Contents

Title
Acknowledgement List of Figures and Tables List of Abbreviations Summary I. Introduction to Nanoscience I.1.Characterization Techniques in Nanoscience Research I.1.1.Types of Electron Microscopes I.1.1.1.Transmitting Electron Microscope (TEM) I.1.1.2.Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) I.2.Top down and Bottom up Approaches to Nanotechnology I.3.Nanoparticles Synthesis Methods II. Carbon Nanotubes II.1.Definition II.2.Structure of Carbon Nanotubes II.2.1. Single- Walled Nanotubes(SWNTs) II.2.2. Multi-Walled Nanotubes(MWNTs) II.3.Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes II.3.1. Solid Carbon-Based Production II.3.1.1. Laser Ablation II.3.1.2.Electric Arc Method II.3.2. Gaseous Carbon Based Production II.3.2.1.Homogeneous Process II.3.2.2.Heterogeneous Process II.3.3.Templating Technique II.4.Purification II.5.Filling and Functionalizing Carbon Nanotubes II.6.CNTs Growth Mechanisms II.6.1.Floating Catalyst Method II.6.2.Supported Catalyst Routes II.6.3.Catalyst Free Routes II.7.Physical Properties of CNTs I

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Title
II.8.General Properties of SWNTs II.8.1.Adsorption Properties of SWNTs II.8.2.Mechanical Properties II.8.3. Electronic Properties III.Carbon Nanotubes Applications III.1.Increasing Octane Number of Gasoline Using Functionalized CNTs III.1.1.Synthesis of Functionalized CNTs III.1.2.Addition of Functionalized CNTs to Gasoline III.1.3.Octane Number Analysis III.2. The Adsorption of Resorcinol From Water Using MWCNTs III.3.NaCl Adsorption in MWCNTs/Active carbon Combination Electrode III.4.Cancer Treatment IV. CNTs Hazards IV.1.Occupational Exposure to CNTs IV.2.Effect of CNTs on Health V.Conclusion References

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II

Acknowledgement
I want to acknowledge and express contribution of Dr. Ibrahim Ahmed Mohamed Abdel-Hamid, lecturer of inorganic chemistry. A special thanks to him for his efforts in directing me in this essay to have a great work.

III

List of Figures and Tables

Name Fig.I.1. Objects Size Fig.I.2. Biological Nanostructures Fig.I.3. An Image of Ant in Scanning Electron Microscope Fig.I.4. Top down and Bottom up Approaches Fig.I.5. Mechanism of nanoparticle production using vapor phase Fig.I.6. Surface Modifications Fig.I.7.Assembling nanoparticles for applications Table I.1. Nanoscience Applications Fig.II.1. Structure of Diamond and Graphite Fig.II.2. Single -Walled Carbon Nanotube Fig.II.3.Types of Carbon Nanotubes Fig. II.4a-c. Showing three different structures of SWNT Fig.II.5a,b. High resolution (TEM) of a bundle of SWNTs Fig.II.6. Concentric MWNT Fig.II.7. TEM Image of MWNT Fig.II.8. laser Ablation Fig.II.9. Electric Arc Method Fig.II.10. Heterogeneous CCVD Fig.II.11. Templating Technique Fig. II.12. SWNTs with pH-Sensitive Poly (Acrylic acid) Molecules Fig.II.13. CNT Growth Fig.II.14. Supported Catalyst Modes Fig.II.15. Floating and Supported Catalyst Fig.II.16. Catalyst Free Route Fig.II.17. SWNT Bundle Fig.III.1. Synthesis of Functionalized CNTs Fig.III.2. Samples of Gasoline Fig.III.3. Octane Number Analysis Fig.III.4a,b. Desalination Theory Fig.IV. Risk Management Steps IV Page number 1 3 6 6 7 9 10 10 12 12 12 13 14 14 15 16 16 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 27 27 28 30 31

List of Abbreviations
TEM SEM CNTs SWNTs MWNTs HiPCO c-MWNT CCVD MTBE TBF TBA PM dda oda Transmitting Electron Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope Carbon Nanotubes Single-Walled Nanotubes Multi-Walled Nanotubes High Pressure CO Conversion Concentric Multi-Walled Nanotube Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition methyl tertiary butyl ether tertiary butyl formate tertiary butyl alcohol Particular Matter dodecylamine octadecylamine

Summary
This essay talks about nanoscience and one of the important nanomaterials which is carbon nanotubes. In the beginning, we show meaning of nanoscience and how the material properties at nanoscale differ from that in the bulk. There are important biological nanostructures such as DNA, RNA and proteins and we show how nanotechnology can treat diseases such as cancer and diabetes then we talk briefly about characterization techniques for observing nanomaterials by transmission and scanning electron microscopes which are crucial tool in the study of emerging materials to evaluate their full potential in applications and to know their physical and chemical properties. We talk about top down and bottom up approaches to nanotechnology which used in the synthesis of nanoparticles. Bottom up synthesis methods such as flame pyrolysis, high temperature evaporation, chemical vapor deposition, colloidal or liquid phase methods and molecular self assembly. Top down synthesis methods which involve mechanical reduction of size such as grinding and milling. Once the nanoparticles are produced and purified to a satisfactory level it is often necessary to introduce surface modifications to perform certain funcation. After the introduction to nanoscience, we talk about carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and its structures, there are two main types of CNTs which are single- walled carbon nanotubes and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, there are three types of SWNTs which are zigzag, arm chair and helical structures then we show CNTs synthesis by different methods such as laser ablation, electric arc method, chemical vapor deposition and templating technique, also we talk briefly about processes after synthesis such as purification, filling and funcationalization of carbon nanotubes. VI

We also talk about the growth mechanism of CNTs which still the source of much debate because of the variation in the conditions which allow formation of CNTs and that the growth of CNTs is rapid and difficult to observe insitu. There are three routes for production of CNTs which are floating catalyst route, supported catalyst route and free catalyst route. We mention some physical properties of carbon nanotubes such as singlewalled carbon nanotubes adsorption properties, mechanical properties and electronic properties. An important part of this essay is about carbon nanotubes applications such as increasing octane number of gasoline, adsorption of resorcinol from polluted water, NaCl adsorption in MWCNTs/active carbon combination electrode and cancer treatment. At the end of the essay, we talk briefly about carbon nanotubes hazards as it affects lung and skin and we show steps of risk management to protect workers involved in nanotechnology.

VII

Carbon Nanotubes Applications

Carbon Nanotubes Hazards