Individual Assignment Learning Unit 1 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM of VETEBRATE

Name : Mia Sari Hidayati NIM : 2011/315614/KH/07073 Group: 5 BLOK 4

FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE GADJAH MADA UNIVERSITY 2012

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVE 1. How the topography , morphology and comparative of respiratory system in vertebrae ? 2. Histology of respiratory system in vertebrae ? 3. Embrional development of respiratory system in vertebrae ? A. INDIVIDUAL LEARNING 1. How the topography , morphology and comparative of respiratory system in vertebrae ? A. Pisces Respiratoria apparatus in fish are generally in the form of gills (branchia). The mechanism of gill depends wheteher is the gill located internally and externally. There are two kinds of gills: Teleostei: gills have gill cover Elasmobranchii: no gill cover Gill archus Gill sections 1) Arcus branchialis (gill arches) - Looks white, consisting of bone or cartilage tissue - There is a ridge-ridge pair is useful to filter the water breathing
Sheet gill (detail) The thousands of fine branches on each filament expose a large surface area to the water. Blood circulates in the filament branches and is separated from the water by a thin epithelium so that oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse through easily

Sheet Gill

Picture by D.G. Mackean

Picture by D.G. Mackean 2) Hemibranchia (sheet gills) There was red, like a comb building, consisting of fatty tissue

- Contains lots of blood vessels (branches of the arteria branchialis) so that gas exchange takes place 3) Holobranchiae In each arcus branchialis attached two hemibranchia

Breathing current
Water is taken in through the mouth, passes over the gills and is expelled via the operculum. Movements of the mouth floor and operculum create the current and the valves (skin flaps) maintain a one-way flow

Each sheet consists of a pair of gill filaments which contains lamela (thin layer). In the filaments are capillary blood vessels that contain that allows the exchange of O2 and CO2 gas.

Fish that live in the muddy labyrinth has an expansion of the gill-shaped hollow irregular folds. Labyrinth serves to keep a backup oxygen so fish hold on the conditions of oxygen deprivation. (Soewarsono, 1974; Sukaryanto, 2008)

B. Amphibious

Breathing air path is as follows: Nares Anteriores Cavum nasi Nares Posteriores cavum Oris bronchus Pulmo Pulmo is an elastic bag, the inner wall surface there are folds, the surface is then expanded. In the new state of reddish color due to many blood capillaries. Bronchi are very short (no trachea) Mechanism of the respiratory
Pict :2classnote.com

larynx

muscles are arranged in the mandible

and the muscles of the abdomen. In addition to the lining of the mouth breathing, also breathe with frog skin, the skin is possible karma is always wet and contain many capillaries so that

gases diffuse breathing easier. Enter through the skin of oxygen will pass through the skin vein (vena cutanea) is then taken to the heart to be circulated throughout the body. Instead of carbon dioxide from the tissues will be taken to heart, from the heart is pumped to the skin and lungs through the pulmonary artery-pare the skin (pulmonary artery cutanea). Thus the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide can occur in the skin. (Soewarsono, 1974; Anonymous, 2000) C. REPTILE Breathing air nets are as like this : rima glotidis laynx trachea broncus pulmonary.

Rima glottidis as the gap behind the lingua heading into the larynx. Larynx walls are formed by several tulag prone. Trachea: As a continuation of the larynx, located on the ventral side of collum, didndingnya composed of cartilage rings: annulus trachealis

in the thorax area of the trachea branches into two bronchi are short (sinistum and dextrum). Branching is called: bifurcatio tracheae
Pict :reptilechannel

The lungs of reptiles are in the chest cavity and is protected by the rib cage. The lungs of reptiles is simpler, with just a few folds increase the surface of the wall that serves gas exchange. Gas exchange in reptiles is not effective. In the lizards, turtles, and crocodiles the lungs is more complex, with some of the various parts that make the lungs spongy texture like. In the lizards, turtles, and crocodiles the lungs is more complex, with some parts of so that made his lungs like a spongy texture. The lungs in some lizard species such as African chameleons have a backup air sac that allows the animal is suspended in air. (Soewarsono, 1974; Anonymous, 2000)

D.

AVES

Breathing air path is as follows: nares anteriores - cavum nasi - nares posteriores-laynx-broncus-brochiolus - pulmonary

Anteriores Nares (nostrils) Nares posteriors Larrynx

: a pair, located on the dorsal base of the rostrum. : a hole in the palate : composed of cartilage, the limit of a room called glottidis Laryng associated with the oral cavity with the intermediate slit is called rima glottidis yag

Trachea

: the shape of the pipe, there is a ring of cartilage 'annulus Trakhealis'

Pulmo

: a pair of like a sponge. Attached to the dorsal thorax between the costae. on Wrapped Bifurcatio in Pleural trakhealis

Syrinx:

1 pair composed daari trakhealis caudal annulus and one pair Limit of the annular room a rather cranial wide branchialis 'Tympanium'

Pessulus: A cross section of cartilage from the ventral to dorsal, situated in the fold trachea of terkaudal, support

semilunaris

membrane

- Pulmo on Cullumbia livia and Gallus air bag-related pulmonary Saccus Pneumaticus: Saccus cervical (a pair at the base of the neck) Saccus interclavicularis (single, coracoids) Saccus axillaris (the branching of the saccus

interclavikularis) Saccus Thoracalis anterior (front of the chest space)

Saccus

Thoracalis

posterior

(outer

chest

space)

Abdominal Saccus (protected by a circle intestinum) (Soewarsono, 1974) E. Mammals The course of respiratory air: nares anteriores - cavum nasi - nares posteriores-laynx-broncus-brochiolus pulmonary

Parts - parts: Nares anteriores Cavum nasi Nares posteriors: nostrils in the cavum oris. Larynx: a cavity in the back of the pharynx reinforced cartilago - cartilago. Called audituslaryngis sockets connected by rhyme glotidis pharynx. Reinforced by bone cartilago of the larynx. Constituent of bone: the epiglottis, Cartilago thyroidea, Cartilago, Arithenoidea, Cartilago Crycoidea. Trachea: With reinforced annulus next to the dorsal trachealis did not close. Located next to the ventral esophagus. . Bronchus: trachea then branches into two (dexter and sinister). Bronchus into the pulmonary branches - branch into bronchiolus, respiratory bronchus, alveolar ducts, infundibulum, then alveoli. Pulmo (dexter and sinister): each lobe entered by bronchiolus.

(Frandson, 1992) 2. Histology of respiratory system in vertebrae ? a. Rice cavum Consists of three parts namely: vertibularis Regio, the region of the respiratory and olfactory regions.

1)

Region vestibular

Tunica mucosa contains pigment, epithelium is coated with a corpus papillare squomus complex, contains a lot of hair that is useful to filter the air. Under the epithelium there is a lamina propria

with serous glands, underneath there is a sub-mucosa that is rich in vasa and spiral. Nares anteriores turned on the outer skin. In the horse contains hair, sebaceous glands and tubular glands.

2) Region respiratory In the region of the epithelium is transformed into complex squomus kolumner complex epithelia and later became a pseudo-complex ciliated epithelium with some goblet cells. Basal membrane contains many reticular fibers, the elastic fibers of the lamina propria many, many leukocytes and lymph nodes. In the lamina propria are found tubulo-alveolar glands are mostly serous, but there is also the mucosa and mix. In carnivores and small glandulanya very rare. Respiratory secretions make the air more humid. Consists of sub-mucosal tissue that contains collagen and venous plexus are erectile. The number of plexus venosus help heat the inspired air. Sub-mucosa or directly adjacent to the periosteum of the septum nasi perikhondrium.

3) Region olfactory In horses and cows pale yellow, yellow sheep, goats dark, brown pork and gray carnivores in the tubular glands are found. Olfactory epithelium consists of three types of epithelium cells (Cells sustentakulum, basal and olfactory). Tues sustentakulum size tall, slender, many contain mikrovilli. Apical part of the Golgi complex and granules are pigmented. In some species are sustentakulum cell secretory granules and contains many musigen.

Tues olfactory are scattered among the cells of capillaries and sustentakulum. The nucleus is round the apex of a modification of dendritic cells form a cylindrical prosessus from the nucleus to the surface epithelium. Distal section of the cell is inflated and out of slime, called Vesicula olfaktoria this section, from here out six to eight cilia olfaktoria. These are non-motile cilia and very long, a component of the sensory organ that can be stimulated by smelling substance. Mucous membrane of nerve bermielin olfaktoria also innervated from the trigeminal nerve. Nerve endings at the end on the free surface of cells and a receptor stimuli sustentakulum which is not bad. Lamina propria together with the periosteum, Lamina propria and olfactory regions contain many branched alveolar glands tubulo olfaktoria. Paranasalis sinus lined with mucous

membrane, and is a little gland serous. Lateralis nasi glands are not found in humans and cattle. Mucosa of the duct incisors partially covered with a dense hyaline cartilage. Found many tubular glands that are serous and mixed leukocytes and lymph nodules.

b.

Cavum Nasi of Bird Olfaktoriusnya mucosa similar to mammals. Associated with cavity cavum oris rice

through the choanae, mucosa lined with ciliated epithelial cells pseudokomplek trophies, lamina propria lymphocytes are not widely available. Respiratory epithelium of the region turns into the epithelium of the pouch oris squamus complex on the edge of the choanae. Glands found on the os nasi lateralis. Frontale near khantus medial eye. The product was released in cavum nasi and keep the nostrils do not dry in time to fly.

c. Sinus Paranasalis An extra sinus cavity of the frontal sinus consists of rice, ethnoidalis, spenoidalis and maxillaris. Pseudokomplek ciliated epithelium with goblet cells, containing little gland. Cilia move mucus or remove a foreign object into the cavity dry rice. Mucosa is firmly attached to the periosteum.

d. Pharynx. Consists of pars respiratoria (nasopharynx) and pars digestoria (oropharynx). Dorsal wall of the soft palate consists of mucous and bone, while the pharyngeal wall is formed by mucosa, fascia pharingea internal, cross-fiber muscle fascia and the tunica adventitia external faringea that are loose. Coated nasopharyngeal ciliated epithelium pseudokompleks, oropharynx with epithelial squamus complex. Lamina propria consists of a network fibroelastis oropharynx, contains many mucous glands and has a lot of lymphatic tissue. The nasopharynx is generally paringea Mukoserous fascia consists of internal longitudinal and circular fibers are thick. Pharyngeal wall contains a lot of blood and lymph vessels. These lymph vessels associated with the lymph vessels rice pouch. Nerve fibers form a superficial plexus and profundal.

e. Larynx

Composed of hyaline cartilage, elastic tubes that form a long and less regular, covered by connective tissue, muscle fibers with latitude and mucous membrane glands. Is connecting the pharynx and trachea. Framework of the larynx is composed of several cartilages thiroidea, krikoidea and epiglottis are single, while the cartilage aritenoidea, kornikulata and kuniformis pair. Internal muscles to contract causing laryngeal cavity shape change and affect sound production. Lamina propria is formed by connective tissue with many elastic fibers, are found in nodules of lymphoid tissue and lymph glands that are serous, mucous and mixed. Lymph nodules are found in cattle and then reduced in number in horses, pigs and carnivorous. Sub-mucosa is thin, there is a layer underneath the muscle fibers latitude. Ruminants are not found on laringis saccule. In the horse section is covered with ciliated epithelial pseudokompleks, in pigs and carnivores by epithelial squamus complex.

f. The trachea Histological structure of the trachea consists of:

1) The tunica mucosa consists of ciliated epithelium of the pseudo-complex with basement membrane, lamina propria, a layer of longitudinal elastic fibers. 2) Sub mucosa with glands, fibro-elastic membrane with a ring of cartilage, 3) layer of muscle found only in the dorsal and 4) The tunica adventitia Many goblet cells and leukocytes are found. Nasal cilia movement towards useful to repel dust particles. Many animals have a rudimentary basal membrane. Lamina propria consists of fine fibers with many lymphocytes. Sub-mucosal barrier is a membrane fibroelastis perikhondrium ring and attached to the cartilage. Provundal part of the lamina propria and submucosal glands contain many mixed tubular section is mainly found ventral and lateral. In the sheep, lymph nodules found in the mucosa. Ring of fibrous cartilage covered by a membrane. Muscular tunica muscularis prepared on a transverse tracheal smooth muscle in the direction transverse to the dorsal part. Ruminants and pigs on horses is located next to the medial end of the ring. The tunica adventitia consists of elastic and collagen fibers are loose with lots of fat tissue, vasa and spiral.

g. Bird trachea

Cartilages form a perfect ring. On water birds, many have ossification. Epitheliumnya is a pseudo-complex ciliated epithelium which helped kripte like rice pouch mucosa. Lamina propria lymphocytes lot.

h. Pulmo The structure is similar to pulmonary alveolar gland complex. Located in the thorax cavity. Pulmo advocates a structured framework of the capsule and the interstitial connective tissue, the conduction in the pulmonary and the respiration. Capsule of the pulmonary form of the serous membrane called the visceral pleura, the capsule has a lot of smooth muscle fibers. In cattle this capsule is the thickest, while the thinnest carnivores. Superficial layer is limited by the mesothelium. Pulmo is divided into lobes, while the lobes divided into lobules by thin connective tissue called septa. Pyramid-shaped lobules. Each lobule receives a branch from primarius bronchi (branches of the trachea) while receiving bronkhiolus small lobules.

i. Bronchi Trachea branches into two (bronchi primarius). Each bronchi primarius branched according to the amount of lobbying. Into the pulmonary bronchi through the hilum, primarius the bronchi branch into lobules called bronkhiolus. Compared with the bronkhiolus smaller bronchi (diameter less than one mm) epitheliumnya kolumner ciliated, and has no cartilage. The smaller size of the bronkhioli bronkhi or more thin layers of the wall, but still plain muscle layer was found as a component of prodding, even the remains found in the alveolar duct wall limiting.

j. Respiration Section of Pulmo Primarius lobule: a functional unit of the pulmonary, respiratory prepared on bronkhiolus including alveolar ducts, alveolar yolk, alveoli, vasa, lymph channels, spiral and connective tissue. Respiration appears to be a part of the building, separated by a space and septa with thin walls. Bronkhi found in many places with thick walls and arteries and veins with varying sizes. Some alveoli arising from respiratory bronkhiolus wall. A prosessus bronkhiolus sitoplasmatik of respiratory epithelium and continued into the wall of the alveoli.

Alveolar ducts: the branching of the respiratory bronkhiolus. Yolk-shaped alveolar polihedral and only open on the side facing the alveolar duct. Yolk alveolar mouth supported by elastic fibers, collagen and smooth muscle Of alveolar ducts and alveoli appeared one yolk with two to four alveolar alveoli, alveoli polihedral shaped pouch that one side missing, so the air can diffuse freely through the alveolar duct. Alveolar yolk into the alveoli. Alveolar walls contain many reticular fibers and elastic fibers in much smaller amounts. Both kinds of fibers is a strong enough framework walls of air sacs surrounded by capillaries.

(Dellman, 1992)

3. Embrional development of respiratory system in vertebrae ? Respiratory growth of the pharynx (the beginning of the digestive tract that lies between the stomodeum and esophagus). Consists of: Gill pouch inner layer of endoderm in outer layer of ectoderm Arcus visceralis (visceral arches) between two layers of endoderm and ectoderm.

Arcus visceralis composed of: a. Skeletal arch, into the framework of the gills b. Muscle column, a gill muscle c. Advanced gill arteries of aortic arch

Number of gill pouch: Teleostei: 6 pairs Amphibia: 5 pairs (for 6 shrinkage) Reptile, bird, mammal: 4pasang (4th from the union of two gill pouch) On pisces and amphibian tadpoles there are gaps ektodermal called gill slits as the estuary of the gill sac.

The number of gill slits: Pisces: 5-6 pairs Amphibians: 2-3pasang Reptiles: in the early development of gill slits, but then there are close to the later development. Aves and mammals: the gill slits do not grow because the gills are not formed.

Swim bladder

Posted at teleostei Derived from the roof or floor of the pharynx evaginasi c. Lung would Evolving from the diverticulum (pengantungan) on the floor in the pharyngeal gill to IV bag

Development of the respiratory tract in terrestrial vertebrates a. Prospective respiratory organs are formed from the indentations in the floor of the foregut in the fourth pharyngeal pouch elongate and grow toward the caudal respiratory diverticulum forms. b. Laringo-tracheal tube at the base of the grooves formed meyempit tracheal-esophageal septa so that the foregut in the esophagus is composed of primordia (dorsal part) and primordia laringo-tracheal tube (part vetral). c. Cranial part of the trachea-oesophageal septa forming pharynx. d. Laringo-tracheal tube from the inside of the endodermal layer, while the outer part splangnik derived from mesoderm. Splangnik mesoderm layer up in the lamina propria connective tissue, rings of cartilage, smooth muscle, blood vessels and lymph vessels. e. Larynx develops from the cranial-tracheal tube laringo (regions IV-VI visceralis arch that forms cartilage) and cranial nerve innervation X. f. Trackea, bronchi and lungs from prolonged tracheal laringo.

Based on the structure of the growth of lung histology there are 5 stages: A. Embryo: formation laringo-tracheal bronchus to the segment. 2. Pseudo glandular: Lung growing area extends into the mesenchyme to form the exocrine

glands 3. Kanalikular: lumen of the bronchus and enlarged and bronchiolus bronchiolus terminalis divides into bronchiolus respiratory-related blood vessels 4. Terminal: saccus terminalis (primitive alveoli) are formed from respiratory bronchiolus 5. Alveolar: alveoli are formed by the constituent cells are pneumonosit type I (squamous epithelium simplex, serves for air exchange) pneumonosit type II (cuboidal cells, resulting in a surfactant to prevent collapse of alveoli) of blood capillaries in contact with epithelial cells. (Balinsky, 1975)

REFERENCES Balinsky. 1975. An Introduction to Embryologi 4th Edition. Philadelpia: W.B Saunders Co Dellman and Brown. 1992. Histologi Veteriner. Jakarta: UI Press Fibrianto, Yuda H. 2008. Sistem Respirasi. Yogyakarta: Bagian Fisiologi FKH UGM Frandson, R.D. 1992. Anatomi dan Fisiologi Ternak. Yogyakarta: UGM Press Huettner , Alfred . 1949. Comparative embryologi of the vertebrate. New York . the macmillan