ATOMIC STRUCTURE

FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES INFO :

Sub atomic particle

Mass of one Particle (m)

Mass of one mole of particles

Charge on one particle (e)

Charge on one mole of particles

1.602 10 19 23 X 6.023 10 = 96500 C (or) 1 Faraday

Specific charge (e/m) electric charge mass 1.759 108 c/g (or)
1.759 1011 c/kg (or) 5.28 1017 esu/g
20 (or) 5.28 10 esu/kg

9.109 1028 g (or) Electron

9.109 1031 kg (or) 0.000548 amu
1.67262 10 24 (or) 1.67262 10 27 kg (or) 1.007276 amu 1836 times to that of e Almost equal to that of proton (1.007825 amu) 1.67493 10 24 g (or) 1.67495 10 27 kg (or) 1.008665 amu (or) 1840 times to that of e

9.109 10 28 23 X 6.023 10 = 0.55 mg

Negative 1.602 10 19 C (or) 4.802 10 10 esu

Proton

1.6726 10 24 23 X 6.023 10 = 1.0074g

Positive 1.602 10 19 C (or) 4.802 10 10 esu

1.602 10 19 23 X 6.023 10 = 96500 C (or) 1 Faraday

9.58 10 4 C/g (or) 9.58 107 C/kg 2.87 1014 esu/g 2.87 1017 esu/kg

Neutron

1.67493 10 24 23 X 6.023 10 = 1.0088g

Neutral/ Chargeless/ zero

__

zero

The atomic mass unit (amu) 1.66 1024 g or 1.66 1027 Kg

is

1/12

th

of

the

mass

of

C12

atom,

i.e.,

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Magnitude of electrical charge on the oil droplets is an integral multiple of electrical charge q = n.e Where q = Magnitude of electrical charge on the droplets. n = 1, 2, 3 e = electrical charge Dynamic mass of particle mv = mo / [1 (v/c)2]1/2 Radius of nucleus R = Ro (A)1/3, Ro = 1.4Fm ( 1 Fermi = 10-15m)
q1 q2

Force of attraction = K

; (K =

1 4 0

= 9.0 109 Nm2/C2)

Kinetic energy of -particle = P.E. of system 1 2 1 ( Ze) (2e) mv = 2 4 0 rmin rmin is known as distance of closest approach. Atomic number (Z) = No. of protons (or) no. of electrons in a neutral atom. Moselys equation: =a ( z-b ) Mass number (A) = No. of protons + No. of neutrons = No. of nucleolns =z+n
Atomi c no Mass no

e-

Physical Properties
Slightly Different

Chemica l Properti es
Same

Radioa citive Proper ties

Differe nt

Example
1 H ,2 H 1 2 ,3 H 1 40 Ar 18 ,40 Ca 20 30 Si,31 P 14 15 ,32 S 16

Extra

Isotopes

Same

Differ ent

Same

Same

Differ ent

Isobars

Differ ent

Same

Differ ent

Differe nt

Differ ent

Different.

Different

Differe nt

Same no of nucleon s (p + n)

Isotones

Differ Differ ent ent

Diffe rent

Differe nt

Same

Different

Different

Differe nt

Isodiaphers

Differ Differ ent ent

Diffe rent

Differe nt

Diffe rent

Different

Different

Differe nt

19 F 9 ,23 Na 11

Same isotopic no (A2Z) or Same neutron excess (n-p)

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Isosters: Having same atomicity and same no. of e-.Atomicity is total no. of atoms in a molecule. Eg: Atomicity No. of e CO & N2 2 2 14 14

Iso electronic : Having same no. of e Eg: C 4 N 3 O 2 F Ne Na + Mg + 2 Al 3 + Si 4 + All having 10 e . Nature of light: Wavelength (),Frequency () , Wave number ( ), Amplitude (A) , Velocity of light (C) C =

= c 1 =

E=h c E=h

12375 ( A0 )

E=hc
E ( in ev ) =

Photoelectric effect:
E = W + KE h = h0 + KE

KE = h ( 0 )

W = work function 0 = Threshold frequency

E = W + KE mv 2 h = h0 + 2

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v=

2h + ( 0 ) m

E = W + KE 1 h = h0 + mv 2 2 1 2 mv = h ( 0 ) 2 c c 1 2 mv = h 2 0

0 = Threshold wavelength

v=

2hc 0 m .0

Hydrogen Spectrum:

Series

Lyman Balmer Paschen Brackett P fund Humphrey

Lower Energy (n1) Level 1 2 3 4 5 6

Higher Energy Level (n2) 2,3,4,5 3,4,5,6 4,5,6,7 5,6,7,8 6,7,8,9 7,8,9,10..

Region

UV Visible Near I.R I. R far IR far IR

Line

n2

1st H

( ) ( )

n1 + 1 n1 + 2 n1 + 3 n1 + 4

2nd H 3rd H 4th H

Last line (Series limit (or) Limiting line of series)

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Balmers Equation:

1 1 ( n > 2) H 2 2 2 n Rydberg-Ritz Equation: 1 1 = R .Z2 2 2 H n1 n 2 =R RH = 109677 cm-1(Rydbergs constant for H)( For other species, RH X Z2) 2 2 1 n1 . n 2 = R .Z2 n 2 - n 2 H 2 1 n 2. n 2 2 . 1 A0 = 912 1 2 n - n 2 Z2 2 1 n 2 n 2 2 2 1 = C.R .Z 2 2 H n .n 1 2 n 2 n 2 2 2 1 E = hC.R .Z 2 2 H n .n 1 2

No. of spectral lines:

(a) From any higher energy level (n) to ground state =

n ( n 1) 2

(b) From any higher energy level (n2) to any lower energy level (n1) = (C) No. of fine spectral lines = n1.n2 n1 = Lower energy level, n2 = higher energy level

n ( n + 1) (where n = n2 n1 ) 2

Bohrs atomic model: E = h = E2 E1

mvr = nh/2 Electrostatic force of attraction between the moving electron and nucleus is
KZe 2 Coulombic force = 2 r 1 (where 0 is permitivity of free space =8.854 x 10-12 f/m) K= 40

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K = 9 109 Nm 2C 2 In C.G.S. units, value of K = 1 dyne cm 2 (esu) 2 The centrifugal force acting on the electron is
Radius of nth orbit n2 h 2 r = n 4 2mKZe2 0.529.n 2 0 r = A n Z Total energy of electron
mv 2 r

Potential energy = Kinetic energy =

KZe 2 r

KZe 2 r 1 KZe2 2 r

Total energy (e) =

E = n

2 2 mK 2 Z 2e4 n 2 h2

Z2 E = 2.176 1011 2 erg / atom n n Z2 = 2.176 1018 2 J / atom n Z2 = 13.6 2 eV / atom n Z2 = 313.6 2 K Cal / mole n = 1312
Z2 K J / mole n2

Energy of e- is negative since energy of electron in the atom is less than the energy of a free electron i.e., the electron at infinite distance from the nucleus, which is taken as zero. As the electron approaches the nucleus, it goes on losing energy.so energy of electron becomes less and less negative and is max negative in 1st orbit .KE of electron :
KE = n

2 2 mK 2 Z 2e4 n 2 h2

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PE of electron :

4 2mK 2 Z 2e4 PE = n n2 h 2
Ionization energy of e : Minimum energy required to move an electron from ground state to n = is called ionisation energy of the atom or ion 2 2 mK 2 Z 2e4 IE = n n 2h 2 1 (Ionisation Potential (I.P.) : Potential difference through which a free electron must be accelerated from rest, such that its kinetic energy becomes equal to ionisation energy of the atom is called ionisation potential of the atom. Excitation Energy : Energy required to move an electron from ground state of the atom to any other state of the atom is called excitation energy of that state . Excitation Potential : Potential difference through which an electron must be accelerated from rest to so that its kinetic energy become equal to excitation energy of any state is called excitation potential of that state. Binding Energy or Seperation Energy : Energy required to move an electron from any state to n = is called binding energy of that state. Binding energy of ground state =I.E. of atom or Ion. Velocity of electron :
v = n 2 KZe2 nh
Z m / sec n

= 2.188 106

Orbital frequency (or)(rps)n :

=

v n 2 r n

Z 2 1 S (rps)n = 6.58 1015 3 n

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Time period of revolution : 2 r n T = n v n

n3 T = 1.5 1016 2 sec. n Z

Angular frequency (or) Angular velocity : v w = n n r n
Z2 w = 4.126 1016 3 S 1 n n

Rydbergs Constant :

R=

2 2 mK 2 Z 2e4 ch3
1

Reduced mass of system ( ) =

1 1 + m M

De Broglies hypothesis: h = mC h = mV h = P 2 r = n

No. of waves made by e moving in an orbit = n (principal quantum no.) n n = 3.33 A0 Z h = 2m.KE h = 2m.eV

Heisenbergs uncertainity principle

x.P

h 4

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h 4 Quantum numbers: x.mV

Principal quantum number (n) : Represents size of orbit, Energy of electron. No. of sublevels in an orbit = n No. of orbitals in an orbit = n2 No. of e in an orbit = 2n2 Azimuthal quantum number (l): Represents shapes of orbitals No. of orbitals in a sub level = 2l + 1 No. of e in a sub level = 2(2l+1) Magnetic quantum number (m) : Represents orientation of orbitals in space. Spin quantum number (s (or) ms): Represents spin of e around itself on its axis.

Principal Quantum Number (n) 1 2

Designation of principal quantum number K L

Azimuthal quantum number (l = 0 to n-1) 0 0 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 3

Designation of Azimuthal quantum Number s s p s p d s p d f

No. of orbitals Total (m) 2l + 1 1 1 3 4 1 3 9 5 1 3 16 5 7

Range of m (+l..0..-l) 0 0 +1,0,-1 0 +1,0,-1 +2,+1,0,-1,-2 0 +1.0,-1 +2,+1,0,-1,-2 +3,+2,+1,0,-1,2,-3 2 6

Total No. of e s 2 8

2 6 10 2 6 10 14

18

32

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Schrodinger wave equation : 2 2 2 8 2 m + + + 2 ( E V ) = 0 x 2 y 2 z 2 h Complete wave function can be given by =

( r,, ) = R(r) ().().

(R(r) = Radialpart ) (().() = Angularpart )

Dependance of the wave function on quantum nos can be given as

nlm

( r,, ) = R (r) lm (). m ()

nl

No. of nodes (or) nodal regions (or) spherical nodes (or) Radial nodes = n l -1

(s n - 1, p = n - 2, d = n - 3, f = n - 4)

No. of nodal planes (or) planar nodes (or) Angular nodes = l

(s = 0, p = 1, d = 2, f = 3)

No. of peaks in radial probability distribution curves = n l

(s = n, p = n 1, d = n 2, f = n - 3)

h Angular momentum of e in an orbit mvr = n 2 h Angular momentum of e in an orbital = = l ( l + 1) l 2 h 1 Spin magnetic momentum = s ( s + 1) where s = + 2 2
Spin magnetic moment =
1 BM =

s ( s + 1) BM

eh 24 = 9.2732 10 J T 1 4 mc

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Aufbau principle : Aufbau is a German word which means builiding up. The electrons are filled in various orbitals in order of their increasing energies. The energy of the orbitals is governed by (n + l) rule. Hunds rule : No electron pairing takes place in the orbitals in a sub energy shell until each orbital is occupied by one electron with parallel spin. Paulis exclusion principle : No two electrons in an atom can have the same set of all the four quantum numbers, i.e., an orbital cannot have more than 2 electrons because three quantum numbers (principal, azimuthal and megnetic) at the most may be same but the fourth will be different, i.e., spins must be in opposite directions. Atoms having half filled and fully filled subshells have extra stability due to exchange energy and spherical symmetry of orbitals around the nucleus. Lowering of energy E = N K Where N = No. of exchanges possible 1 n! N= 2 ( n 2 )! n = no. of e s having parallel spin. K = Exchange energy

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