250 Transformer

Electromechani c al energy conversi on I -
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Ideal transformer
1/ 2
From Faradays
law
i
1
u
2
u
1
i
2
N
1
N
2
e
1
e
2
1
1 1
2
2 2
d d
e N
dt dt
d d
e N
dt dt

= =
= =
1 1
2 2
turn ratio
e N
a
e N
= =
1 2 1
1 1 2 2
2 1 2
e i N
e i e i a
e i N
= = = =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Ideal transformer
2/ 2
If , then
Similarly, , thus
max
sin t =
max
1 1 1 max 1,max
max 1 max
1, 1 max
sin
cos cos
2
4.44
2 2
rms
d t
e N N t E t
dt
E fN
E fN

= = =
= = =
2, 2 max
4.44
rms
E fN =
1 1 2
2 2 1
E N I
a
E N I
= = =
E
1
I
2
= aI
1
I
1
E
2
= E
1
/ a
N
1
N
2
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
1/ 6
The equivalent circuit composes of
Loss i n wi ndi ng resi st ance ( R
1
and R
2
)
Leakage fl ux
1
and
2
(L
1
and L
2
)
Loss i n magneti c cor e ( R
c
)
We need current to pr oduce fl ux (I
m
)
R
2 i
2
R
1
i
1
1
u
1
u
1
u
2
u
2
Z
L
~
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
2/ 6
For the primary side . But,
Therefore,
For the secondary side
1 1 1 1
u R i u
= +
( )
1
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
d
d d
u N N
dt dt dt
d d di
N N L e
dt dt dt
= =
=
+
=
= + +
1
1 1 1 1 1
di
u R i L e
dt
= + +
2 2 2 2
u R i u
= +
( )
2
2 2
2 2 2
d
d d
u N N
dt dt dt

= = =

2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
3/ 6
Thus,
2 2
2 2 2 2 2
d d di
u N N e L
dt dt dt

= =
2
2 2 2 2 2
di
e R i L u
dt
= + +
R
2
i
2
R
1
i
1
1
e
1
u
1
e
2
u
2
Z
L
~
L
1
N
1
N
2
L
2
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
4/ 6
The loss in magnetic core is
( )
( )
2
2
max max
2
2
1 1
1 1
2
2
1
2
1
1
2
4.44 4.44
4.44
n
core h e
n
h e
h
c
e
P k fB k f B
E E
k f k f
fN A fN A
k f k f
E
fN
E
R
A
= +
| | | |
= +
| |
\
=
. \ .
+

2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
5/ 6
The representative of is
i
2 I
1
e
1
e
2
N
1
N
2
1
( )
1 2
1
1 1 2 2 2 1
2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

m
m
N
N i N i i i
N
N i N i N N i i i
= =
= =

= = =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Equivalent circuit
6/ 6
E
2
I
0
R
c
I
2
I
1
I
1
j X
1 R
2
R
1
j X
2
jX
m
I
m
I
c
E
1
U
2
U
1
N
2
N
1
1 1
2 2
E N
a
E N
= =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Transferred impedance
1/ 3
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 1
L L
L L
e Le e Le
P jQ I R I R j I X I X
a I R a I R j a I X a I X
I R I R j I X I X
+ = + + +
= + + +
= + + +
R
L
+j X
L
E
1
E
2
I
1
I
2
U
2
j X
2
R
2
1 1 2
2 2 1
E N I
a
E N I
= = =
2 2

e e
R a R X a X = =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/ 3
Assume E
1
~
U
1
R
2e I
1
j X
1 R
1
jX
m
U
1 ~
j X
2e
U
2e
R
Le
+j X
Le
I
0
R
c
I
1
I
m
I
c
E
1
I
0
R
c
I
m
I
c
E
1
j X
2e
U
2e
R
Le
+j X
Le
I
1
I
1
U
1 ~
R
2e
j X
1
R
1
jX
m
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
3/ 3
2
1 2
2
1 2
e
e
R R a R
X X a X
= +
= +
R
c
jX
e
U
2
U
1 ~
R
e
jX
m
I
1
I
2
R
c
jX
e
U
2e
U
1 ~
R
e
jX
m
I
1
I
1

2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Transferred i mpedance: Ex #1
1/ 5
Ex. A 1, 100 kVA, 400/2000 V
transformer has following parameters (R
c
and X
m
i s on 400 V si de):
R
1
= 0.01 , R
2
= 0.25 , R
c
= 450 ,
X
1
= 0.03 , X
2
= 0.75 , R
m
= 150
Deter mi ne U
1
and I
1
when thi s transfor mer
suppl y a load of 90 kVA 0.8 PF l aggi ng,
at 2000 V.
NOTE: The 100 kVA i s t he r at ed appar ent power of t r ansf or mer t hat c an be
delivered t o l oad, when t he r at ed volt age acr oss l ode i s 2000 V.
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/ 5
Sol
n
a = 400/2000 = 0.2, referred all
parameters of load side to source side
(400 V si de)
CASE 1:
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
0.01 0.2 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.2 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.06
e
e
R R a R
X X a X
= + = + = + =
= + = + = + =
450
j0. 06
U
2
U
1 ~
0. 02
j150
I
1
I
2
90 kVA,
0.8 PF
lagging
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
3/ 5
As U
2
= 2000 V, and
Therefore,
and
2 2
3
2
2
0.2 2000 400 V
90 10
225 A
40
3 .
0
6 87
L
U aU
S
I
U
= = =
= = =

PF 0.8 lagging 36.87 = =
( ) ( )
1 2 2
400 225 36.87 0.02 0.06
411.7 411.78 1.127 V 8.1
e e
U U I R jX j
j

= + + = + +
= + =
1 2
411.78 1.127 411.78 1.127
225 36.87
450 150 90
180. 227.42 37.3 97 137.73 A
c m
I I I I
j

= + + = + +
= =


2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
4/ 5
CASE 2:
From ,
then
and
450
j0. 03
U
2
U
1 ~
0. 01
j150
I
1
I
2
90 kVA,
0.8 PF
lagging
0. 01
j0. 03
E
1
2 2
400 V and 225 36.87 A U I

= =
( )
1
400 0 225 36.87 0.01 0.03
405.85 4.05 405.87 0.572
E j
j
= + +
= + =

1 1
1 2
c m
E E
I I
R jX
= + +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
5/ 5
Comparing to CASE 1: of ,
that onl y +0.022 %.
Comparing to CASE 1: of ,
that onl y - 0.022 %.
1
180.93 137.70 227.37 37.2730 I j = =
227.42 37.2735
( )
( ) ( )
1 1 1
0.01 0.03
405.85 4.05 180.93 137.70 0.01 0.03
411.79 8.1 411.87 1.1269
U E I j
j j j
j
= + +
= + + +
= + =
411.78 1.1271
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Voltage regulation, VR
1/ 4
The definition of voltage regulation is
Z
L
U
2
I
2
U
1
U
1
is const ant
I
2
U
2, rated
U
2, nol oad
I
2, rat ed
2, 2,
2,
VR 100 %
noload rated
rated
U U
U
=
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/ 4
If the all impedance are referred to load
side, but neglect the shunt impedance,
we have
When we di sconnect Z
L
, therefore, U
2
=
U
1
/a.
The VR is
Z
L
jX
e
U
2 U
1
/a = U
1
R
e I
2
Here, assume that
I
2
and U
2
i s at
rated.
1 2
2
VR 100 %
U a U
U
=
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
3/ 4
CASE 1: Laggi ng PF
Thus,
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
cos sin
cos si
co
n
tan /
s sin
e e
e
e
e
e
I
U U I j R jX
U j
A jB
I R I X X R
A B B A
I

= + +
( = + +

= + = +
2 2
2
2
VR 100 %
A B U
U
+
=
I
2
R
e
U
1
I
2
U
2
I
2
X
e
2
cos
e
I R
2
sin
e
I R
2
cos
e
I X
2
sin
e
I X
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
4/ 4
CASE 2: Unity PF
CASE 3: Leadi ng PF
( )
| |
1 2 2
2 2 1
2 2 2
tan /
e e
e e
U U I R jX
U I R jI X A B B A
= + +
= + + = +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
2 2 1
cos sin
cos sin cos sin
tan /
e e
e e e e
U U I j R jX
U I R I X j I X I R
A jB A B B A

= + + +
( = + + +

= + = +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Voltage regulation, VR (not for
student)
CASE 2: Unity PF
( )
| |
1 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 1
tan /
e e
e e
U U I R jX
U I R jI X
A B B A
= + +
= + +
= +
I
2
R
e
U
1
I
2
U
2
I
2
X
e
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Voltage regulation, VR (not for
student)
CASE 3: Leadi ng PF
I
2
R
e
U
1
I
2
U
2
I
2
X
e
2
cos
e
I R
2
sin
e
I R
2
cos
e
I X
2
sin
e
I X
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
1
2 2
cos sin
cos si
co
n
tan /
s sin
e e
e
e
e
e
I
U U I j R jX
U j
A jB
I R I X X R
A B B A
I

= + + +
( = + + +

= + = +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Volt age r egul ati on: Ex #2
1/ 2
Ex. A 1, 100 kVA, 400/2000 V transfor mer
has foll owi ng parameters: R
1
= 0.01 , R
2

= 0.25 , X
1
= 0.03 , X
2
= 0.75 .
Deter mi ne VR at rated load of 0.8 PF
laggi ng and at 2000 V.
Sol
n
a = 400/2000 = 0.2, referred all
parameters of load side to source side
(400 V si de)
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 2
0.01 0.2 0.25 0.01 0.01 0.02
0.03 0.2 0.75 0.03 0.03 0.06
e
e
R R a R
X X a X
= + = + = + =
= + = + = + =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Volt age r egul ati on: Ex #2
2/ 2
For S
L,rated
= 100 kVA at 0.8 laggi ng PF and
U
2
= 400 V, then
Thus,
413.1 400
VR 100 3.275 %
400
= =
Z
L
U
2
= 400
V
U
1
= 413.1 V
I
2
= 250 A
( )
( ) ( )
1 2 2
400 250 0.8 0.6 0.02 0.06
413 9 413.1 1.25
e e
U U I R jX
j j
j

= + +
= + +
= + =
3
2
100 10
400
250 36.87 A
I

=
=
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Efficiency: general
1/ 2
The effici ency, ,
Where,
100 100 %
out out
in out loss
P P
P P P
= =
+
jX
e
U
2 U
1
~
R
e
I
2
jX
m
R
c
Z
L
( )
2 2
2
'
1
2
2
cos
out
loss cu core e
c
P U I
U
P P P I R
R
=
= + = +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Efficiency: general
2/ 2
Normally, P
core
is depended on transformer
source voltage, U
1
, but i s not so much
depended on load. Thus,
2 2
2
2 2 2
cos
100 %
cos
e core
U I
U I I R P
=
+ +
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
cos = constant
7.07
A

I
2
, A
Calcul at ed by usi ng cos = 0. 8
U
2
= 220 V, R
e
= 2 and P
core
= 100
W
I
2
2
R
e
= 100 W
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Maximum efficiency
1/ 4
From
the maximum efficiency at any load and at
a constant PF is
( )
( )
( )
( )
2
2
2 2 2
2 2
2
2 2
2
2
2 2 2
1
cos
cos
0
cos 2
cos
cos
e core
e
e core
U
U I I R P
d
U I R
dI
U I
U I I R P
| |
|
+ +
|
= =
|
+
|
|
|
+ +
\ .
1
2 2
2
2 2 2
cos
cos
e core
U I A
A B
B
U I I R P

= = =
+ +
( )
2
,cos , is constant
core
U P
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Maximum efficiency
2/ 4
That i s the
max
occurred when P
cu
= P
cor e
,
or
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2
2 2
2
cos 2
1
cos
cos
co
2
1
cos
cos
c
s cos
os cos 2
e
e
e cor
e cor
e
e core e
c
e
e cor
ore e cu
e
U I R
I
U I R
I
U I I R
U I I R P
U I I R P
U U
P I R P
P
U I I R P U I I R
+ +
+
=
+
=
+ +
+
=
=
+
=
+
+
+
( )
2
'
1
2
2 e
c
U
I R
R
=
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Maximum efficiency
3/ 4
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Calculated by using
U
2
= 220 V, R
e
= 2 and P
core
= 100
W

I
2
, A
7.07 A
I
2
2
R
e
= 100
W
PF =1
PF =
0. 8
PF
=0. 5
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Maximum efficiency
4/ 4
Let s I
2r
i s current rati ng of transf or mer,
then
If we assume that I
2
is the current that
cause
max
, or I
2
= k
*
I
2r
, then
or we can say that k is load, in % of
transfor mer rating, that cause
max
.
Thus, at PF = 1
2
, 2 Cu rated r e
P I R =
( )
2
2
2 2 core e r e
P I R kI R = =
( )
2
2
2
, ,
2
r e
core core
Cu rated Cu rated
r e
kI R
P P
k
P P
I R
= =
( )
( )
2 2
max
2
2 2 ,
cos
cos 2
rate
core rate Cu rate core
k kVA
U I
U I P k kVA k P P
= =
+ + +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
All day efficiency
1/ 1
P
P
out
P
in
Hr
0 18 12 6 24
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
24
0
24
24
0
24
0
24
2
2
0
100 %
= 100 %
24
out
h
in
out
out e core
P t dt
P t dt
P t dt
P t I t R dt P
=
+ +
P
P
n
Hr
P
i
P
3
P
2
P
1
T
1
T
2
T
3
T
i
T
n
,
1
24
2
, 2,
1 1
100 %
24
n
out i i
i
h
n n
out i i i e i core
i i
P T
P T I R T P
=
= =
=
+ +

2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testing
1/ 5
The voltage regulation,VR, and the
efficiency, , of a transformer can be
computed if we know R
e
, X
e
, R
c
and X
m
.
These parameters can be known by:
- Open circuit testing, o/c.
- Short circuit testing, s/c.
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testing
2/ 5
o/c test:
From thi s test we can measure 3 val ues:
U
o/c
, I
o/c
and P
o/c
.
If U
o/c
i s equal to U
rat e
, then P
o/ c
= P
cor e,rate
or
jX
e
2
o/c
o
2
o/c
o
c
/c
/
c
c
U
R
U
P
R P
= =
R
e
jX
m
R
c
o/c
A
W
V
I
m
I
c
I
o/c
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testing
3/ 5
From and
NOTE: Normally, we open the high voltage
side and make a measurement on LV
side.
o/c
o/c
m
m m m
U
I X U X
I
= =
1
o/c
o/c o/c o/c
o/c o/c
cos cos
P
P U I
U I

= =
I
c
I
o/
c
i
m
o/c
sin
m
I I =
U
o/c
o/c
1
o/c
o/c
o/c o/c
sin cos
m
U
X
P
I
U I
=
| |
|
\ .
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testing
4/ 5
s/c test:
From thi s test we can al so measure 3
val ues: U
s/c
, I
s/c
and P
s/c
.
As U
s/c
i s nor mally onl y 4 - 8 % of U
r ate
, the
I
0
can be negl ected, or all I
s/c
pass
through R
e
and X
e
. Thus,
jX
e
R
e
jX
m
R
c
s/c
A
W
V
I
0
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testing
5/ 5
From and
NOTE: Normally, we short circuit the low
voltage side and make a measurement
on HV side.
2
s/c s/
2
s
c
s/c
/c
e e
P
R P R
I
I = =
o/c
o/c
2 2
e e e e
X
U
Z Z R
I
= =
R
e
a
2
R
c
U
1
X
e
a
2
X
m
U
2
= aU
2

I
1 I
2
R
c
X
m
I
1
I
2
U
2
U
1
=
U
2
/a
R
e
/a
2
X
e
/a
2
Referred to
HV
Referred to
LV
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
1/ 6
Ex. When we t est a 1 25 kVA 12000/240 V
transf ormer, we appl y a 240 V t o t he LV si de, wit h
HV side is opened. We have the following data: I
o/c
= 1.2 A and P
o/ c
= 180 W. If we short t he LV si de
and appl y a 400 V t o t he HV si de, we have t he
f oll owi ng dat a: I
s/ c
= 1.8 A. The R
HV
= 30 and R
L V

= 0. 015 . Answer t he f oll owi ng questi on:
1. Draw t he equi val ent ci rcuit of t hi s t ransf or mer
(referred to HV side).
2. The effi ci ency at rat ed l oad, at rat ed vol t age, and at
PF = 0.8 l aggi ng.
3. What i s t he HV i nput when we want 240 V across a
l oad of 80% of rat ed t ransf or mer l oad, at PF = 0.8
leading.
4. Cal cul at e VR i n t he quest i on 3.
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
2/ 6
Sol
n
1. Deter mi ne the equi val ent ckt., referred to
HV.
From s/c test,
3
rate
,
lv,rate
3
rate
,
hv,rate
25 10
104.17 A
240
25 10
2.083 A
12000
lv rate
hv rate
S
I
U
S
I
U
= = =
= = =
2 2
30 50 67.5 0.015
e HV LV
R R a R = + = + =
LV
rat e
= 240
V
I
lv,rate
a =
12000/ 240
= 50
( )
2
2
2 2
400
67.5
1
211.7
8
2
.
e e e
X Z R
| |
= = =
|
\ .

2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
3/ 6
From o/c test,
Then,
From,
o/c,lv o/c,hv
o/c,lv o/c,hv
240 V 12,000 V
1.2
1.2 A 0.024 A
50
U U
I I
= =
= = =
( )
2
2
o/c
o/c
12000
180
800 k
c
R
U
P
= =
1 1
o/c
o/c o/c
180
cos cos 51.32
12000 0.024
P
U I

= = =
o/c
o/c
12000
sin 0.024 sin51.32
640.5 k
m
X
U
I
=

= =
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
4/ 6
2. Deter mi ne at PF = 0.8 laggi ng
I
hv,rate
= 2. 083 A
U
1
= 12000
V
U
2
= 12000 V
211.72 67. 5
640 k 800 k
2 2
2 2
2 2 2
3
3 2
cos cos
cos cos
25
97
10 0.8
25
.7
10 0.8 2.083 67.5 180
%
rate
e core rate rate e core
S U I
U I I R P S I R P

= =
+ + + +

= =
+ +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
5/ 6
Here, we assume that P
core
is constant at
180 W. We shoul d cal cul ate U
1
for a
more accurate result.
Thus,
and
( )
( )( )
1 2
12000 2.083 0.8 0.6 67.5 211.72
12377 268.5 12380 V
e e
U U I R jX
j j
j
= + +
= + +
= + =
2
2
3
12380 12380
180 191.6 W
800 10 12000
core
P
| |
= = =
|
\ .
20000
20000 292.87 191.6
97.63 % = =
+ +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Testi ng: Ex #3
6/ 6
3. Load 80% of rated, at PF = 0.8 leadi ng.
4. VR
0.8 25000
1.667 A
12000
I

= =
( )( )
1
12000 1.667 0.8 0.6 67.5 211.72
118 11883 78 V 350
j j U
j
= + + +
= + =
11883 12000
100
120
0.97 %
00
VR
=
=
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
All day effi ci ency: Ex #4
1/ 3
Ex. When a 1 100 kVA suppl y a load of
80%, at rated voltage at PF = 1, it has
max
. But when it supply rated load at PF
= 1, it has a of onl y 95% . Deter mi ne:
1.
max
. and 2. All day effi ci ency from the
following graph.
100
80
60
Hr
6 22 18 10 6
P, kW
PF = 1
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/ 3
1.
max
We have,
Thus,
and P
cu,rate
= 3.209 kW and P
core
= 2.054
kW.
( )
( )
max
2 2
, ,
80
80 0.8
rate
rate Cu rate core Cu rate core
k kVA
k kVA k P P P P
= =
+ + + +
( )
( )
, ,
100
0.95
100
rate
rate Cu rate core Cu rate core
kVA
kVA P P P P
= =
+ + + +
2
, ,
100
100 5.263 kW; 0.8
0.95
Cu rate core core Cu rate
P P P P + = = =
max
80
95.12 %
80 2 2.054
= =
+
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
3/ 3
2. All day effi ci ency
P
out
T P
out
*T k P
cu
= k
2
P
c u, r at e
P
cu
*T
60 12 720 0.6 1. 155 13. 86
80 8 640 0.8 2. 054 16. 43
100 4 400 1.0 3. 209 12. 84
1760 43.13

1760
100 96.01 %
1760 43.13 24 2.054
all day
= =
+ +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Transformer connections
1/ 6
We can connect 1 transfor mers in series,
parallel or 3 for ms. However, we must
know the polarity of winding before we
make connection.
+
-
+
-
P
1
P
2
S
2
S
1
I
1
I
2
1
+
+
-
-
P
1
P
2
S
2
S
1
I
1
I
2
1
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Tr ansf or mer connecti ons: 3
2/ 6
3 units of 1 transfor mer can be connected
to be utilized i n 3 system. Their wi ndi ngs
can be connected to form Y (wye or star),
(D or delta), or others form. For
example,
n
c b a
A
C
B
Y
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
3/ 6
A2
B2
C2 A1
C1
B1
a1
c1
b2
b1
a2
c2
- y
11
D - y
11
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
4/ 6
Voltage
ratio
1
U
1
3U
2
U
2
3U
1 2
1 2
3 : 3
:
U U
U U
=
1
U
2
U
1 2
: U U
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
5/ 6
Voltage
ratio
1 2
3 : U U
1
U
1
3U
2
U
1
U
2
U
2
3U
1 2
: 3 U U
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
6/ 6
Voltage
ratio
1 2
: U U
2
U
1
U
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
Transfor mer connecti ons: Ex #5
1/ 1
Ex. Each transformer winding has a rated
of U
1
, U
2
, I
1
, and I
2
.
2 2 2 2
3 ; ; 3 3
output line output line output line line
I I I U U U S U I U I = = = = = =
1 1 1 1
3 ; ; 3 3
input line input line input line line
I I I U U U S U I U I = = = = = =
I
1
c b a
A
C
B

I
line
I
2
U
2
U
1
2
3I
U
2
I
2
1
3I
U
1
I
1
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
1/ 2
Ex. Each transformer winding has a rated
of U
1
, U
2
, I
1
, and I
2
.

A
C
B
a
c
b
U
B
C
U
CA
U
AB
U
ca
U
bc
U
ab
ca cb ba
U U U = +
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/ 2
As I
li ne
= I
phase
, we have
Thus,
2 2
2 2
and
3
output output
output
I I U U
S U I
= =
=
2 2
2 2
3
57.7 %
3
v v
S U I
S U I
= =
1
I
2
I
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/
The VR
2002
Ch4: Trans for mer
2/
The VR

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