Perhitungan Volume Dan Dasar-Dasarnya

Week 10
Prof. Dr. Ergin TARI Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN
JDF211E COURSE - ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
Information for Users
The following slides are compiled from;
The references given for the course, The course notes of the lecturers from all around the world, Notes and slides published in the world wide web without restrictions.
2
Class Presentations for Surveying II (JDF211E) Course by E. TARI, H.KARAMAN
Information for Students
These presentations are compiled from the previous versions of the Surveying II course slides which were created by Prof. Dr. Muhammed Sahin and Prof. Dr. Ergin Tar between the years of 1998 and 2008. The update process of these presentations will continue, and will never end. The responsibilities of the students for the exams will be from the presentations, applications and practices covered during the course.
3
Profile (1)
The outline produced where the plane of a vertical section intersects the surface of ground; e.g., the longitudinal profile of a stream, or the profile of a coast or hill. Syn.: topographic profile A graph or drawing that shows the variation of one property such as elevation or gravity, usually as ordinate, with respect to another property, such as distance.
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Profile (2)
Cross section of a region of cylindrical folds drawn perpendicular to the fold axes.
A vertical section of a water table or other potentiometric surface, or of a body of surface water.
A drawing used in civil engineering to show a vertical section of the ground along a surveyed line or graded work.
5
Profile Leveling (1)
The process of determining the elevations of a series of points at measured intervals along a line such as the centerline of a projected highway or railway.
6
Profile Leveling is an application of Differential Leveling

Elevations are determined in the same manner. The same definitions define the concepts and terms involved. The same types of mistakes and errors are possible. An arithmetic check(difference between BS reading and FS readings) should always be done. A closure check should be done if the profile line runs between bench marks which is the desired case.
7
On root surveys for highways or pipelines, elevations are required at every 25 m station;
at angle points (points marking changes in direction); at breaks in the ground surface slope; and at critical points such as roads, bridges and culverts.
When plotted, these elevations show a profile a line depicting ground elevations at a vertical section along a survey line.
8
For most of the engineering projects, profiles are taken along the center line.
Profiles were usually plotted on a special paper, called milimetric paper, of course, when the computers and plotters did not exist.
9
Profile
10
Cross Section Leveling (1)
Cross sections are lines of levels or short profiles made perpendicular to the center line of the project. Cross sections are usually taken at regular intervals and at sudden changes in the center-line profile.
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Cross Section Leveling (2)
The cross sections must extend a sufficient distance on each side of the center line to provide a view of the surrounding terrain. Rod readings should be taken at equal intervals on both sides of the center line and at significant changes in the terrain. Field notes for a cross section should include an elevation or difference in elevation from the center line horizontal distance from the center line
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Cross Section within the Profile Leveling

At each profile point, a cross-section leveling is performed. The cross-section line is perpendicular to the profile, and has a 50 meter length: 25 m on the left and 25 m on the right side of the profile, depending on the project requirements. Rod readings are secured at all breaks in the ground surface. Cross-section leveling
25.00 10.50 0.00 12.50 25.02
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Profile leveling
1+25
1+00
1+50
1+75
Profile Leveling Sketch
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Cross Section Leveling Computations

Distance from Profile Point Rod Readings (m) BS FS 2.72 3.04 3.04 1.36 1.36 3.42 0.50 3.75 3.75 1.00 3.02 0.84 0.84 2.70 2.70 3.82 1.11 3.75 3.75 3.03 Collimation Height (m) 582.79 582.79 582.79 582.79 585.71 583.69 583.69 583.69 586.40 586.40 586.40 Height of Point (m) 580.07 579.75 581.43 582.29 581.96 582.69 582.85 580.99 582.58 582.65 583.37
20.00 18.62 16.45 10.60 5.00 0.00 3.42 6.30 12.26 18.00 20.00
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Surface Leveling (1)
Another method, surface leveling, is used for an area which has a smooth (or flat) topography.
In this technique, the area is divided into rectangular blocks (grids or the smallest geometrical figure) as in
the following figure.
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1 Rod readings are performed at each corner of the rectangle (1, 2, ...,17). 6 The length between 1 and 2 should not be more than 20 m. 10 Once setting up the level, the operator should read as many points as 14 possible. 2 4 5
Level
7 8 9
11
12
13
Level
15
16
17
17

Mark No 1 2 3 Height (m) 17.06 17.48 17.63
4 5
6 7 8 9
17.37 17.70
17.96 17.58 18.01 18.25
The volume of excavation in triangle 124 will be A/3 (d1 + d2 +d4)

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Area Computation
GAUSS AREA COMPUTATION Mark No X (m) Y (m) Difference 1 X1 Y1 2 X2 Y2 (X3-X1)*Y2 = a 3 X3 Y3 (X4-X2)*Y3 = b 4 X4 Y4 (X1-X3)*Y4 = c 1 X1 Y1 (X2-X4)*Y1 = d 2 X2 Y2
Area F = 0.5 * (a+b+c+d)
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Trapezoidal Area Computation

Computing the irregular area AXYZCBA is done by approximating the area by a series of equally spaced trapezia, measuring these either in the field or off a plan, and then computing the area of each of these.
The area of the first trapezoid is given by;
A1 L
O1 O 2
2
where L is the constant distance along the traverse line between offsets O1 and O2
The total area is AT = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 + A5 AT =L[(O1 + O2) + (O2 + O3) + (O3 + O4) + (O4 + O5) + (O5 + O6)]/2
A
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L O1 On
2
O2 O3 O4 On or
L
2
On 2Others
Simpsons Area Computation

By assuming that each two adjacent sub-areas are a single bounded parabola rather than each sub-area being a trapezoid
For the area contained between 01 and 03; A = Trapezoid (abdea) + parabolic area (agefa) A = (01 + 03)L + 2/3(area bounded by parabola) A = (01 + 03)L + 2/3 x 2L[02 - (01 + 03)/2] A = L[01 + 402 + 03]/3
For the area AXYZCBA
A = L[(O1 + On) + 2(O3 + O5 + On-2) + 4(O2 + O4 + On-1)]/3 A = [S(1st + last offset) + 2S(odd offsets) + 4S(even offsets)] S=L/3
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Comparison of the Methods (1)
In the trapezoidal formula, the resulting area is generally less than the true area. The accuracy of the area will depend on the number of offsets (and therefore the distance between them) and the degree of irregularity of the boundary. Of course the more irregular the boundary the more offsets should measured; this will demand a compromise between the time spent gathering the data and the required accuracy.
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Comparison of the Methods (2)
The Simpsons formula is more accurate but has the disadvantage that n must be odd. In this case it is not possible to directly compute the total area AXYZCBA. Instead the area AXYBA is computed using Simpson's Rule and the additional area BYZCB must be computed separately. This could have been avoided if the irregular area had been originally subdivided into an odd number of sub-areas.
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Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas (1)
Several successive cross sections are situated at equal distances, d, along a fixed direction. Then,
V = d(A1 + A2)/2 + d(A2 + A3)/2 + d(A3 + A4)/2 + ........ + d(An-1 + An)/2 V = d[A1 + 2A2 + 2A3 + 2A4 + ......... + 2An-1 + An]/2
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Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas (2)
V = [First area + last area + 2S(all remaining areas)]
Called End Area formula may be applied to any number of cross sections equally spaced along a straight line.
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Digital Terrain Models - DTM (1)

With the advent of the computer it became possible to process large data sets to compute a volume. This had not been previously possible because of the large amount of computing involved. The mathematics is not complex but most tedious. So Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) gained in acceptance, to the point where they are now the most frequently used method.
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The
basic theory is that points are located (X, Y, Z) on the terrain to define the surface (usually at changes of grade). Each point is connected to neighboring points in a unique manner so that a series of triangles is formed that entirely covers the surface. As shown in the figure each of these right triangular prisms is a simple solution to an individual volume, their sums being the total volume between the surface and a datum plane.
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The use of DTMs is also a very convenient way to compute and plot contours, cross sections, long sections, surface profiles and plans for complex surfaces. Various commercial packages are available beside the free ones such as GRASS, GMT, etc...
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DTM Examples (1)
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DTM Examples (2)
30
DTM Examples (3)
31
DTM Examples (4)
32
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Week 10

Prof. Dr. Ergin TARI Assist. Prof. Dr. Himmet KARAMAN

JDF211E COURSE - ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Information for Users

The following slides are compiled from;

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Information for Students

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (1)

Profile Leveling is an application of Differential Leveling

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling (1)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section within the Profile Leveling

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Profile Leveling Sketch

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Cross Section Leveling Computations

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Surface Leveling (1)

the following figure.

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Surface Leveling (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Surface Leveling (3)

The volume of excavation in triangle 124 will be A/3 (d1 + d2 +d4)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Area F = 0.5 * (a+b+c+d)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Trapezoidal Area Computation

The area of the first trapezoid is given by;

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Simpsons Area Computation

For the area AXYZCBA

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Comparison of the Methods (1)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Comparison of the Methods (2)

Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas (1)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Volume Calculations from Cross Section Areas (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

V = [First area + last area + 2S(all remaining areas)]

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Digital Terrain Models - DTM (1)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Digital Terrain Models - DTM (2)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

Digital Terrain Models - DTM (3)

ISTANBUL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY - DEPARTMENT OF GEOMATICS ENGINEERING

DTM Examples (1)