91
3.18
3.03
2.92
2.83
3.11
2.96
2.85
2.76
3.06
2.90
2.79
2.71
3.01
2.85
2.74
2.66
2.96
2.81
2.70
2.61
2.93
2.77
2.66
2.58
2.90
2.74
2.63
2.54
2.87
2.71
2.60
2.51
2.84
2.68
2.57
2.49
2.82
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.80
2.64
2.53
2.44
2.78
2.62
2.51
2.42
2.76
2.60
2.49
2.40
2.69
2.53
2.42
2.33
2.61
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.53
2.37
2.25
2.17
2.45
2.29
2.18
2.09
2.37
2.21
2.10
2.01
F(dfn, dfd, 0.05)
8
239.
19.4
8.85
6.04
4.82
4.15
3.73
3.44
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.85
2.77
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.55
2.51
2.48
2.45
2.42
2.40
2.37
2.36
2.34
2.27
2.18
2.10
2.02
1.94
9
241.
19.4
8.81
6.00
4.77
4.10
3.68
3.39
3.18
3.02
2.90
2.80
2.71
2.65
2.59
2.54
2.49
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.37
2.34
2.32
2.30
2.28
2.21
2.12
2.04
1.96
1.88
10
242.
19.4
8.79
5.96
4.74
4.06
3.64
3.35
3.14
2.98
2.85
2.75
2.67
2.60
2.54
2.49
2.45
2.41
2.38
2.35
2.32
2.30
2.27
2.25
2.24
2.16
2.08
1.99
1.91
1.83
For specific details about using this table to find: p-values, see page 231; critical values, page 230.
STAT.indb 339
339
4/15/09 10:59:03 AM
Table 9a (Continued)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
12
244.
19.4
8.74
5.91
4.68
4.00
3.57
3.28
3.07
2.91
2.79
2.69
2.60
2.53
2.48
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.31
2.28
2.25
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.16
2.09
2.00
1.92
1.83
1.75
15
246.
19.4
8.70
5.86
4.62
3.94
3.51
3.22
3.01
2.85
2.72
2.62
2.53
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.23
2.20
2.18
2.15
2.13
2.11
2.09
2.01
1.92
1.84
1.75
1.67
20
248.
19.4
8.66
5.80
4.56
3.87
3.44
3.15
2.94
2.77
2.65
2.54
2.46
2.39
2.33
2.28
2.23
2.19
2.16
2.12
2.10
2.07
2.05
2.03
2.01
1.93
1.84
1.75
1.66
1.57

24
30
40
249.
250.
251.
19.5
19.5
19.5
8.64
8.62
8.59
5.77
5.75
5.72
4.53
4.50
4.46
3.84
3.81
3.77
3.41
3.38
3.34
3.12
3.08
3.04
2.90
2.86
2.83
2.74
2.70
2.66
2.61
2.57
2.53
2.51
2.47
2.43
2.42
2.38
2.34
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.29
2.25
2.20
2.24
2.19
2.15
2.19
2.15
2.10
2.15
2.11
2.06
2.11
2.07
2.03
2.08
2.04
1.99
2.05
2.01
1.96
2.03
1.98
1.94
2.01
1.96
1.91
1.98
1.94
1.89
1.96
1.92
1.87
1.89
1.84
1.79
1.79
1.74
1.69
1.70
1.65
1.59
1.61
1.55
1.50
1.52
1.46
1.39
60
252.
19.5
8.57
5.69
4.43
3.74
3.30
3.01
2.79
2.62
2.49
2.38
2.30
2.22
2.16
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.95
1.92
1.89
1.86
1.84
1.82
1.74
1.64
1.53
1.43
1.32
120
253.
19.5
8.55
5.66
4.40
3.70
3.27
2.97
2.75
2.58
2.45
2.34
2.25
2.18
2.11
2.06
2.01
1.97
1.93
1.90
1.87
1.84
1.81
1.79
1.77
1.68
1.58
1.47
1.35
1.22
254.
19.5
8.53
5.63
4.37
3.67
3.23
2.93
2.71
2.54
2.40
2.30
2.21
2.13
2.07
2.01
1.96
1.92
1.88
1.84
1.81
1.78
1.76
1.73
1.71
1.62
1.51
1.39
1.25
1.00
From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. 1 (1958), pp. 159163. Reprinted by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
340
STAT.indb 340
4/15/09 10:59:03 AM
Table 9b Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.025)

The entries in this table are critical values of F for which the area
under the curve to the right is equal to 0.025.
= 0.025
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
1
648.
38.5
17.4
12.2
10.0
8.81
8.07
7.57
7.21
6.94
6.72
6.55
6.41
6.30
6.20
6.12
6.04
5.98
5.92
5.87
5.83
5.79
5.75
5.72
5.69
5.57
5.42
5.29
5.15
5.02
2
800.
39.0
16.0
10.6
8.43
7.26
6.54
6.06
5.71
5.46
5.26
5.10
4.97
4.86
4.77
4.69
4.62
4.56
4.51
4.46
4.42
4.38
4.35
4.32
4.29
4.18
4.05
3.93
3.80
3.69
3
864.
39.2
15.4
9.98
7.76
6.60
5.89
5.42
5.08
4.83
4.63
4.47
4.35
4.24
4.15
4.08
4.01
3.95
3.90
3.86
3.82
3.78
3.75
3.72
3.69
3.59
3.46
3.34
3.23
3.12

4
5
6
7
900.
922.
937.
948.
39.2
39.3
39.3
39.4
15.1
14.9
14.7
14.6
9.60
9.36
9.20
9.07
7.39
7.15
6.98
6.85
6.23
5.99
5.82
5.70
5.52
5.29
5.12
4.99
5.05
4.82
4.65
4.53
4.72
4.48
4.32
4.20
4.47
4.24
4.07
3.95
4.28
4.04
3.88
3.76
4.12
3.89
3.73
3.61
4.00
3.77
3.60
3.48
3.89
3.66
3.50
3.38
3.80
3.58
3.41
3.29
3.73
3.50
3.34
3.22
3.66
3.44
3.28
3.16
3.61
3.38
3.22
3.10
3.56
3.33
3.17
3.05
3.51
3.29
3.13
3.01
3.48
3.25
3.09
2.97
3.44
3.22
3.05
2.93
3.41
3.18
3.02
2.90
3.38
3.15
2.99
2.87
3.35
3.13
2.97
2.85
3.25
3.03
2.87
2.75
3.13
2.90
2.74
2.62
3.01
2.79
2.63
2.51
2.89
2.67
2.52
2.39
2.79
2.57
2.41
2.29
F(dfn, dfd, 0.025)
8
957.
39.4
14.5
8.98
6.76
5.60
4.90
4.43
4.10
3.85
3.66
3.51
3.39
3.28
3.20
3.12
3.06
3.01
2.96
2.91
2.87
2.84
2.81
2.78
2.75
2.65
2.53
2.41
2.30
2.19
9
963.
39.4
14.5
8.90
6.68
5.52
4.82
4.36
4.03
3.78
3.59
3.44
3.31
3.21
3.12
3.05
2.98
2.93
2.88
2.84
2.80
2.76
2.73
2.70
2.68
2.57
2.45
2.33
2.22
2.11
10
969.
39.4
14.4
8.84
6.62
5.46
4.76
4.30
3.96
3.72
3.53
3.37
3.25
3.15
3.06
2.99
2.92
2.87
2.82
2.77
2.73
2.70
2.67
2.64
2.61
2.51
2.39
2.27
2.16
2.05
STAT.indb 341
341
4/15/09 10:59:04 AM
Table 9b (Continued)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
12
977.
39.4
14.3
8.75
6.52
5.37
4.67
4.20
3.87
3.62
3.43
3.28
3.15
3.05
2.96
2.89
2.82
2.77
2.72
2.68
2.64
2.60
2.57
2.54
2.51
2.41
2.29
2.17
2.05
1.94
15
985.
39.4
14.3
8.66
6.43
5.27
4.57
4.10
3.77
3.52
3.33
3.18
3.05
2.95
2.86
2.79
2.72
2.67
2.62
2.57
2.53
2.50
2.47
2.44
2.41
2.31
2.18
2.06
1.95
1.83
20
993.
39.4
14.2
8.56
6.33
5.17
4.47
4.00
3.67
3.42
3.23
3.07
2.95
2.84
2.76
2.68
2.62
2.56
2.51
2.46
2.42
2.39
2.36
2.33
2.30
2.20
2.07
1.94
1.82
1.71

24
30
40
997.
1001.
1006.
39.5
39.5
39.5
14.1
14.1
14.0
8.51
8.46
8.41
6.28
6.23
6.18
5.12
5.07
5.01
4.42
4.36
4.31
3.95
3.89
3.84
3.61
3.56
3.51
3.37
3.31
3.26
3.17
3.12
3.06
3.02
2.96
2.91
2.89
2.84
2.78
2.79
2.73
2.67
2.70
2.64
2.59
2.63
2.57
2.51
2.56
2.50
2.44
2.50
2.44
2.38
2.45
2.39
2.33
2.41
2.35
2.29
2.37
2.31
2.25
2.33
2.27
2.21
2.30
2.24
2.18
2.27
2.21
2.15
2.24
2.18
2.12
2.14
2.07
2.01
2.01
1.94
1.88
1.88
1.82
1.74
1.76
1.69
1.61
1.64
1.57
1.48
60
1010.
39.5
14.0
8.36
6.12
4.96
4.25
3.78
3.45
3.20
3.00
2.85
2.72
2.61
2.52
2.45
2.38
2.32
2.27
2.22
2.18
2.14
2.11
2.08
2.05
1.94
1.80
1.67
1.53
1.39
120
1014.
39.5
13.9
8.31
6.07
4.90
4.20
3.73
3.39
3.14
2.94
2.79
2.66
2.55
2.46
2.38
2.32
2.26
2.20
2.16
2.11
2.08
2.04
2.01
1.98
1.87
1.72
1.58
1.43
1.27
1018.
39.5
13.9
8.26
6.02
4.85
4.14
3.67
3.33
3.08
2.88
2.72
2.60
2.49
2.40
2.32
2.25
2.19
2.13
2.09
2.04
2.00
1.97
1.94
1.91
1.79
1.64
1.48
1.31
1.00
From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. I (1958), pp. 159-163. Reprinted by persmission of the Biometrika Trustees.
342
STAT.indb 342
4/15/09 10:59:04 AM
Table 9c Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.01)

The entries in the table are critical values of F for which the area under the
curve to the right is equal to 0.01
= 0.01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
1
4052.
98.5
34.1
21.2
16.3
13.7
12.2
11.3
10.6
10.0
9.65
9.33
9.07
8.86
8.68
8.53
8.40
8.29
8.19
8.10
8.02
7.95
7.88
7.82
7.77
7.56
7.31
7.08
6.85
6.63
2
5000.
99.0
30.8
18.0
13.3
10.9
9.55
8.65
8.02
7.56
7.21
6.93
6.70
6.51
6.36
6.23
6.11
6.01
5.93
5.85
5.78
5.72
5.66
5.61
5.57
5.39
5.18
4.98
4.79
4.61
3
5403.
99.2
29.5
16.7
12.1
9.78
8.45
7.59
6.99
6.55
6.22
5.95
5.74
5.56
5.42
5.29
5.19
5.09
5.01
4.94
4.87
4.82
4.76
4.72
4.68
4.51
4.31
4.13
3.95
3.78
F(dfn, dfd, 0.01)

4
5
6
7
5625.
5764.
5859.
5928.
99.2
99.3
99.3
99.4
28.7
28.2
27.9
27.7
16.0
15.5
15.2
15.0
11.4
11.0
10.7
10.5
9.15
8.75
8.47
8.26
7.85
7.46
7.19
6.99
7.01
6.63
6.37
6.18
6.42
6.06
5.80
5.61
5.99
5.64
5.39
5.20
5.67
5.32
5.07
4.89
5.41
5.06
4.82
4.64
5.21
4.86
4.62
4.44
5.04
4.70
4.46
4.28
4.89
4.56
4.32
4.14
4.77
4.44
4.20
4.03
4.67
4.34
4.10
3.93
4.58
4.25
4.01
3.84
4.50
4.17
3.94
3.77
4.43
4.10
3.87
3.70
4.37
4.04
3.81
3.64
4.31
3.99
3.76
3.59
4.26
3.94
3.71
3.54
4.22
3.90
3.67
3.50
4.18
3.86
3.63
3.46
4.02
3.70
3.47
3.30
3.83
3.51
3.29
3.12
3.65
3.34
3.12
2.95
3.48
3.17
2.96
2.79
3.32
3.02
2.80
2.64
8
5982.
99.4
27.5
14.8
10.3
8.10
6.84
6.03
5.47
5.06
4.74
4.50
4.30
4.14
4.00
3.89
3.79
3.71
3.63
3.56
3.51
3.45
3.41
3.36
3.32
3.17
2.99
2.82
2.66
2.51
9
6024.
99.4
27.3
14.7
10.2
7.98
6.72
5.91
5.35
4.94
4.63
4.39
4.19
4.03
3.89
3.78
3.68
3.60
3.52
3.46
3.40
3.35
3.30
3.26
3.22
3.07
2.89
2.72
2.56
2.41
10
6056.
99.4
27.2
14.5
10.1
7.87
6.62
5.81
5.26
4.85
4.54
4.30
4.10
3.94
3.80
3.69
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.37
3.31
3.26
3.21
3.17
3.13
2.98
2.80
2.63
2.47
2.32
STAT.indb 343
343
4/15/09 10:59:05 AM
Table 9c (Continued)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
30
40
60
120
12
6106.
99.4
27.1
14.4
9.89
7.72
6.47
5.67
5.11
4.71
4.40
4.16
3.96
3.80
3.67
3.55
3.46
3.37
3.30
3.23
3.17
3.12
3.07
3.03
2.99
2.84
2.66
2.50
2.34
2.18
15
6157.
99.4
26.9
14.2
9.72
7.56
6.31
5.52
4.96
4.56
4.25
4.01
3.82
3.66
3.52
3.41
3.31
3.23
3.15
3.09
3.03
2.98
2.93
2.89
2.85
2.70
2.52
2.35
2.19
2.04
20
6209.
99.4
26.7
14.0
9.55
7.40
6.16
5.36
4.81
4.41
4.10
3.86
3.66
3.51
3.37
3.26
3.16
3.08
3.00
2.94
2.88
2.83
2.78
2.74
2.70
2.55
2.37
2.20
2.03
1.88

24
30
40
6235.
6261.
6287.
99.5
99.5
99.5
26.6
26.5
26.4
13.9
13.8
13.7
9.47
9.38
9.29
7.31
7.23
7.14
6.07
5.99
5.91
5.28
5.20
5.12
4.73
4.65
4.57
4.33
4.25
4.17
4.02
3.94
3.86
3.78
3.70
3.62
3.59
3.51
3.43
3.43
3.35
3.27
3.29
3.21
3.13
3.18
3.10
3.02
3.08
3.00
2.92
3.00
2.92
2.84
2.92
2.84
2.76
2.86
2.78
2.69
2.80
2.72
2.64
2.75
2.67
2.58
2.70
2.62
2.54
2.66
2.58
2.49
2.62
2.53
2.45
2.47
2.39
2.30
2.29
2.20
2.11
2.12
2.03
1.94
1.95
1.86
1.76
1.79
1.70
1.59
60
6313.
99.5
26.3
13.7
9.20
7.06
5.82
5.03
4.48
4.08
3.78
3.54
3.34
3.18
3.05
2.93
2.83
2.75
2.67
2.61
2.55
2.50
2.45
2.40
2.36
2.21
2.02
1.84
1.66
1.47
120
6339.
99.5
26.2
13.6
9.11
6.97
5.74
4.95
4.40
4.00
3.69
3.45
3.25
3.09
2.96
2.84
2.75
2.66
2.58
2.52
2.46
2.40
2.35
2.31
2.27
2.11
1.92
1.73
1.53
1.32
6366.
99.5
26.1
13.5
9.02
6.88
5.65
4.86
4.31
3.91
3.60
3.36
3.17
3.00
2.87
2.75
2.65
2.57
2.49
2.42
2.36
2.31
2.26
2.21
2.17
2.01
1.80
1.60
1.38
1.00
From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. I (1958), pp. 159-163. Reprinted by permission of the Biometrika Trustees.
344
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Table 10 Confidence Belts for the Correlation Coefficient (1-)=0.95

The numbers on the curves are sample sizes.
+0.8
+1.0
+0.6
12
15
20
+0.2
5
10 0
0
20
40 0
0
25
50
4
20 00
10 0
0
0.2
10
12
15
20
25
Scale of (population correlation coefficient)
10
+0.4
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
+0.2
+0.4
+0.6
+0.8
+1.0
Scale of r (sample correlation)

For specific details about using this table to find confidence intervals, see page 280.
STAT.indb 345
345
4/15/09 10:59:06 AM
Table 11 Critical Values of r When = 0

The entries in this table are the critical values of r for a two-tailed test at . For simple correlation, df = n - 2,
where n is the number of pairs of data in the sample. For a one-tailed test, the value of shown at the top of the
table is double the value of being used in the hypothesis test.
df
= area of
two tails
/2
1
/2
r
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
60
70
80
90
100
0.10
0.988
0.900
0.805
0.729
0.669
0.621
0.582
0.549
0.521
0.497
0.476
0.458
0.441
0.426
0.412
0.400
0.389
0.378
0.369
0.360
0.323
0.296
0.275
0.257
0.243
0.231
0.211
0.195
0.183
0.173
0.164
0.05
0.997
0.950
0.878
0.811
0.754
0.707
0.666
0.632
0.602
0.576
0.553
0.532
0.514
0.497
0.482
0.468
0.456
0.444
0.433
0.423
0.381
0.349
0.325
0.304
0.288
0.273
0.250
0.232
0.217
0.205
0.195
0.02
1.000
0.980
0.934
0.882
0.833
0.789
0.750
0.716
0.685
0.658
0.634
0.612
0.592
0.574
0.558
0.542
0.528
0.516
0.503
0.492
0.445
0.409
0.381
0.358
0.338
0.322
0.295
0.274
0.256
0.242
0.230
0.01
1.000
0.990
0.959
0.917
0.874
0.834
0.798
0.765
0.735
0.708
0.684
0.661
0.641
0.623
0.606
0.590
0.575
0.561
0.549
0.537
0.487
0.449
0.418
0.393
0.372
0.354
0.325
0.302
0.283
0.267
0.254
From E. S. Pearson and H. O. Hartley, Biometrika Tables for Statisticians, vol. 1 (1962), p. 138. Reprinted by permission of the
Biometrika Trustees.
346
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Table 12 Critical Values of the Sign Test

The entries in this table are the critical values for the number of the least frequent sign for a two-tailed test at for
the binomial p = 0.5. For a one-tailed test, the value of shown at the top of the table is double the value of being used in the hypothesis test.
n
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
0.01
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
0.05
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
14
14
15
15
15
16
16
17
17
0.10
0.25
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
13
14
14
15
15
16
16
16
17
17
18
18
0
0
0
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
3
4
4
5
5
6
6
6
7
7
8
8
9
9
10
10
10
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
14
14
15
15
16
16
17
17
18
18
19
19
19
20
n
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
0.01
15
16
16
17
17
17
18
18
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
22
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
31
32
32
33
33
34
34
34
35
35
36
36
0.05
18
18
18
19
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
37
38
38
39
39
0.10
19
19
20
20
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
33
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
38
39
39
40
40
41
0.25
20
21
21
22
22
23
23
24
24
25
25
25
26
26
27
27
28
28
29
29
30
30
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
34
34
35
35
36
36
37
37
38
38
39
39
39
40
40
41
41
42
42
43
43
From Wilfred J. Dixon and Frank J. Massey, Jr., Introduction to Statistical Analysis, 3d ed. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969), p. 509. Reprinted by permission.
For specific details about using this table to find: p-values, see pages 304306; critical values, pages 303304.
STAT.indb 347
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Table 13 Critical Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test

A. The entries are the critical values of U for a one-tailed test at 0.025 or for a two-tailed test at 0.05.
n1
n2
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
4
10
11
11
12
13
13
11
12
13
14
15
17
18
19
20
10
11
13
14
16
17
19
21
22
24
25
27
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
10
13
15
17
19
22
24
26
29
31
34
36
38
41
10
12
15
17
20
23
26
28
31
34
37
39
42
45
48
10
11
14
17
20
23
26
29
33
36
39
42
45
48
52
55
11
13
16
19
23
26
30
33
37
40
44
47
51
55
58
62
12
11
14
18
22
26
29
33
37
41
45
49
53
57
61
65
69
13
12
16
20
24
28
33
37
41
45
50
54
59
63
67
72
76
14
13
17
22
26
31
36
40
45
50
55
59
64
67
74
78
83
15
10
14
19
24
29
34
39
44
49
54
59
64
70
75
80
85
90
16
11
15
21
26
31
37
42
47
53
59
64
70
75
81
86
92
98
17
11
17
22
28
34
39
45
51
57
63
67
75
81
87
93
99
105
18
12
18
24
30
36
42
48
55
61
67
74
80
86
93
99
106
112
19
13
19
25
32
38
45
52
58
65
72
78
85
92
99
106
113
119
20
13
20
27
34
41
48
55
62
69
76
83
90
98
105
112
119
127
B. The entries are the critical values of U for a one-tailed test at 0.05 or for a two-tailed test at 0.10.
n1
n2
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10 11 12 13 14
15
16
17
18
19
20
1
2
3
10
11
10
11
12
14
15
16
17
18
11
12
13
15
16
18
19
20
22
23
25
10
12
14
16
17
19
21
23
25
26
28
30
32
11
13
15
17
19
21
24
26
28
30
33
35
37
39
10
13
15
18
20
23
26
28
31
33
36
39
41
44
47
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
51
54
10
11
14
17
20
24
27
31
34
37
41
44
48
51
55
58
62
11
12
16
19
23
27
31
34
38
42
46
50
54
57
61
65
69
12
13
17
21
26
30
34
38
42
47
51
55
60
64
68
72
77
13
10
15
19
24
28
33
37
42
47
51
56
61
65
70
75
80
84
14
11
16
21
26
31
36
41
46
51
56
61
66
71
77
82
87
92
15
12
18
23
28
33
39
44
50
55
61
66
72
77
83
88
94
100
16
14
19
25
30
36
42
48
54
60
65
71
77
83
89
95
101
107
17
15
20
26
33
39
45
51
57
64
70
77
83
89
96
102
109
115
18
16
22
28
35
41
48
55
61
68
75
82
88
95
102
109
116
123
19
10
17
23
30
37
44
51
58
65
72
80
87
94
101
109
116
123
130
20
11
18
25
32
39
47
54
62
69
77
84
92
100
107
115
123
130
138
Reproduced from the Bulletin of the Institute of Educational Research at Indiana University, vol. 1, no. 2; with the permission of the author and the publisher.
348
STAT.indb 348
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Table 14 Critical Values for Total Number of Runs (V)

The entries in this table are the critical values for a two-tailed test using =0.05. For a one-tailed test, =0.025 and
use only one of the critical values: the smaller critical value for a left-hand critical region, the larger for a right-hand
critical region.
The larger of n1 and n2

5
10
11
2
9
2
10
2
8
2
9
3
10
3
11
2
8
2
10
3
11
3
12
3
13
2
8
3
10
3
11
3
12
4
13
4
14
2
8
3
10
3
12
4
13
4
14
5
14
5
15
2
8
3
10
3
12
4
13
5
14
5
15
5
16
6
16
2
8
3
10
4
12
4
13
5
14
5
15
6
16
6
17
7
17
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
The smaller of n1 and n2
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
12
2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
4
13
5
14
6
16
6
16
7
17
7
18
7
19
13
2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
5
15
6
16
6
17
7
18
7
19
8
19
8
20
14
2
6
2
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
5
15
6
16
7
17
7
18
8
19
8
20
9
20
9
21
15
2
6
3
8
3
10
4
12
5
14
6
15
6
16
7
18
7
18
8
19
8
20
9
21
9
22
10
22
16
2
6
3
8
4
10
4
12
5
14
6
16
6
17
7
18
8
19
8
20
9
21
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
17
2
6
3
8
4
10
4
12
5
14
6
16
7
17
7
18
8
19
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
11
25
18
19
18
2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
5
14
6
16
7
17
8
18
8
19
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
24
11
25
12
25
12
26
19
2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
6
14
6
16
7
17
8
18
8
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
23
11
24
12
25
12
26
13
26
13
27
20
20
2
6
3
8
4
10
5
12
6
14
6
16
7
17
8
18
9
20
9
21
10
22
10
23
11
24
12
25
12
25
13
26
13
27
13
27
14
28
From C. Eisenhart and F. Swed, Tables for testing randomness of grouping in a sequence of alternatives, Annals of Statistics, vol. 14 (1943): 6687. Reprinted by permission.
STAT.indb 349
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Table 15 Critical Values of Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient

The entries in this table are the critical values of rs for a two-tailed test at .
For a one-tailed test, the value of shown at the top of the table is double
the value of being used in the hypothesis test.
= area of
two tails
/2
1
n
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
= 0.10
0.900
0.829
0.714
0.643
0.600
0.564
0.536
0.497
0.475
0.457
0.441
0.425
0.412
0.399
0.388
0.377
0.368
0.359
0.351
0.343
0.336
0.329
0.323
0.317
0.311
0.305
= 0.05
0.886
0.786
0.738
0.700
0.648
0.618
0.591
0.566
0.545
0.525
0.507
0.490
0.476
0.462
0.450
0.438
0.428
0.418
0.409
0.400
0.392
0.385
0.377
0.370
0.364
/2
rs
= 0.02
0.943
0.893
0.833
0.783
0.745
0.736
0.703
0.673
0.646
0.623
0.601
0.582
0.564
0.549
0.534
0.521
0.508
0.496
0.485
0.475
0.465
0.456
0.448
0.440
0.432
rs
= 0.01
0.881
0.833
0.794
0.818
0.780
0.745
0.716
0.689
0.666
0.645
0.625
0.608
0.591
0.576
0.562
0.549
0.537
0.526
0.515
0.505
0.496
0.487
0.478
From E. G. Olds, Distribution of sums of squares of rank differences for small numbers of individuals, Annals of Statistics, vol. 9 (1938), pp. 138148, and amended, vol. 20 (1949), pp. 117118.
Reprinted by permission.
350
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Introduction To Statistical Analysis - Appendix - B

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Introduction To Statistical Analysis - Appendix - B

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Appendix B

Table 1 Random Numbers (continued)

Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x

Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x (continued)

Table 2 Binomial Probabilities nx px qn-x (continued)

Table 3 Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution

Second Decimal Place in z

Table 4 Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution

= area of one tail

Amount of in one tail

= area of two tails

For specific details about using:

Table 5 p-Values for Standard Normal Distribution

p-value = P(z > 2.30) = 0.0107

Table 6 Critical Values of Students t-Distribution

Amount of in One Tail

= area of one tail

= area of two tails

Table 7 Probability-Values for Students t-distribution

Table 8 Critical Values of 2 (Chi-Square) Distribution

Area to the Right

Table 9a Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.05)

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

F(dfn, dfd, 0.05)

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Table 9b Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.025)

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

F(dfn, dfd, 0.025)

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Table 9c Critical Values of the F Distribution ( = 0.01)

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

F(dfn, dfd, 0.01)

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Degrees of Freedom for Denominator

Degrees of Freedom for Numerator

Table 10 Confidence Belts for the Correlation Coefficient (1-)=0.95

Scale of (population correlation coefficient)

Scale of r (sample correlation)

Table 11 Critical Values of r When = 0

Table 12 Critical Values of the Sign Test

Table 13 Critical Values of U in the Mann-Whitney Test

Table 14 Critical Values for Total Number of Runs (V)

The larger of n1 and n2

The smaller of n1 and n2

Table 15 Critical Values of Spearmans Rank Correlation Coefficient

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