Question: What is Hardware?

Answer: Physical component of a pc is known as hardware. Question: What is software? Answer: A set of instruction is called a Programme. A group of programme is software. Two types of software:1. Operating system software 2. Application software Question: How many type of O/S Installation? Answer: Three Type of installation:Attended (Clean Installation) Unattended (Upgrade) Remote installation Service. Question: What is Partition? Answer: A dedicated space on the hard disk is known as partition. Question: What is disk Partition? Answer: Disk partition is a way of dividing the physical disk so that each partion can work / function as a separate unit. Question: How many difference between NTFS & FAT file. Answer: NTFS provide file & folder level Security. FAT does not provide. NTFS provide Disk compression. (FAT- NA) NTFS provide file encryption & disk Quota. NTFS accept A.D. (FAT- NA) Question: How to change FAT32 to NTFS. Answer: Start- Run- cmd- convert drivename: /fs:ntfs. Question: What is Disk Quota? Answer: Disk quota is used the specific the disk space for particular user for a particular drive. Question: What is EFS? Answer: EFS is Encrypt file system we convert our data on a coded form due to security reason. Which is not accessible by the other users. Question: What is Remote Desktop program? Answer: Remote Desktop program is a program or an operation system feature that allows the user to convert to a computer in another location, see that computers desktop and interact with it as if it were local. Question: What is Remote Assistance? Answer: Computer users may have many problems and queries that the users find difficult to solve on their own remote Assistance enables the users to get help and assistance from their help desk professionals easily. Question: What is Sharing? Answer: Sharing is used to access the data from the network sharing of three types:Manually sharing. By default sharing. Published sharing. Question: What is hardware Profile? Answer: It is a setting of hardware device which is enable or disable any hardware threw which we can unable or disable any hardware devices. Question: How many type of users? Answer: Three type of Users Local user. Domain User. Built-in-user. (It is automatically created during installation) Local User: The user account to use for managing & maintaing the workgroup environment and limit the security within one machine. These User account decide in the computer security account manager. Domain User: Domain is a user in the server machine that can manage all the network resources security and environment variables from that server to all their client machine. Question: What is Group? Answer: Group is a collection of user and computers. If we have to set rights and permission of multiple users then create group and add users to this group and the set rights and permission on this group. Two type of group 1. Local Group. 2. Domain Group. Question: Local Security policy? Answer: Set of rules which is not directly link with user and group. It is implemented on entire machine.

(Run- secpol.msc)

Question: What is offline? Answer: It is used the access the data from the network when the network path breaks that is system is in offline. Question: What is Backup? Answer: Backup is a utility program if Microsoft windows network operating system. Which is used for the disaster recovery method. There are five types of backup threw which user can safe or secure own database in the local machine or network. Normal Backup. Incremental Backup. Differential Backup. Copy Backup. Daily Backup. Normal Backup:- It is used to selected files and folders. It clears the archive attributes. Incremental Backup:- It is used to backup of all selected files or folders which are created or modified after the last/ incremental backup. It also clear archive attributes. It takes less time to take backup and also less and takes more time to restore. Differential Backup:- It is used to backup of all selected files or folders which are created or modified after the last normal/ differential backup. It sets the archive attributes. It takes more time to take backup and also take more space and takes less time to restore. Copy Backup:- It is used to backup of all selected files and folders. It also sets the archive attributes after the backup. Daily Backup:- It is used to backup of all selected files and folders. It is also sets the archive attributes after the backup as daily backup. Question: IP V4? Answer: It is a 32 bit Binary address which is separate by 4 doted (.) decimal and use in the source address and destination address of IP packet. It is software address or logical address in IP network. It is communication of network or Host id. It is divided into classic the first bit of I.P address represents the classic. Question: Default Gatway? Answer: Directly connected on router part is known as default gatway generally the first I.P address of each I.P loops is known as default gatway address.

Question: OSI layer. Answer: Open System Interconnection (ISO International standard Org.) OSI DOD Application layer Presentation Layer Application Layer Session Layer Transport Layer Host to Host Network Layer Internet Data link Layer Physical Layer Network Access Physical Layer:- physical layer is the responsible for movement of indivial bits from one hope to node to the next. Connection type. Topology. Transmission mode. Bandwidth use. Multiplexing. Data rate. Synchronization of bits. Transmission media (LAN/WAN). Digital and Analog signals. Data link Layer:- Data link layer is responsible for moving frames from one hope to the next Framing. Physical addressing Flow control. Error control. Access control. Network Layer:- Network layer is responsible for delivery to individual packet from the source host to the destination hosts. Logical addressing. Switching. Routes discover. Routes selection. Transport Layer:- Transport layer is responsible for process to process delivery of the entire machine. Service point addressing.

End to End flow control. End to End error control. Address/ name resolution. Segmentation. Connection control. Session Layer:- (Network Dialog controller) Session layer is the network dialog controller session are control by mechanisms that established, synchronization and manage dialog between devices. Dialog control. Synchronization. Session administration Connection established. Data transfer. Connection release. Presentation Layer:- presentation layer is concerned with the cintex ans simentix of the information exchange between two systems. Translation. Encryption. Compression. Application Layer:- It enables the user, human or software to access the network it provide user into faces and support for services such as email (electronic mail) remote file access and transfer shared, data base management and other types of disturbed information services. File transfer, access manage. Mail server. Directory services.

DOD TCP/IP Protocol Application Layer(Application) SMTP FTP HTTP fw SNMP TFTP POP3 TELNET Host to Host (Transport) SCTP TCP UDP Internet (Network) ICMP ICMP IP DHCP BOOTP ARP RARP Network Access (Host to Host) physical layer Physical layerToken ring, Ethernet, PDDi.

(Application layer) SMTP:- Simple Mail Transfer Protocol is specify a standard for exchanging mail between work stations. It simply specify how the massage is passed from one host to another.

FTP:- File Transfer Protocol unables a user to move copies of files between two hosts. Ftp users virtual sercuite to established a reliable an account and password as verification or they can we configure for anyone access. HTTP:- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol provide a request/ method for accessing information on www and intranets. Using HTTP a client established a connection with a server and sends a request. The request indicates its purpose and provides simple search and retrieval functionly. DNS:- Domain Name system. SNMP:- Simple Network Management Protocol unables you to moniter network from a single work stations called an SNMP manager. TFTP:- Trival File Transfer Protocol it transfer a file between two systems without specific an account and password. TFTP does not require a reliables strums transport services. It runs on UDP or any other unreliable packet delivery system. POP3:- Post Office Protocol 3 is a standard mail server commonly used on the internet it provides a message store that holds incoming mail until user log on and download it all pending message and resptive attachments are download at the same time. POP3 is user the SMTP messaging protocol. TELNET:(Transport) UDP & TCP are transport level/layer protocols responsible for delivery of a massage from process to another. SCTP:- It provides support for newer applications such a voice over the internet. It is a transport layer protocol that combined trust feature of TCP & UDP. TCP:- Transmission control Protocol provide full transport layer services to application. Its accepts message of any lenth from a upper layer protocol and provides full duplex, acknowledge connection arrinted, full controlled transport to a TCP peer in a remote network station. TCP divides a stream of data into smaller units called segments. Each segment include a secure number for recording TCP is slow. UDP:- User Datagram Protocol is connectionless and does not acknowledge data received UDP accept and transport datagrams from a upper layer protocol & UDP is faster than TCP. (Network Layer) ICMP:- Internet Control Message Protocol is a machinzme used used by host and gateways to send notification of datagrams problems back to the senders ICMP works with IP to provide internet work error end other control information to TCP & upper layer protocols. An IP hosts sends ICMP message when:A packet cannot reach its destination. A packet TTLs expired. Buffer space is insufficient. It needs to determine if another host is up. If needs to determine which networks it is attached to. It needs to notify entire network of congested or failed link. Common ICMP message include the following:Time Exceeded. Destination unreachable. Echo request echo reply. IGMP:- Internet Group Message Protocol is used to the simultaneous transmission of a message to a group of recipients. IP:- Internet Working Protocol is the transpition mechanize used by the TCP/IP protocol. It is an unreliable and connection less protocol a best effort delivery service. The term best efforts means that IP provides no error checking or tracking IP transport data in packets called datagrams each of which is transpated separately. DHCP:- Dynamic Host Configure Protocol. BOOTP:- BOOTP working with RARP. ARP:- Address Resolution Protocol used to associate a logical with a physical address. Logical Address

Mac or Physical Address RARP:- The reverse address resolution protocol allows a host to discover its internet address when it knows only its physical address. It is used when a computer is connected to a network for the first or when a diskless computer is routed. Mac or Physical Address Logical Address (Physical Layer) Token Ring:Ethernet:PDDI:Others:Question: Describe managing printer. Answer: Local printer is used in the workgroup network which manage the print jobs and their properties including their security writes. Network Printer is used in the domain network that manage the centralized environment of printing which is know as print server. Question: What is RIS? Answer: Remote installation service is used to connect the NIC/LAN card that can configure their remote settings an on imaging server. This server can share their own operating system files through NIC/LAN cards and install the o/s in each and every client without any disc. Requirement:DNS service must be installed and configure properly. DHCP service must be installed and configure properly. Active directory must be installed. RIS and RIS image must be configure.

RIS service must be authorized in Active directory. Question: What's the difference between DDR1 and DDR2 RAM? Answer: It depends on the Motherboard weather it supports DDR1 or 2. older computers used DDR1. now all new pc's use DDR2 and DDR 3. The physical difference is that DDR ram memory is 184 pins long. DDR2 is 240 pins.

Question: What is the difference between WINS a nd DNS?

Answer: WINS and DNS are both name resolution services for TCP/IP networks. While WINS resolves names in the NetBIOS namespace, DNS resolves names in the DNS domain namespace. WINS primarily supports clients that run older versions of Windows and applications that use NetBIOS. Windows 2000, Windows XP, and Windows Server 2003 use DNS names in addition to NetBIOS names. Environments that include some computers that use NetBIOS names and other computers that use domain names must include both WINS servers and DNS servers. Question: What is Recovery Console? Answer: If our system is corrupt means some system files are corrupt when our system file or corrupt some application may be not working properly with the help of recovery console feature we recover a system files. Question: Booting Sequence. Answer: Windows Xp. POST (Power on self test) BSL (Boot Startup loader) Initial startup of configuration file. NTLDR NTDETECT.com MSdos.sys Io.sys Command.sys Page file.sys Logon process Question: Windows Server 2003 Edition. Answer: Win 2003 Standard Edition C.P.U 133 MHZ. 550 MHZ. RAM 128 MB 256 MB HDD 1.5 GB NA Win 2003 Enterprises Edition:C.P.U 133 MHZ. 550 MHZ. RAM 128 MB 256 MB HDD 1.5 GB 2.0 GB Win 2003 Data center Edition:C.P.U 400MHZ 733 MHZ RAM 512 MB 1GB HDD 1.5 GB 2.0 GB Win 2003 WEB Edition:C.P.U 133 MHZ 550MHZ RAM 1.5 GB NA HDD 128 MB 256 MB

Question: What is Active Directory? Answer: Active directory stores information about object on the network and makes this information easy for administrator and user to find and use. Function:Centralizes control of network resources. Centralizes and decentralizes resources management. Stores object securely in a logical structure. Optimizes network traffic. The Logical components of active directory structure include:Domain Organizational unit Tress Forest Domain controllers Schema Question: What is Schema in Active Directory? Answer: Active Directory Schema define objects that can be stored in Active Directory. Question: What is the name of Active Directory database and its location? Answer: c:\Windows\NTDS\ntds.dit. Question: What are the log file of Active Directory? Answer: There are three log file of Active Directory. Edb.log Res1.log Res2.log Question: What is ADC? Answer: Additional Domain Controller contains the read write copy of data base of parent root domain. It is used for fault tolerance when the server/parent domain down. Question: Parent Root Domain? Answer: The first domain controller in a network/ in a forest is knows a parent root domain Question: What is Global Catalog Server? Answer: Global catalog server contains the complete information of its own domain and partial information of the domain controller in a forest. By default first domain controller contain a copy of global catalog server in a forest. It is needed to maintain and prevent the duplexes of an active directory objects. Question: What is member server? Answer: win 2000/2003/2008 server o/s which is a part of active directory but does not contain active directory database. Question: What is FTP? Answer: FTP is an acronym for File Transfer Protocol. As the name suggests, FTP is used to transfer files between computers on a network. You can use FTP to exchange files between computer accounts, transfer files between an account and a desktop computer, or access online software archives. Question: What is Anonymous FTP? Answer: Through anonymous FTP account you can access a machine without having to have an account on that machine. Question: What is IIS? Answer: It is used to manage and maintain website and FTP sites in operating system. It is also known as web server that control their document with IIS. The system administrator can also authenticate the website in different port ID number that defines the websites then it will runs threw the SSL (Secure socket layer, port no. 443). Question: what is DNS? Answer: Domain name system is a naming convention. It is a logical hierarchical name space. It also knows as naming convention it resolves hosts names to IP address and vice versa. It uses FQDN to resolve I.P address to host name and vice versa. Two types of DNS:Forward lookup zone Host name to IP address (PTR Record). Reverse lookup zone IP Address to host name (A-Record). There are three parts of forward and Reverse lookup zone:Primary zone: Store the full read & write copy of all DNS resource record. Secondary zone. Stub zone. DNS Query: A Query is a request for name resolution to a DNS server. Two type of DNS Query:Recursive Query:- A recursive querie is a query made to a DNS server in which the DNS client asked the DNS server to provide a complete answer to query. Iterative Query:- DNS Client ask to DNS server to best answer with the help of further query use in WAN technologies. Root Hint: Root hints are DNS resource records stored on a DNS server that list the IP address for the DNS root servers. Forwarder: A forwarder is a DNS server designated by other internal DNS servers to forward queries for resolving external or offsite DNS domain names. Question: What is FQDN? Answer: Fully Qualified Domain Name which includes host name and domain name.

Question: What is the difference between Host name and FQDN? Answer: Host name is the name of the local indusial host and FQDN is the combination of Host name and domain name. Question: What are the different types of DNS Zones used in windows server 2003? Answer: DNS Zone types are following. Primary Zone Secondary Zone Active Directory Intregrated Zone Reverse Lookup Zone Stub Zone.

Question: What is DHCP? Answer: The basic function DHCP is provide IP address to the client side automatically on the behalf of client request. DHCP Lease: The amount of time that the DHCP server grants to the DHCP clients permission to use a particular IP address. DHCP Scope: A DHCP scope consists of a pool of IP address the DHCP server can assign or leave to DHCP client. Question: What is VPN? Answer: VPN is the feature threw which we can connect remote location client. VPN works on two protocols:LAN (Microsoft)- Point to point turning protocol (PPTP) WAN (Cisco)- Layer to point turning protocol (LPTP) Requirement:Two LAN card. Disabled windows firewall ICS. (Start programs - admin tools services windows firewall ICS service).

Question: What is difference between HUB and switch? Answer: HUB SWITCH Hub works on data link layer of the OSI model. Switch work on Network layer of the OSI model. HUB work on 10 mbps. Switch work on 100 mbps. User cant sent & receive packet data at a same time. User can sent & receive packet data on same time. We cant create VLAN. We can create VLAN on configuration switch. Question: What is a IP Address and MAC address? Answer: IP address is a logical protocol which is used to communication to other pcs. Mac address a physical address which is coded on the LAN card. IP Address MAC Address 32 bit Address. Its a logical address. Its a physical address. Its work on network layer. Its work on data link layer. Question: What is the difference between network LAN, WAN, and MAN. Answer: LAN WAN MAN

LAN: A Local Area Network (LAN) is a network that is confined to a relatively small area. It is generally limited to a geographic area such as a writing lab, school, or building. Rarely are LAN computers more than a mile apart.
WAN: Wide Area Networks connect larger geographic areas, such as india, the United States, or the world. MAN: (metropolitan area network) This is a larger network that connects computer users in a particular geographic area or region. Question: What is Network? Answer: The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. Question: What is networking? Answer: Networking is two more computer connected using a transmission media and use the shared resources.

Question: How to restore win xp in command mode? Answer: Restart your computer and press (F8) during the initial startup Select Safe mode. Select win XP O/S. Logon to your computer with an admin account. Start- Run- CMD- C:window\system32\restore\rstrui.exe.

Question: Difference between Standard and Enterprise Edition of Exchange Server 2003? Answer: Standard Edition:One storage group can be created on a server. Exchange clustering is not supported. Maximum 16 GB data base limit per data base. Enterprise Edition:Four Storage Group Five database per storage group Exchange clustering supported Question: What is a Network Topology?

Answer:
Network topology is the layout pattern of interconnections of the various elements (links, nodes, etc.) of a computer network. Question: What are windows XP system tools? Answer: Disk cleanup, Disk Defragmenter, system restore, Backup, System Information. Question: How to check a hardware device is properly installed or not. Answer: My computer- properties- hardware- device manager. Question: How to start a computer in Safe mode? Answer: Restart computer then press F8 key and select the option. Question: How to check shared folder in a computer? Answer: my computer- manage- shared folder. Question: How to enable & disable firewall? Answer: Run- firewall.cpl- ok- general- off. Question: How do you recover an object in Active directory which is accidentally deleted by you, with no backup? Answer: using ntdsutil.exe command we can restored the active directory object. Question: How to convert roaming user profile to mandatory user profile? Answer: Rename the Ntuser.dat to Ntuser.man. Question: Define IP Address classes and its subnet mask. Answer: Class A 1 to 126. Public 255.0.0.0 Subnet mask Class B 128 to 191 Public 255.255.0.0 Subnet mask Class C 192 to 223 Public 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask Question: What is IP Sec? Answer: IPSec (Internet Protocol Security) is a framework for a set of protocols for security at the network or packet processing layer of network communication. Question: What is Traee utility? Answer: Traee utility is a command line utility that you can use to check the path to the destination IP address that you want to reach. Question: What is a Bandwith? Answer: The volume of data that can be transferred across a network at a given time is called its bandwith. Question: A user application on their desktop is not working, explain what you would do to resolve this problem.

Answer: we need check when did the issue started like after installation any software or after performing any update. If you are not sure of the above information in a windows pc go to Event viewer and check if there any error information available. If available follow the step related to that. If not available kill the application in the task manager any try to open it. If it is still not working try restarting the pc reinstalling application. Question: How to improve virtual memory of pc? Answer: Just right click on my computer Select properties Go to advance- performance Settings- advanced Select virtual memory Select how much u want & Apply Question: What is PXE used for? What dependencies does it have to be useful? Answer: Preboot Execution Environment (PXE):- When we are trying to boot system from network we need to enable PXE boot device from BIOS. It is helpful to install operating system from network and it will pick IP address automatically. It is helpful in large network were we cannot install operating system manually. Question: What is outlook Express? Answer: Outlook express is a POP3 and IMAP-compatible mail client with a built-in news reader. It is available with internet explorer for windows XP or as a stand-alone client for MAC operating system 8.1 to 9x you can configure it to retrieve email from your account via pop or configure it as an IMAP client to access your mail on an IMAP mail server. Question: When was windows XP released? Answer: 25th Oct, 2001 (RTM 24th Aug, 2001) Question: How will you install operating system in more than 50 pc at a time when the all pc having same configuration? Answer: I would install operating system in 50 pc support of a remote installation or ghost installation. When we use the Remote Installation first we will see which pc we are using in network then we will see all the network card PXI Bootable. Question: What is APIPA? Answer: APIPA stands for Automatic Private IP Address. If DHCP server is not available APIPA will be assigned to the system. Question: What is Domain Local, Global and Universal Group? Answer: Domain Local:- Domain local groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources. Global Group:- Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains. Universal Group:- Universal groups grant access to resources in all trusted domains. Question: Where are Group Policy Stored? Answer: %SystemRoot%System32\GroupPolicy Question: What are Exchange Services? Answer: There are nine exchange services. Microsoft Exchange Event Microsoft Exchange Management Microsoft Exchange Information Store Microsoft Exchange Site replication Microsoft Exchange MTA Stack Microsoft Exchange Routing Services Microsoft Exchange Mailbox store Microsoft Exchange POP3 Microsoft Exchange IMAP4 Question: Difference between Distribution Group and Security Group? Answer: Security Group:- allow you to manage user and computer access to shared resources. Distribution Group:- mainly used for distribution of emails.