APA Style

Running head: APA STYLE

APA Style Guidelines Mary Claire Morr Serewicz University of Denver

APA Style
APA Style Guidelines

1. Text should be double-spaced, with one-inch margins all around (the default setting on Microsoft
Word is 1.25for the left and right margins, so be sure to change that). Use 12-point Times New Roman or Courier font. Only one space follows a period. Text should not be right-justified.

2. Use a title page, rather than a heading as in MLA style. See p. 1 for an example of a title page
(insert your name, not mine). The title of your paper should also appear on the top line of the first page of text, centered. The text of the paper should begin on the next line. 3. Your sources should be listed alphabetically (by the last name of the first author of the source), and the page should have the word References centered on the top line. Reference examples: 1. Journal article Author, F. M., & Author, F. M. (year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, #, #-#. Burnett, A., & Badzinski, D. M. (2000). An exploratory study of argument in the jury decision-making process. Communication Quarterly, 48, 380-396. Note: the number following the journal title is the journals volume number, and the final numbers are the page numbers of the article. 2. Book Author, F. M., & Author, F. M. (year). Title of book. City, ST: Publisher. Canary, D. J., Cupach, W. R., & Messman, S. J. (1995). Relationship Conflict. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. 3. Chapter in an edited book Author, F. M., & Author, F. M. (year). Title of chapter. In F. M. Editor & F. M. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. #-#). City, ST: Publisher. Roloff, M. E., & Cloven, D. H. (1990). The chilling effect in interpersonal relationships: The reluctance to speak ones mind. In D. D. Cahn (Ed.), Intimates in conflict: A communication perspective (pp. 49-76). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

APA Style
Headings

There are five levels of headings. Level 5 headings are centered in all capital letters on their own line, like this: APA STYLE GUIDELINES Level 1 headings are formatted by centering the heading on its own line, with important words capitalized, like this: APA Style Guidelines Level 2 headings are the same as Level 1, but italicized, like this: APA Style Guidelines Level 3 headings are the same as Level 2, but aligned with the left margin, like this: APA Style Guidelines Level 4 headings are indented from the left margin, italicized, with only the first word and proper nouns capitalized, and a period following the heading. The text of the subsection should begin on the same line, like this: APA style guidelines. Text should be double-spaced . . . The levels of headings you will use depend upon the number of levels needed for the organization of your paper. If you need . . . 1 level 2 levels 3 levels 4 levels 5 levels Use . . . Level 1 Levels 1 & 3 Levels 1, 3, & 4 Levels 1, 2, 3, & 4 Levels 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5

APA Style
Citations in Text

Every source that appears on your reference page must be cited in the text of the paper. A typical citation includes authors last names and the year of publication. The citation for a direct quotation should include the page number.

1. Authors names in the text of the sentence: According to Cupach and Canary (1998) . . . 2. Authors names in parenthetical citation: . . . relational alternatives (Roloff & Cloven, 1990).
(Note that all authors names are included and the word and is used in the text of a sentence, but & is used in parentheses.)

3. Sources with 3-5 authors: First time, list all authors (Canary, Cupach, & Messman, 1995)
subsequent times, use the first authors name followed by et al. (Canary et al., 1995) 4. Sources with 6+ authors: Every time (including first time), use et al. after the first authors name. 5. Quotations: Include the page number in the parenthetical citation, which comes after the end of the quotation, even if the sentence continues. If the quotation ends the sentence, the period follows the parenthetical citation (e.g., . . . by the faculty senate (Frey et al., 1992, p. 63) at their deliberations. Or . . . by the faculty senate (Frey et al., 1992, p. 63).)

6. Block quotations: If a quotation you wish to use includes 40 or more words, the entire quotation
should be indented from the left margin, double-spaced, with no quotation marks. The parenthetical citation follows the period, with no punctuation following the parentheses. Example: Definitions of interval and ratio scales are sometimes difficult to grasp. However, textbook writers have worked to produce clear definitions. The first characteristic to note in the definitions of interval and ratio scales is that magnitude is treated in terms of known and equal intervals. A second characteristic of these scales is that they are thoroughly quantitative; they are always expressed in numbers, or representations of numbers. (Williams & Monge, 2001, p. 25) This clarity in definition . . .