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Characteristics
The performance of an instrument is described by quantitative qualities, termed as characteristics.
1. Static
characteristics :
Measurements of applications in which parameter of interest is more or less constant ; or varies slowly with time are called Static characteristics .
2. Dynamic
characteristics:
These characteristics quantify the dynamic relation between the input and output
Accuracy
Sensitivity
Drift
Static error
Dead zone
Dynamic characteristics
Speed of response
Measuring lag
Fidelity
Dynamic error
1. Static characteristics
1.a. Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy :
The closeness with which an instrument reading approaches the true value of the quantity being measured is called accuracy.
Precision:
Precision is a measure of reproducibility of measurements.
1. b. Sensitivity:
The ratio of the magnitude of output signal to the input signal or response of measuring system to the quantity being measured is called sensitivity.
1. d. Readability:
Is with which the reading of an instrument can be read
1. e. Calibration:
The process by which all the static performance characteristics are obtained in one form or another. It involves a comparison of particular instrument with standards.
1.
e. Static error:
The difference between the best measured value and the true value of the quantity is known as static error.
1.
f. Dead zone:
The largest change of input quantity for which there is no output of the instrument is termed as dead zone.
1. g.Magnification:
Increase in the magnitude of the output signal to make it more readable.
2.Dynamic characteristics
2. a. Speed of response(Responsiveness):
Rapidity with which the measurement system responds to changes
2. b. Measuring lag:
Retardation or delay in the response of a measurement system
2. c. Fidelity:
Degree to which a measurement system indicates changes in the measured quantity without any error
Errors in measurements
Types of errors
1. 2. Gross errors Systematic errors a.Instrumental errors b.Environmental errors c.Observation errors
3. Random errors
1. Gross errors:
Error due to human mistakes in reading, recording and calculating.
2. Systematic errors:
Caused by sensitivity shift, zero off-set, known non-linearity.
a.Instrumental errors:
Caused by loading effect of instruments, misuse of instruments , assumbly etc. b.Environmental errors: Caused by the conditions external to the measuring devices.
c.Observation errors:
Caused by the carelessness of operators, parallax , wrong scale reading, incorrect conversions etc.
3. Random errors:
Accidental, small and independent. Caused by friction, backlash in the movement, mechanical vibrations, hysteresis etc
Line standards
End standards
Wavelength standards
1. Line standards:
Length is measured as a distance between centres of two engraved lines. Characteristics of line standards Low accuracy Quick and easy to use The leading edges are subjected to wear No built in datum Subject to parallax error
2. End standards:
The length is measured as a distance between two flat parallel faces. Characteristics of end standards High accuracy No time for measurement It has built in datum Not subjected to parallax error Wavelength standards
3. Wavelength standards
The wavelengths of monochromatic light might be used as invariable unit of length. One meter is redefined in terms of wavelength of orange krypton radiation as 1m=1650763.73 wavelength. Advantages of wavelength standards Not influenced by atmospheric conditions No need to store under security Easily available Easily transferred o other standards Very accurate comparative measurement can be done Easily reproducible