Final-Ict TB - X - 17.12

hnhchn\nab kmtXnIhnZy
mtUUv
tIcf km
hnZym`ymkhIpv
XbmdmnbXv
kwm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ kanXn (SCERT)pthn

sF.Sn@kvIq t{]mPIvSv, tIcfw
2012
tZiobKm\w
P\KWa\ A[n\mbI Pbtl
`mcX `mKyhn[mXm,
]m_knp KpPdm admTm
{ZmhnU DXve _wKm,
hnylnamNe bap\mKwKm,
DePe[nXcwKm,
Xhip`\mta PmtK,
Xhip` Binj amtK,
Kmtl Xh PbKmYm
P\KWawKeZmbI, Pbtl
`mcX `mKyhn[mXm
Pbtl, Pbtl, Pbtl,
Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!
{]Xn
Cy Fs cmPyamWv. Fm Cymmcpw Fs
ktlmZco ktlmZcmcmWv.
Rm
Fs
cmPys
kvt\lnpp;
kqWhpw sshhn[y]qWhpamb AXns
]mccyn Rm A`nam\w sImpp.
Rm Fs amXm]nXmsfbpw Kpcpmscbpw
apXnhscbpw _lpam\npw.
Rm Fs cmPynsbpw Fs \mpImcpsSbpw
tan\pw sFizcyn\pwthn {]bXv\npw.
Prepared by :
IT@School Project
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram-12, Kerala
for State Council of Educational Research and Training (SCERT)
Poojappura, Thiruvananthapuram - 12, Kerala
First Edition
: 2012
Website
: www.itschool.gov.in, www.scertkerala.gov.in
email
: contact@itschool.gov.in, scertkerala@asianetindia.com
Phone
: 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869
Type setting : IT@School Project

Layout
: IT@School Project
Printed at
: KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi
Department of Education, Government of Kerala
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kev]nm t]mepamIn. temIw AXnthKw \psS ssIpnfntev
HXpnsmncnpIbmWv. amns Cu KXnthKhpambn s]mcpstSXv
\psS BhiyamWv. ImeLns Cu Bhiyw IdnmWv ]mwmknse
sF.kn.Sn. ]mT]pkvXIw XbmdmnbnpXv.
{Km^nIv Unssk\nns BZy]mTfpw \n hc Nn{Xv
\nsfgpXnb XncYbv\pkcnv Ne\w \Imhp A\ntaj ktXhpw
Cu ]pkv X In DsSpnbnpv . Hmôkv tkm^v v s hbdpIfpsS
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tkm^vvshb Bntj\pIfpw t{]m{KmanMpw ioenptm Iyq F
b{spdnpw AXns {]h\spdnpw Adnbm kzm`mhnIambpw
Xm]cyapmIpw. Iyqdn\Is b{`mKsfnbpw Iyq irwJeI
XbmdmpXns\nbpap `mKfpw AXn\mbn Cu ]mT]pkvXIn
DsSpnbnpv.
sh_vt]PpIsfpdnpw sh_vsskpIsfpdnpw \mw a\nemnbnpv.
C\n \psS {]nbs hnZymebn\v Hcp sh_vsskv Xbmdmnbmtem?
sh_vsskpIfpsS DShpw cq]Iev]\bpw \ coXnbn ssIImcyw sNm
klmbnp Nne tkm^vvshbdpI AhXcnnpIbmWv \apsmcp
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-
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DSw
1. angnhm Nn{XtemIw ............................................. 07-16
2. hnhchniIe\ns ]pXpcoXnI ........................... 17253. Fs hn`h `q]Sw ............................................... 2636
4. Iyq `mj ........................................................ 3748
5. Iyq F b{w ............................................... 4962
6. hcIv Poh ]Icmw ......................................... 6373
7. hnhc ]pshbvmw.......................................... 7483
8. \apsmcp sh_vsskv .......................................... 8496
9. temIw ssIpnfn ............................................ 97111
`mc-X-ns `c-W-L-S\
`mKw
IV-
auenI I-hy-
51-I . auenI I-hy- Xmsg--d-bp-h `mc-X-nse Hmtcm ]uc-sbpw
Ihyw Bbn-cn-p--XmWv :
(I) `c-WL
- S- \
- sb A\p-kc
- n-p-Ibpw AXns BZi-s
- fbpw m]-\
- s
- fbpw
tZio-b-]-Xm-I-sbbpw tZio-b-Km-\-sbpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

(J) kzmX-{y-n-\p-th-n-bp \psS tZi-ob-k-a-c-n\v {]tNm-Z\w \Inb
al-\o-bm-Zi-sf ]cn-t]m-jn-n-pIbpw ]nXp-S-cp-Ibpw sNp-I;

(K) `mc-X-ns ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-WvU-Xbpw \ne-\np-Ibpw
kwc-n-p-Ibpw sNp-I;
(L) cmPys Imp- k q- n- p- I bpw tZiob tkh\w A\p- j v T n- p- h m
Bh-iy-s-Sp-tm A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNp-I;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw {]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y--Xo-
Xambn `mc-X-nse Fm P\-p-an-S-bn, kulmZhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-at\m-`m-hhpw ]pep-I. kv{XoI-fpsS A-n\v Ipdhp hcpp BNm-c ]cn-Xy-Pn-p-I;
(N) \psS kn-{i-kw-kvIm-c-ns k--amb ]mc--cys hne-a-Xn-p-Ibpw
\ne-\n-dp-p-Ibpw sNp-I;
(O) h\-fpw XSm-I-fpw \Zn-Ifpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Ds-Sp {]IrXym D
]cnnXn kwc-n-p-Ibpw A`n-hr-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-p-Ibpw sNp-I;
(P) imkv{Xo-b-amb ImgvN-mSpw am\-hn-I-X-bpw, At\z-j-W-n\pw ]cn-jvI-c-W-
n\pw D at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-n-pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzv ]cn-c-n-p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv A{Iaw Dt]-n-p-Ibpw
sNpI;
(R) cmjv{Sw bXv\
- n-sbpw ey-{]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D-XX
- e
-
- f
- n-tev \nc-cw
Db- c - - - h w hyn- ] - c hpw Iqm- b - X p- a mb {]h- \ - ns Fm

aefnepw DIr-jvS-X-bvp-thn A[zm-\n-p-I.
(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbvv {]mb-ap Xs Ipntm cy-_m-e-I-t\m,
AXXp kwKXnt]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-tfm cm-Imthm hnZym-`ym-k-n\p Ah-k-c- Gs-Sp-p-I.
angnhm Nn{XtemIw
angn-hm Nn{X-temIw
Pnv tkm^vvshb D]-tbm-Knv Hcp

sImfmjv \nan- p- Xv F- s \- s bv
\n-dn-bm-atm? t]m \nam-Wn\v hfsc A\p-tbm-Py-amb tkm^vvshbdmWv Pnv Fpw \n-dn-bmw. \nXyPo-hn-X-n \mw D]-tbm-Kn-p hnhn[
D---fn Ah D]m-Zn-n-p I\n-bpsS temtKm Bte-J\w sNbvXn-cn-pXv \n In-nt? hnhn[ m]-\-fnepw Ah-bpsS m]\ temtKm BteJ\w sNbvXn-cn-pw. hnZym-`ymk hIp-n\p
Iogn-ep sF.-Sn. @ kvIq t{]mP-IvSns
temtKm Cs\-n \npw UutemUv
sNbvXv Pnv tkm^vvshb-dneqsS Xpdv
hep-Xmn t\mq. temtKmbpsS hyX
Ipd-bp-Xmbn \nv A\p-`-h-s-nptm? Fm-bn-cnmw CXn\v ImcWw?
C-c-n hyX Ipd-bp-Xv \nfpsS {]h-\s tZmj-I-c-ambn _m[nn-ptm? angnhv \jvS-s-SmsX Nn{X-
\nan-m klm-bn-p kwhn-[m-\-sf-p-dnv \n tIn-n-t? NphsS \Inbn-cn-p Ipdn-n-sbpw {Kqv Nbp
sSbpw ASn- m- \ - n Hcp \nK- a - \ n Fn-t-cp-a-tm.
dmdpw shIvSdpw
Nn{X- cp-hn-[-n Iyq--dn
tcJ-s-Sp-mw. Ahsb dm ^b-epI-sfpw shIvS ^b-ep-I-sfpw ]dbmw. Nn{X-a-S-p {]X-e-nse Hmtcm
_np-hn-sbpw \ndw tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cnp ^b-ep-I-fmWv dm ^b-ep-I.
ChnsS Nn{Xs At\Iw ka-N-Xp-c-fmbn hn`Pn-n-cn-p-p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
]v sko-ao \ofhpw Fv sko-ao hoXn-bp-ap Hcp Nn{X-ns \ofw
IqSnb his 1000 `mK-fpw \ofw
Ipd his 800 `mK--fp-ambn hn`Pn- mw. Atm Hmtcm NXp- c - nsbpw ]c--fhv 0.1 NXp-c{i ano-ao-
Bbn-cn-pw. Hcp sko-ao--dn 100 `mK-fp-m-hpw. Nn{X-n\v 100 Dots per
Centimetre hen-apsp \apv ]dbmw. Fm Iyq--dn Cv ASnm-\-n IW-mn h-Xp-sImv
dots per inch (dpi) F IW-n-emWv
Nn{X-ns henw IW-mmdp--Xv.
\map-m-p Nn{X-n\v F{X dpi Dmh-Ws
- av \apv \n-bn-m-hp-X
- m-Wv.
Hcp Nn{X-n\v dpi IqSp-tm AXns
kqva-Xbpw `wKnbpw h[n-pw. A-Sn-p-tm hy-X-bp-m-h-W-sa-n Db

dpi D Nn{X--fmhWw.
dm coXn-bn-ep Nn{X-n Hcp hc hc-bvp-tm A{Xbpw `mKs NXpcv \ndw \Ip-I-bmWv hmkvX-h-n Iyq- sNp--Xv. Nn{Xw hep-Xm-hptm Cu NXp-c-fpw hep-Xm-hp-p. Pnn Xbm-dm-nb Nn{Xw hep-Xm-p-tm
CXv hy-am-Ipw.
Fm shIvS ^b-en tcJ-bpsS \ndhpw A{K-_n-p--fpsS m\hpw
am{X-amWv Iyq- tcJ-s-Spn hbvp--Xv. Nn{Xw Zriy-am-hp-tm A{K-_n-p-fpsS m\hpw \ndhpw a\-n-emn Ah-bvn-S-bn-ep apgp-h _np-fpw Iyq hcpsImpw. Hcp shIvS Nn{Xw hep-Xm-p-tm hep-Xm-nb {]X-e-n
]pXn-b _np- Isn tcJ-s-Sp--s-Spw. Nn{X-ns henw IqSp--X-\pk-cnv _np--fpsS Fw h[n-p--Xn-\m Nn{X-ns hyX Ipd-bp-n.
tcJ-I, NXp-c-, hr-, h{I-tc-J-I XpS-nb Pyman-Xob cq]--fm-bmWv
shIvS Nn{X-sf Iyq- kqn-p--Xv.
Pnv tkm^vvshb D]-tbm-Knv hc-bvp Nn{X-sf ]nIvk-ep-I-fpsS kaq-l-ambmWv ]cn-K-Wn-p--Xv. Fm CvkvtIn hc-bvp hcbpw hhpw NXp-c-hpsamw KWn- X - k - a - h m- I y- - f psS cq]- n- e mWv Cv k v t Iv tkm^v v s hb
Hmphbvp--Xv. CXmWv shIvS CtaPp-I hep-Xm-n-bmepw angnhv \jvS-s-Sm-Xn\v ]nnse cl-kyw.
Nn{X- hep-Xmmw; angnhv \jvS-s-SmsX

shIvS, dm Nn{X--fpsS {]tXy-IX-I \mw a\-n-emn Ign-p. angnhv
\jvS-s-Sm shIvS Nn{X- \nan
m\pw, FUnv sNm\pw {]tXyI tkm^vv
shb Bh-iy-am-Wv. Hm Hmôkv t{Um,
tImd t{Um, Cv k v t Iv , AtUm_v
C-kvt{S-, Ub (Dia) XpS-n-b-h-sbmw
shIvS Nn{X- \nan-m D]-tbm-Kn-
p tkm^vvshb-dp-I-fm-Wv. Ch-bn
Hm Hmôkv t{Um, CvkvtI-v, Ub
Fnh Hm tkmgvkv tkm^vvshbdpI-fm-Wv.
CvvkvtIv tkm^vv shb-dn Nn{X \nan- p- Xv F- s \- s bv
t\mmw. Graphics sa\p- h n \nv
Inkscape Vector Graphic Editor Xpd-mw.
Nn{Xw 1.1
angnhm Nn{XtemIw
Cv k v t Iv PmeIw \nconq
(Nn{Xw 1.1) apv ]cn-N-b-s Pnv tkm^v
shb-dp-ambn Fsmw kmay-fpw hyXymk-fpamWv CXn-\p--sXv Isn
NphsS \Inb ]nI 1.1 ]qo-I-cn-q.
kmay-
t]cv Is-q. Ah Hmtcmpw D]-tbmKnp t\mn D]-tbm-Khpw ]n-I-s-Sp-q.

(]-nI 1.2).
Sq
Iymhm-kp-ap-v.
CvkvtI-n Htc PmeI-n-s-bmWv SqfpIfpw Iymhm-kpw.

Fm Pnn Ch
hyXykvX Pme-I
- n-emWv.
D]-tbmKw
1.
ske- Sq Hcp H_vPIvSv skeIvSv

sNm
2.
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3.
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4.
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hyXym-k-
hnhn[ Sqfp-Ifpw
t]cv
5.
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6.
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7.
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8.
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]nI 1.1
9.
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Pnn \n ]cn-N-b-s Sqfp-Isfmw Cv k v t I- n- e ptm? Pnn

Cm Sqfp-I Cvkv-tI-n ImWm-
Ign-bp-ptm? Pnnse SqfpI \n
ap m-kn ]cn-N-b-s--Xm-W-tm. C\n
Cv k v t I- nse Sqfp- I ]- c n- N - b - s - S mw.
A-anp kqNn-n-n-cn-p Sqfp-If
- psS apIfn aukv t]mbn Fnv Ah-bpsS
]nI 1.2
{]h\w 1
temtKm \namWw:
600 X 150 ]nIvk hen- - n
\nan Hcp temtKm- b mWv Nn{Xn
(Nn{Xw 1.3) ImWp--Xv. CXv CvkvtIv
tkm^vvshb-dn \nanp t\mmw. Cu
temtKm \nan-m Fsmw Sqfp-I D]tbm-Kn-n-p-m-hmw. kqvaa
- mbn \nco-nv
\n-fpsS Dulw NphsS Ipdnq.
Nn{Xw 1.3
...........................................................
...........................................................
{]h-\-{Iaw
Nn{Xw 1.2
Cv k v t Iv tkm^v S v s hb Xpdv
\nnX hen--n Hcp Iymhmkv
\nan-p-I. CXn-\mbn File sa\p-hnep Document Properties np
sNp-I. Xpdp hcp Pme-I-n

custom size F `mKv Bhiy-amb
amw hcpn PmeIw ASbv pI.
(Pme- I - nse Template F
`mKp\npw hyXykvX hen--nep Iymhmkv XncsSpmw).
Create Rectangle Tool
NXp-c- skeIvSv sNbvXv Tools

Controls Bar D Height (H), Width
(W) Fo `mK--fn Hmtcm NXp-cn\pw Bh- i y- a mb Object Size
\In henw {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
D]-tbmKnv Nn{Xw 1.3 ImWp hen-

n aqv NXp-c- \nan-p-I.
NXp-c- Xnc-s-Spv If s]n np sNbvXp A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\nd- \Ip-I.
Text Tool
D]-tbm-Knv IT@ School
Fv NXp-c-n-\-Iv ssSpsNpI.
Select and Transform Object Tool
D]tbm- K nv sSIv v skeIv S v

sNbvXv NXp-c--fpsS hen--n-\-\pk-cnv henw {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
If s]-n \npw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\ndw \In Acw `wKn-bm-p-I.
\n-fpsS t^mU-dn ^b tkhv

sNp-I.
Zoom in or out Tool
D]tbm-Knv
hep-Xm-pI
t\cs \n tiJ-cn temtKm
Pnv tkm^vvshbdneqsS Xpdv Zoom in
Sqfp-]t- bm-Knv hep-Xm-n-bt- m e`nXpw,
CvkvtIn Xbm- d mnb temtKm
hepXmnbtm e`nXpw Xmc- X ayw
sNq. Fv hyXym-k-amWv ImWm Ignbp-Xv? \n-fpsS Is--ep-I NphsS
IpdnbvpI.
10
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CvkvtI-n \nan tem-tKmsb
Atm- p- a n- t mpw \onhpt\mq.
Fs-nepw {]iv\w A\p-`h
- s
- -Sp-ptm?
H_vP-Sp-Isf Fmw Hnp Nen-n-m
km[n-p-n-, At? NphsS \Inb
Ipdnv hni-I-e\w sNbvXv ]cn-tim-[n-q.
CvkvtI-n hc-bvp hcbpw hhpw
NXp-ch
- p-samw Hmtcm Hm_vPI
- vSp-If
- m-Wv.
hIvkvs]-bn-knse Fm H_vP-IvSp-Isfbpw Hnv skeIvSv sNm Edit
sa\p-hnse Select all (ctrl+A) D]-tbm-Knmw. hIvkvt]-knse Hcp {]tXyI
`mKs H_vP-IvSp-Isf am{Xw Hnv
skeIvSpsNm skeIvSv Sq FSpv
{UmKv sNp-tm Dm-Ip NXp-c
- n\pn hcp Fm H_vP-IvSp-Ifpw
skeIvSv sN-s-Spw. Hn IqSp-X
H_vP-IvSp-Isf skeIvSv sNp--Xn\v
shift Io Aan- n- S nv skeIv S v
sNt H_vP-IvSp-Isf Hmtcm-mbn
np sNpI. Cs\ Hnv skeIvSv
sN-s-n-cn-p `mKw Ftm-p-th-Wsa- nepw {UmKv sNbvXv \omw.
skevIvSv sN-s-n-cn-p H_vP-IvSpIsf H- bq-Wn-mbn amp--Xn\v Object
sa\p-hnse group ^Mvj D]-tbm-KnpI (Ctrl+G).
CvkvtIn anI Nn{X- Xbmdm-m kK-ti-jn-smw hnhn[ Sqfp-Ifp-sSbpw sa\p Hm]vj\
- p-If
- p-sSbpw D]-tbmKcoXn \mbn Adn-n-cn--Ww. IqSmsX
X{-]-c-ambn Ahsb D]tbmKn-m-\p
tijnbpw t\S-Ww. CXv km[y-am-I-W-san \nc-c {iahpw abpw Bh-iy-amWv.
XpSp `mKv \In- b n- c n- p
{]h-\- Hmtcmpw sNbvXv t\mn
\npw Cu tijn-I BPn-mhp
-XmWv.
angnhm Nn{XtemIw
{]h\w 2
Nn{Xw 1.4
KWn- X - i mkv { X mkp- I - f n tKmf, kvXw`-, kvXq]n-I-I XpS-nb-h-sb-n \n ]Tn-n-nt? Ccw

cq]- Zznam\ {]X-e-amb IS-em-kn
hcp
t\mn- b n- ptm?
Chsb
{Xnam\amm Fv X{-amWv D]tbmKn-p-Xv? \ngepw shfn-hpw \In-bmWv
km[m-cW Cu Nn{X-v {Xnam\cq]w
\Ip--Xv. CvkvtIv D]tbm-Knv Hcp
tKmfw Fs\ \nan-m-sav t\mmw.
cv hc-Ifpw tNcp `mKs NXp-cm-IrXn-bn-ep t\mUv skeIvSv sNbvXv If

s]-n nv sNq. ap t\mUp-I-fnte-sX-nepw Hv skeIvSv sNbvXv asmcp
\ndw sXc-s-Sp-q. If-dp-I amdn amdn
D]-tbm-Knv Cu {]h\w XpS-cp-I. Fs\-bp \nd- Fhn-sS-sbmw sXcs-Sp--tm-gmWv hrw Hcp tKmf-ambn
tXmn-bXv? t\mUp-I Nen-nv \ng-ensbpw shfn--n-sbpw m\w hyXymk-s-Spn t\mq, av cq]-fpw CtX
t]mse \nanp t\mp-a-tm. knen
\nan-p-tm path sa\p-hnse union F
sa\p Fs\ D]-tbm-Kn-m-sav So-dns
klm-b-tmsS Isn sNbvXv t\mq.
{]h\w 3
Poh-imkv{X mkp-I-fn Aao-_-sbIp-dnv ]Tn-n-nt? FmWv Aao-_-bpsS
khn-ti-j-X-I? \nnX cq]-an-m Hcp
GI- t Imi Pohn- b m- W tm Aao- _ .
Cv k v t I- n Hcp Aao- _ bpsS cq]w
Fs\ hc- b vm- s ap t\mmw.
(Nn{Xw 1.6)
{]h-\-{Iaw:
Nn{Xw 1.5
Draw Bezier Line Tool

Hcp _lp-`pPw hc-bvpI
Create Circle Tool
D]-tbm-Knv
Hcp hrw hcv A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\ndw \Ip-I.
Gradient Tool skeIvSv sNbvXv Sq
It{Smkv _mdn {Intbv tdUnb t{KUn-b v skeIvSv sNp-I.

(Nn{Xw 1.5)
D]-tbm-Knv
hr- n- \ p- n U_n np
sNp-I. \ne-hn sXc-s-Sp-n-p
\nd-n\v A\p-kr-X-ambn Hcp t{KUnb v e`n-pw.
t{KUn-bp-ambn _-s-n-cn-p
aqp t\mUp-I ImWp-nt? Ah Edit
Path by Node Tool
p-t\m-q.
D]-tbm-Knv Nen-n-
Edit path by Node Tool D]- t bm- K nv

Hmtcm hihpw A\p-tbmPyambn hfbvp-Ibpw t\mUp-I-fpsS m\w {IaoI-cn-p-Ibpw sNp-I.
t{KUn-b v Sqfn np-sNbvXv tdUnb t{KUn-b v sXc-s-Spv A\ptbmPy-amb \ndw \Ip-I.
kn Sq D]-tbm-Knv tImi-aahpw
t^\hpw apw hcv t{KUn-b v Sq
D]-tbm-Knv \ndw \Ip-I.
Object Fill and Stroke ktXw D]tbm- K nv tImi- { Z- h y- n\v tbmPn
\ndw \Ip-I. (Nn{Xw 1.7, 1.8)
Fp am-amWv ImWp-Xv?
11
`mK- AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m FmWv

sNt-Xv? Isn sNq.
Hcp hrs cq]m--c-s-Sp-nbpw
Aao- _ - b psS Nn{Xw hc- b v mtam Fv
]con-q. \n hc Aao-_-bpsS
]Is-Sp--W-sa-n Fv sN-W-sav
Nnn-n-ptm? Nne kt-X- IqSn
]cnN-b-s-m Cu tPmen Ffp--n

sNmw. ]Is-Sp-m Edit Duplicate
D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. AXn-\p-tijw ske-
Sq D]-tbm-Knv H_vP-IvSns\ amnhp
t\mq. C-c-n CvkvtI-n Xbmdm- nb H_v P - I v S p- I sf {Kqv sNbv X v
Uyqntv sNbvXv F{X Fw Aao-_sb
thW-sa-nepw \nanpIqsS?
Nn{Xw 1.6
^npw kvt{Smpw
Nn{Xw 1.7
Nn{Xw 1.8
Nn{Xw \nco-nq (Nn{Xw 1.7). hrm-Ir-Xn-bn-ep Idp hc-bmWv Cu H_vPIvSns kvt{Smv. \oe-\n-d-n-ep `mKw ^npw. Ch-bp-ambn _-s hnhn[ Hm]vj\p-I e`n-m Object Fill and Stroke F {Ia-n Xpd-p Ub-temKv
t_mIvkv (Nn{Xw 1.8) Xpd-p-I. H_vPIvSv skeIvSv sNbvXv AXnse Sm_p-Ifpw Hm]vj\p-Ifpw ]co-np t\mn D]-tbm-K- a\-n-em-q.
12
angnhm Nn{XtemIw
cn-e[
- nIw H_vPI
- Sv p-I apI-fn apIfn-embn ASpn hv GsX-n-ep-sam-scw
skeIvSv sNbvXv Page Down, Page up, End,
Home Fo Key I Aan t\mq.
\n-fpsS \nco-Ww ]nI 1.3 tcJs-Spq.
Io
Page Down
Dmb amw
skeIvSv sNbvX H_vPIvSv
]nn-ep H_vP-IvSns
]nd-In-embn.
Page Up
.................................................
End
.................................................
Home
.................................................
]nI 1.3
km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-km\w Dm-p

H_vP-IvSm-Wv apI-fn Dm-hp-I. (Nn{Xw
1.9). Fm Nne Ah- k - c - - f n
CXns\ Xmsg-bm-t-n-h-cpw. AXn-\mbn
B H_v P - I v S ns\ skeIv S v sNbv X v
Object Lower F Hm]vj D]-tbmKn-p-I. AXn\p ]I-c-ambn Page Down
Key {]kv sNbvXmepw aXn.
Nn{Xw 1.10
Bh-iy-amb Sqfp-I:
hrw hc-bvm-\p Sq
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
NphsS \Inb {]h-\-{Iahpw

Nn{Xhpw {]tbm-P-\-sSpn (Nn{Xw 1.12)
\n-fpsS kvIqfns Iam\w Cv kvtIn
\nanpatm.
{]h-\-{Iaw
Hcp hrw hc-bvpI.
Edit Path Node D]-tbm-Knv AXns\
Hcp A[-hr--am-p-I.
Edit Duplicate F {Ia-nse cv
XhW Uyqn-tv FSpv henw

Ipdv Nn{Xw 1.12 Lw 3 Im-Wp-Xp-t]mse {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
Nn{Xw 1.9
kvIqfns t]cv sSIvv Sqfp-]-tbm-Knv

ssSpsNpI.
kvIqfpI-fpsS tKp-Ism--ap
Iam\w In-nt? A-c-samcp Iam\w
BWv ChnsS \In- b n- c n- p- Xv
(Nn{Xw 1. 10) CXv hc-bvp--Xn\v \n
CXphsc ]cn- N - b - s GsXmw Sqfp
- I thW- s av NsNbv X v NphsS
Ipdnbv
- p-I.
a[y- ` m- K s
A[- h r- hpw
kv I qfns t]cpw Hnv skeIv S v
sNp-I. Text Put on path Hm]vj
sXc- s - S p- p- I . Ctm a[y- ` mKs A[hr-
- ns ]mX-bn-eqsS
kv I qfns t]cv {IaoIcn- - s - np-m-Ipw. t]cn-\p-ap-n-embn Bh-iyn\v ew- \In IrXy- a mbn
{]h\w 4
13
{Iao-Ic
- n-p-I.
a[y-`m-Ks A[-hrw am{X-ambn

skeIvSv sNbvXv AXns kvt{Smv
Ifdpw ^n Ifdpw Hgn-hm-p-I.
av cv hram{X-ambn Hnv

skeIvSv sNbvXv Path Difference
Hm]vj\n np-sNbvXp t\mq.
Nn{Xw 1.12
NphsS \Inb Ipdnv {]tbm-P-\-sSp-n (Nn{Xw 1.11) .png t^mam-n {]h\w 5

tkhv sNpI.
Cv k v t In hc Hcp ]qhmWv
NphsS ImWp-X
- v (-Nn{Xw 1.13). \n CXp- s
- Sqfp-Iv ]pdsa ap Nne
hc Nn{X-nse skeIvSv sNbvX H_vP- hsc ]cn-Nb
SqfpI
IqSn
Cu {]h-\-n {]tbmIvSp-Isf am{X-ambn dm Nn{X-ambn
tkhv sNp- Xv F- s \- s bv P-\-s-Sp-n-bn-p-v. NphsS \In-bn-cnt\mmw. AXn-\mbn Nn{X-nse Bh- p {]h-\-{Iaw ]cn-tim-[nv (Nn{Xw
iy-amb `mKw am{Xw skeIvSv sNp-I. 1.14) Nn{Xw hcv \n-fpsS t^mU-dn
Fnv File Export Bitmap F tkhv sNpI.
Hm]vj FSp-p-I. Selection F Sm_v
skeIvSv sNbvXv ^b \maw \In
Export sNp-I. B `mKw am{X-ambn .png
t^mam-n tkhv sN-s-Spw. (Nn{Xw
1.11).
Export Bitmap Ub- t emKv
t_mIvknse ap kuI-cy- Fsms-sbv \nco-n-q. Ah-bpsS D]-tbmK- Fs- m- s av {]tbm- K np
t\mn Is-q.
Nn{Xw 1.13
Nn{Xw 1.11
Nn{Xw 1.14
14
angnhm Nn{XtemIw
{]h-\-{Iaw
s]kn Sq D]-tbm-Knv
Ctm e`n CX- f ns\ Hnv

skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit Clone
Unlink Clone F Hm]vj sXcs-Sp-pI. XpSv Path Union
\IpI. Ctm CX Hcp kzX{
H_vPIvSmbn amdpw.
C\n AXns Uyqn-tv tImn-I

FSpv object sa\p-hnse Rotate,
Flip XpS-nb kt-X- D]-tbmKnv Hcp ]qhns BIr- X n- b n
\ncn hbvp-I.
apI-
fnepw Xmsgbpw np-sNbvXv Hcp hc

\nanp-I.
hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit Clone

Create Tiled Clones Hm]vj sXcs-Sp-p-I. Ctm e`n-p UbtemKv t_mIvkn Symmetry Sm_n
PM:Reflection sXc-s-Sp-p-I. Row,
column 1 X 2 \In Create np
sNbvXv Ub- t emKv t_mIvkv
AS-bvpI.
hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit Clone
select original Hm]vj sXc-sSp-p-I. XpSv Edit Path by Node
Sq D]-tbm-Knv hc-bn np-sNbvXv
hcsb Hcp hi-tv hen-p-t\m-q.
knsa-{Sn-mbn cp hi-tpw hch-f-bp-Xv ImWmw. CXns\ Hcp CXfns cq]-n-em-n-sb-Sp-p-I. Hnv
skeIvSv sNbvXv Hcp ^n Ifdpw
\Ip-I.
CX-fp-Is
- fmw Hnv skeIvSv sNbvXv
Path Union \Ip-I.
Hcp {]tXyI tImW-f-hn IrXyambn

sdmtv sN-m-\mbn Object Transform
skeIvSv sNp-tm e`n-p UbtemKv t_mIv k nse Rotate Sm_nse
kt-X
- D]-tbm-Kn-p-I. H_vPI
- vn
U_n np sNbvXpw CX-fns\ Bhiy-amb coXn-bn {Iao-I-cn-mw.
C\n Fsmw sNbvXm CXns\
Nn{X-n ImWp Hcp ]qhmn ammw?
CXp-hsc ]Tn ap kt-X- {]tbm-P\-s-Spn Nn{Xw ]qn-bm-p-I.
A[n-I-{]-h\w
A\n-ta-j \nam-W-n-\m-h-iy-amb Nn{X hc-bvp--Xn\v D]-tbm-Kn-p \smcp
tkm^vvshbdmWv CvkvtIv. A-c
- n-semcp
Nn{Xs Cu tkm^vvshb D]-tbm-Knp hcp
t\mq. A\n-ta-j-\n Hcp Nn{Xs Nen-n-W-sa-n AXns Nen-n-m Dt-in-p `mK shtsd hc-p-m--Ww. CvkvtI-n
hc-bvp Nn{X- Fmw hnhn[ H_vP-IvSp-IfpsS Iq-am-sWv Adn-bm-atm? Bh-iy-ap
H_vPI
- vSp-Isf {Kqv sNm\pw \mw ]Tn-p-Ignp.
C\n hc Nn{X- nse skeIv S v sNbv X
H_vPIvSp-Isf am{X-ambn dm Nn{X-ambn tkhv
sNp-Xv F-s\-sbv \n-dnbmw. A\nta-j-\p-thn Hcp ]nsb kz-ambn hc-pt\m-q. AXns DS, NndIp-I, sImv, Iv
Fnh {]tXyIw tkhv sNbvXp-t\m-q. Cs\
tkhv sNbvX `mK-- \n-fpsS A\ntaj
]mT-`m-Kv {]tbm-P-\sSpmw.
Nn{Xw 1.15
15
XpS {]-h-\-
\n- f psS kvIqfns temtKm
Cv k v t I- n \nanv dm ^bembn \n-fpsS t^mU-dn tkhv
sNp-I. Cu temtKm \n-fpsS kvIq
sh_vssk-ns tlmwt]-Pn DsSp-p-I.
Poh- i mkv { Xw ]mT- ] p- k v X - I - nse
kpc-bpw NnIn-bpw F ]mT`m-K-p ^mtKmssktm-knkv L-
hy-am-p Nn{Xw hcv \nfpsS t^mU-dn tkhv sNp-I.

\f-N-cnXw B--Y-bnse lwkhpw
Za- b - nbpw Xn- e p kw`m- j Ww
ae-bmfw ]mT-]p-kvX-I-n Ah-X-cnn-n-p--tm. lwkw ]d-p-h-cp
Zriyns A\n-ta-j-\p-thn lwkns hyXykvX `mK- CvkvtIn Xbm-dmn hyXykvX ^b-ep-Ifmbn tkhv sNp-I.
16
hnhchniIe\ns ]pXpcoXnI
]T\ {]h\fpambn _sv

{]m[m\yalnp HmWtm hnhc
tiJcWw. hnhctiJcWn\pw hniI
e\n\pw \nch[n amK Dv .
Ccnep Hcp ]T\{]h\amWv
HXmwXcn IpnIfpsS BtcmKy
ioes kw_nv \n \SnbXv.
Hcp ]T\hpambn _sv tiJcnp
hnhc icnbmb coXnbn ]nIsSp
nbm am{Xta AXn\nv e`np
hniIe\ IrXyambncnpIbpq.
IpnIfpsS BtcmKyioehpambn
_sv HXmw mkn \Snb
hnhctiJcWw ]nIsSpnbtm
Fsmw {]iv\fmWv \n t\cnXv?
]nIbpsS henw
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
Ch ]cnlcnm Fp amKamWv
\n kzoIcnXv?
sk {ôknwKv
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
hnhc ]nIsSpptmgp
mIp Ccw {]iv \ ]cnlcn
pXn\v Hcp ]pXnb coXn ]cnNb
smtem.
hnhc ]nIsSpm Umm t^mw

Umm t^mw D]tbmKnv Hcp ]nI
XbmdmpsXs\sbv \apv
]cntim[nmw. \nfpsS mknse
IpnIfpsS t]cv, hopt]cv, hbv, hnemkw,
cImhns
t]cv
Fnh
DsSpn Hcp ]nI Ummt^mw
D]tbmKnv Xbmdmn t\mmw. CXn\mbn
Hm Hmôkv kvs{]Uvjon
Bhiyap XehmNI ssSpsNbvXv
skeIvSv sNpI. (Nn{Xw 2.1).
17
CXn
Fsmw
DsSptXv?
hnhcfmWv
hnhctiJcWn\p amXrIm
t^mw ImWq.
Cu amXrIbn Hcp t^mdw Hm
slv ImUv hnhctiJcW ^mdw
AUvanj \ ......................................................
Nn{Xw 2.1
XpSv Data Data Form F

{Ian Ummt^mw PmeIw XpdpI.
(Nn{Xw 2.2)
Nn{Xw 2.2
XehmNI\pkcnp
t_mIvkpI Ummt^man ImWpnt?
CXnse Fm ôUnepw Um
ssSpsNbv X v New _ AapI.
]nIbn h amw \nconq.
Ccn Ummt^mw D]tbmKnv ap
]nIIfnepw hnhc tcJsSpn
]cnioenq.
slvImUv Xbmdmmw
kqW ImbnIaXm ]XnbpsS
`mKambn IpnIfpsS Dbchpw Xqhpw
XnsSpm Xocpam\np. Cu Z
]nIsSpn \nfpsS mknse
IpnIfpsS
slv
ImUv
XbmdmpXns\pdnv BtemNn
mtem? slv ImUntemhiyamb
hnhc
]nIsSppXn\v
Ummt^mw ktXw D]tbmKnmw.
18
t]cv
......................................................
mkv, Unhnj ......................................................

Dbcw
......................................................
`mcw
......................................................
hbv
......................................................
Hmôkv ssddn Xbmdmn \nfpsS

mknse IpnIfpsS hnhcw tiJcnq.
Xbmdmm t]mIp slv ImUn
Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw t_mUnamkv
CUIvkv, CXns\ ASnm\amnbp
ap Nne hniIe\ Fnh IqSn
DsSpn ImUns\ sasXmmw.
AXn\pthn e`yamb Zsf
]nIsSpn hniIe\w sNt
Xpv. hnhctiJcW t^mdneqsS e`n
Z Ummt^mw ktXw D]tbmKnv
kvs{]Uvjon ]nIsSppatm.
epvA]v ^Mvj hKoIcWn\v

Cu ]nIbn\npw BMI ASnm\
n IpnIsf `mcpdhph (Under
Weight), km[mcW `mcaph (Normal
Weight), AanX`mcaph (Over Weight),
s]mSnbph (Obesity) Fns\
XcwXncnmw. CXn\mbn \n
Xbmdmnb ]nIbn FmhcpsSbpw
BMI IWmq. (BMI IWmm
Intem{Kmanep `mcs aodnep
Dbcns hKw sImv lcnm
aXnbmIpw). BMI bpsS ASnm\n
apIfn kqNnnt]mse IpnIsf
XcwXncnpXn\mbn kvs{]Uvjonse
epvA]v
ktXw
(Lookup)
D]tbmKnmw. CXn\mbn \n Xbmdmnb ]nIbns Hcp epvA]v Nmv

XbmdmWw. NphsS tNncnp amXrI {inq (Nn{Xw 2.3).
Nn{Xw 2.3
Lookup Chart s ASnm\n IpnIsf XcwXncnmw. CXn\mbn epvA]v

Nmv skeIvSv sNbvXv Data sa\phn\npw Define Range sXcsSpv t]cp\In
tkhv sNpI.
Nn{Xw 2.4
19
Ummt_kv
Hcp hkvXphns\pdnv ]eXcnep hnhcfpsS tiJcs Ummt_kv
Fp]dbpp. Hcp henb Ummt_kv FgpXn Xbmdmptm AXnse hnhc
Xncv Ip]nSnpI {]bmkIcamWv. Fm Iyq Ummt_knse hnhc
tkm^vvshb D]tbmKnv BbmkclnXambn Xncv Ip]nSnphm Ignbpw.
UnPn cq]n hnhc tiJcnpXn\p Hcp]m[nbmWnXv. hyXykvX
hnhc ASnb ^bepIfpsS tiJcsav CXns\ IWmmw.
Ummt_knepsnp ^bepIsf km[mcWbmbn tS_nfpI FmWv
]dbpXv. Hcp Ummt_kn Htm AXne[nItam tS_nfpIfpmtbmw. Hcp
Ummt_kv hyXykvXamb ^bepIfpsS tiJcamsWnepw CXnepsnp Hmtcm
tS_nfpIfntebpw DSw Htc kz`mhnephbmbncnpw. DZmlcWambn Hcp
kvIqfnse Fm hnhcfpw Hcp Ummt_kn Dsmnnpsncns.
AXnse IpnIsf kw_np hnhcsfmw Hcp tS_nfnepw A[ym]Isc
kw_np hnhc asmcp tS_nfnepambncnpw.
km[mcW ^bepIfn \nv hyXykvXambn Ummt_kv ^bepIfpambn t\cnv
kwhZnm\mhn. Ummt_kv amt\Pv s a v knfpsStbm Bntj
t{]m{KmapIfpsStbm klmbtmsSbmWv CXv km[yamhpXv. AXpsImpXs
CXn Dsmnncnp Um IqSpX kpcnXambncnpw.
]nIbn\npw hynKX hnhc

Hmas Ipnsb kw_np
sk (tjUv sNbvXncnpXv) skeIvSv
sNbv X tijw Insert sa\phn\npw
Function sXcsSppI. {]XyamIp
enn\npw Lookup sXcsSpv
aptmpt]mIpI.
XpSphcp
PmeIfn (Nn{Xw 2.4) aqv Imcy
BhiysSpXp ImWmw. ( Search
Criterion, Search Vector, Result Vector) Ch
Fns\bmWv kqNnnpXv?
Search Criterion : GXv Zns
ASnm\nemWv Ipnsb XcwXncn

tXv,
Search Vector : Data Range Unss^
sNbvXtm \Inb t]cv.

Bhiyamb hnhc tNv OK
npsNbv X p Ignm Hmas
Ipnsb kw_np hnhcw B
skn e`yamhpp. NphsSbp
skpIfnepw hnhc e`yamhm
FmWv sNtXv ? Isn ]nI
]qnbmq.
20
Ctm \n Xbmdmnb ]nI

Hcp hnhckbambn ( Database )
IWmmw. Cu Umm-t_kn \npw
Hmtcm
IpnbpsSbpw
dntmv
(DZmlcWambn, slv ImUv)
XbmdmpXn\p amKw FmWv ?
Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw hnhc tImn
sNbvXv dntmv Xbmdmp {]hrn
{]bmkIcat? Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw
hnhc Bhiyamb coXnbn
{IaoIcnm Ignm tPmen
Ffpnemmw. CXn\p]tbmKnmhp
ktXfn HmWv sabn saPv.
slv ImUv XbmdmpXn\p
Ummt_kv ]qnbmbngn- m.
slv ImUn\mhiyamb Hcp sSwtv
Hm Hmôkv ssd-dn Xbmdmmw.
amXrI ASp t]Pn sImSpncnpp.
\n Xbm-dm-nb sSwtv ^b-entev Umm-t_-knse hnh-c- DsSp-Ww. AXn-\mbn Tools sa\phn\nv
Mail Merge Wizard sXcsSppI.
XpSv Zriyamhp PmeIn\npw
Insert Address Block npsNpI. ChnsS
GHSS AVITANALLUR
Health Card
Name
.............................................................
Address
.............................................................
Class
.............................................................
Age
.............................................................
Height
.............................................................
Weight
.............................................................
BMI
.............................................................
Comment
.............................................................
A{Ukv skeIvSv sNpXn\p _

sXcsSpv Add _ npsNbvXv
\n Xbmdmnb ]nI tUmIypsan
DsSppI. Atmgp Pme-I-n
Snv amp-I Dsn Ah Hgn-hmn
Create Salutation np- s N- p- I .
XpSphcp PmeInsebpw SnIv
amp-I Ifv Edit Document PmeIw
skeIvSv sNp-I. tijw Edit Document
_ npsNbvXv {][m\ tUmIypsan
tev XncnsI hcmw. C\n View sa\p-hnse
Data Source np sNbvXm (Nn{Xw 2.5)
\mw DsSpnb ]nI tUmIypsans
apI `mKv {]XysSpw (Nn{Xw 2.6)
Signature of the Class Teacher

slv ImUv amXrI
]nIbnse iojI Hmtcm

mbn npsNbvXv henv {][m\
tUmIypsa nse Bhiyamb `mKv
sImpt]mbn shbvmw. XpSv sabn
Nn{Xw 2.5
Nn{Xw 2.6
21
saPv hnkmUntev Xncnpt]mIp

Xn\p PmeIn npsNbv X m
e`np ]pXnb PmeIn Save Merge
Document sXcsSpv tkhv sNpI.
Ctm e`n ^bense ]pXnb t]PpI
]cntim[nq. e`yamb slv ImUv
C\n {]n v sNmw.
\n Xbmdmnb Ummt_kns
klmbtmsS
C\n
Fsmw
dntmpI Xbmdmmw?
sFUnn ImUv
kz`mh kn^nv
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
IF F ^Mvj D]-tbm-Kn-mw. Ipn Xnc-
s-Sp--stm Fv tcJ-s-Sp-t
skn np-sNbvX tijw IF ^Mvj
sXcsSppI.
Xpdphcp
PmeIfn Test ôUn B IpnbpsS
Dbcw tcJsSpnb skns hne
FmbncnWsapw
(H2>=160),
Then_Value F ôUn SELECTED
Fpw Otherwise_value FXn NOT
SELECTED Fpw tcJsSpn OK
npsNq. Ctm B skn FmWv
ZriyamhpXv? NphsSbp skpIfn
ap IpnIsf kw_np hnhcw
Fs\ tcJsSpmw. Cu tUm
t_kn\npw NphsS ImWnn
cnp amXrIbn Fm IpnIpap
kn^nv sabnsaPv kwhn[m\ap]
tbmKnv Xbmdmq.
...............................................................................
Ccnep ]pXnb dntmpI
Xbmdmn ]cnioenpatm?
XcwXncnm ]pXnb coXn

kvIq
thmfnt_m
Sow
sXcsSppXn\p ]cnioe\ Iymv
Bcw`npIbmWv. Hmtcm mkn\npw
160 skoaodn IqSpX Dbcap
hscbmWv Iymn DsSppXv .
Iymntev sXcsSpsSp
IpnIv mkv So Hcp kn^nv
\tIXpv.
\nfpsS ssIhiap ]nI
D]tbmKnv CXv Fs\ Xbmdmmw?
]nIbn Hmtcm IpnbpsSbpw Dbcn\v
t\tcbp tImfn Dbcw 160
skoaodn IqSpXemsWn Selected
Fpw 160 skoaodn IpdhmsWn
Not Selected Fpw tcJsSpnbm
sabnsaPv ktXw D]tbmKnv
kn^nv Xbmdmmatm. Cs\
tcJsSpm FmWv amKw?
CXn\p]tbmKnmhp Hcp kwhn[m\
amWv IojW tvsa v. CXn\mbn
22
CERTIFICATE
Certified that Master/Kumari. Rajeev. K,
Standard 10 A is Selected to participate in
the Volly Ball Team Selection Camp 2012.
His/Her height is 162 cm.
Place
Date
Signature of Class Teacher
Umm-t_kv Xbm-dmmw
Hcp {]tXyI Bhiyn\mbn
tiJcnp hncnp hnhcfpsS
Iqamb Ummt_kns sNdnb cq]
]cn-N-b-s-p-h-tm? Hcp Umm-t_-kn
\np- hnh-c- ]e Bh-iy-v
{]tbm-P-\-s-Sp-p coXnbpw a\n
emnbtm? kvs{]Uvjov D]tbmKnv
Ummt_kv XbmdmpXn\v Nne
]cnanXnI Dv. \mw apv Xbmdmnb
Ummt_kn cv IpnIv Htc
AUvanj \ sXmbn \Inbm
FmWv kw`hnpI? Cu hneI tkhv
sNpXmbn
ImWmw.
ImcWw
Acn Hcp ]cntim[\ \Sm\p
\ntZiw ChnsS DsSpnbnn. Hcp
henb Ummt_knse hnhc

kpcnXambn ssIImcyw sNtn
hcptm Cs\ ]eXcnep
]cntim[\I Bhiyambn hcpw.
DZmlcWambn Htc hneI Bhn
mXncn,
A
am{Xw
DsSpt skp-I-fn Ac
Hgnhm Fns\ ]eXpw.
Ccw {]iv\-IqSn ]cn-K-Wnv
kpcnXambn Hcp Ummt_kns\
ssIImcyw sNm klmbnp
tkm^vvshbdpIsf s]mXpsh Ummt_kv
amt\Pvsa v knw (DBMS) Fp]dbpp.
Ccnep Hcp tkm^vvshbdmWv
Hm Hmôkv Ummt_kv . Office
sa\phn\npw Hm Hmôkv
Ummt_kv (Open Office Database)
Xpdpt\mq. FsmamWv tkm^vv
shb BhiysSpXv? Hmtcm PmeIhpw
]cntim[nv Bhiyamb hnhc \In
]pXnb Ummt_kv \nanq. \n
\nan Ummt_kv Xpdp XcpXn
\papv
AXp
tkhv
sNm
BhiysSpnt, Fmbncnpw
ImcWw? NsNq.
Hm Hmôkv Ummt_kns
PmeIw (Nn{Xw 2.7) \nconq. CXn
Fsmw XbmdmpXn\p kuIcy
fmWv DXv? Isn ]nIsSpq.
Tables
: ]nI XbmdmpXn\v
Quaries : Nne {]tXyI hnhc
sXcbpXn\v
Forms : .......................................................................
Reports : .......................................................................
]nI Xbmdmmw
Hm Hmôkv Ummt_kn ]nI
Xbmdmm aqv amKfmWpXv .
Chbn Hmas amKw (Create Table
in Design View) sXcsSpq. ]nIbn
DsSpt hnhcfpsS iojI
fpw Ah GXpXcns hnhcfm
bncnWsapw \apv Xocpam\nmw.
DZmlcWambn AUvanj \ FXv
kwJym]camb hnhcamWv (Numeric), t]cv
FXv Ac]camb hnhcamWv (Text).
IpnIfpsS AUvanj \, t]cv,
mkv, kvIqfn tN XobXn,
Nn{Xw 2.7
23
cmImhns
t]cv
Fnh
DsSp Hcp ]nI Hm Hmôkv
Ummt_kn Xbmdmmw. CXn\mbn
]nIbn DsSpt iojIfpw
AhbpsS hn`mKfpw \In ]nI
NnsSppIbmWv thXv. Hmtcm skv
hnhcsfbpw
aphbn\nv
XncndnbpXn\v Hcp Zs ss{]adn
Io Bbn \nhNntXpv. CXv
Bhnm ]mSnmXpw (Unique) Hgnhm-m ]mSn-m-Xpw (Not Null) Bb
ZamWv . \nfpsS ]nIbn GXv
ZamWv
ss{]adn
Io
Bbn
\nhNntXv? B Zs kqNn-np iojIns CSXp`mKv ssdv
npsNbvXv ss{]adn Io F hn`mKw
sXcsSppI. (Nn{Xw 2.8). XpSv Hcp
t]cp\In ]nI tkhv sNm
adcptX.
]nIbntev hnhc tNm t^mw

\n Xbmdmnb ]nIbntev
hnhc tNm t^mw (Form) F
ktXw D]tbmKnmw. Hm Hmôkv
Ummt_kv PmeIn Form F
_ npsNbvXv heXphip\npw
cmas amKw (Use Wizard to create
form) sXcsSpv aptmpt]mIq.
\n
Xbmdmnb
]nIbpw
Ahbn\nv t^man DsSpt
hnhcfpw sXcsSpm Ignbpw.
Arrangement of the main form FXn\nv Hcp teHuv sXc- s - S pv
aptm- p- t ]m- I q. t^man\v Bhiyamb
\ndhpw teHupw sXcsSpv t^mw
tkhv sNpI (Nn{Xw 2.9).
Cu t^mw D]tbmKnv Z
]nIsSpn
t\mq.
\n
Xbmdmnb t^manse Hmtcm ôUnepw
Nn{Xw 2.8
24
Nn{Xw 2.9
hnhc tNtijw Sm_v Io

D]tbmKnv ASp ôUntev
t]mImhpXmWv.
Hcp
Ipnsb
kw_np hnhcw tNtijw
Sm_v Asn F Io Aap
tXmsS Cu hnhc \n apv
Xbmdmnb ]nIbn tiJcnnp
mIpw. Ccn hnhc tcJsSp
nbtijw ]nI Xpdpt\mq. Cs\
Xbmdmnb ]nI \mw apv ]cnioen
sabnsaPv t]mep ktX
D]tbmKnv amhiypw {]tbmP\
sSpmw. \nfpsS ]T\{]h\
ns `mKambn Hm Hmôkv
Ummt_kv D]tbmKnv IqSpX
Ummt_kpI Xbmdmn ]cnioen
patm?
XpS {]h\
\nfpsS mknse IpnIfpsS
Xncndnbn ImUv Xbmdmp
Xn\mhiyamb Z tiJcnv
Hm
Hmôkv
Ummt_kv
D]tbmKnv Ummt_kv XbmdmpI.
sabnsaPv ktXw D]tbmKnv
Xncndnb ImUv Xbmdmn {]n v
sNpI.
Hcp hmUnse hoSp-I-fnse IpSn-sh
t{kmX-p-Isf kw_-n-p hnh-c tiJ-cnv Hm Hmôkv Umm
t_kn tS_nfpw AXn-tev hnh-c \Ip--Xn-\p t^mapw \nanv
]n-I-s-Sp-p-I.
25
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
Hcp henb NXpp\new Ime{ItaW Xqpmb Hcp IpSn]mp tI{amWv

AXncmWnmSw. ]pcmX\Imev Hcp sNdnb ]pg, AXneqsS Hcp ssa ]Snmdp
kap{Zntev HgpIntncpp. iXm_vZnSbn B ]pg hn, sNfnsIn
aqSn hensbmcp tXmSmbn Xop. B `mKn\v ]pghv FmWv Ctmgpw ]dp
hcpXv . B tXmSpw {ItaW Xqv Xqv AhnSsamw NXpp\nefmbn
op. B NXpp\nefpw Xqp XpSnbtm B ]mS--fn a\pjy
{]thinp. {]bXv \ ns ]mSpI sXfnp. AhnsS Icnn tXm
fpw, Fv, Xphc XpSnb [m\y hnfbp Iffpw, thensInb hfpIfpw
Dmbnhp...
Hcp tZins IY
Fkv. sI s]mmSv
AXncmWnmSw IpSn]mptI{ambn
amdnbtm `q{]IrXnbnepmb am
F{X at\mlcambmWv Fkv.sI.
s]mmSv BhnjvcnncnpXv!
\n Xmaknp {]tZipw am
hpsImncnpnt? \nfpsS
{]tZiv C- c - n hn- p
`qanimkv{X]chpw a\pjy\nanXhpamb
am- - s fmw
`q]S
cq]n
tcJsSpm km[nptam? GXp-Xcw
`q]-S-n-emWv tcJ-s-Sp-pI? CXv Xocpam- \ n- p- - X n- \ mbn \apv hnhn- [ - X cw
`q]-S--sf ]cn-N-b-s-Smw.
26
km[m-cW `q]Sw
\np kp]cnNnXamb GsX-n- epsamcp km[m- c W `q]Sw (wall map)
\nconv AXn Fsmw ImcyfmWv
DsSpnbnpsXv Isq
(Nn{Xw 3.1).
tdmUpI
sdbnth
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
Nn{Xw 3.1
]m-bv tdmUv
D]-{Kl `q]Sw
www.wikimapia.org F sh_vsskv
kinv \nfpsS {]tZiw Isn

\nconq. Hcp km[mcW `q]Ss
At]nv Fsmw hnhcfmWv
IqSpXembn CXn DsSpnbnpXv
Fp Isq.
hoSv
Ipfw
...............................................................................
hnnamnbbn
e,
tdmUpI, m]\, Bcm[\meb
apXembhbpsS t]cpI ASbmf
sSpm km[n- pw. \n- f psS
kvIqfns m\w `q]Sn Is-pI.
Nn{Xw 3.2 D{]-{Kl hoWw
27
Nn{Xw 3.3 `q]S hoWw
kvIqfns t]cv F-s\-bmWv hnn amnb-bn AS-bm-f-s-Sp-pI?
hnn-am-n-b-bn Fs kvIqfpw
hnn-am-nb Xpdv Search sNbvtXm,
aukv kvt{Im hgntbm \n- f psS
kvIqfns m\w Is-mw. Satellite
view, map view Fo cp-co-Xn-bn `q]Sw
\nco-n-m CXn kuIcyw Hcp-n-bnp-v. kvIqfns m\w Is-n--gnm]ns `q]-S
- n-\I
- v apI-`mKv
e`y-am-Ip SqfpI-fn Edit Map se Add
place FSpp-I.
Nn{Xw 3.5
28
Nn{Xw 3.4
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
aukv np-IsImv t]mbnp-I

krjvSnv \n-fpsS kvIqfncnp ew
AS-bm-f-s-Sp-mw. CXp-t]mse \n-fpsS
hoSv nXn-sN-p ehpw `q]Sn
AS-bm-f-s-Sp-q.
GIS se hnhn[ hnhc ]mfn-I
AXnn ]m-b-p-I
]m-b-nse BkvXn-I
tmns AXnn
Save _Wn npsNptm
I\m-ep-I
Xpdphcp PmeIn es
Ipdnp hnhcIqSn DsSpn
tkhv sNq.
IS AXnn
sNv Umw sIt e-
IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]Sw
ag-p-gn-I Ipgn-t e-
C\n keralaresourcemaps.in F
sh_vsskv kinv ]memSv Pnbnse
aepg tmnse AItd
{Kma]mbns sh_v IyqPnkv (web
QGIS) `q]Sw t\mp. B ]mbns
`qhnhc hyhsbpdnv `q]Sn
DsSpnb hnhcsfmwXs taJe
Xncnv CSXphiv \InbncnpXv
t\mpI. Fsmw taJeIfpambn
_s hnhcfmWv IyqPnkv `q]-Sn \InbncnpXv?
........................................................................
........................................................................
........................................................................
Hcp
taJebnse
hnhcsf
`q]Sn {]ZinnpXn\v B
taJebpsS CSXp hip sNvt_m
XpSn [mcmfw ]mfnI QGIS amn

ImWmw.
Ivkn aukv np-sN-bvXm aXnbmIpw.
Hmtcm taJesbpdnpap Fsmw
hntijW (Attributes) `q]Sn
DsSpnbnpsv B taJe
{]h\aamnbpw `q]Sn
npsNbvXpw IspI.
Ctm \mw aqpXcw `q]S ]cn-
Nn{Xw 3.6
29
IyqPnkv (QGIS)
\n-fpsS {]tZ-i-ns khn-ti-j-X-I Hmtcmpw Dsm-p Hcp km[m-cW
`q]Sw Xbm-dm-n-sb-n-cn--s. Cu `q]Sn Ds-Sp-nb hnh-c- GsXnepw Bh-iy-n-\mbn hni-I-e\w sNbvXp-]-tbm-Kn-pI {ia-I-c-amb Hcp {]hrn
Xs-bm-bn-cn-pw. Fm m\ob hnh-c-fpw Ah-bpsS khn-ti-j-X-Ifpw C\wXn-cnv Hmtcm hn-`m-K-sbpw {]tXyIw {]tXyIw ]mfn-I-fn tcJ-s-Sp-n-bmWv
`q]Sw \nan-p--sXv Icp-Xp-I. Cu hnh-c-]m-fn-Isf Bhiyw hcp-tm ths]Spnbpw Bh-iym-\p-k-cWw Iqn-tpw hni-I-e\w sNm\p kuIcyhpw e`yam-Wv. Fn Acw `q]-S--fn\npw hnh-c- hos-Sp-epw hni-I-e\w
sN-ep-sams Ffp-hpw kqva-X-bp--Xp-am-bn-cn-pw. Cs\ \apv kuI-cy-{]Z-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-m-hp Xc-n hnhn[ ]mfn-I-fn-embn hnh-c- {Iao-I-cn-np `q]-S
- \nan-p-X
- n\v klm-bn-p Hcp {][m\ tkm^vvshb-dmWv Izmw
Pn.-sF.-Fkv.
tim-[n-tm? Ch-bn {]Ir-Xn-Z
- hpw a\pjy-\nan-X-hp-amb ùtam-]-cn-Xe khn-tij-XI
- fpw Ah-bp-ambn _-s ]c-am-h[n
hnh- c - fpw Ds- S p- n- b n- c n- p- Xv
IyqPnkv (QGIS) `q]S- f n- e m- s Wv
t_m[y- a mbtm? IyqPnkv `q]Sn
Ds-Sp-p hnh-c--sf-mw-Xs {]mtZin- I m- k q- { X- W - n\pw ap hni- I - e - \ pw D]- t bm- K n- m km[n- pw.
]mw-Xcw kmaq-ly-imkv{XwII se cmw

A[ym-b-n Ccw `q]S-fpsS D]tbm-Ks
- -p-dnv ]d-bp Imcy- {inp-at- m. IyqPnkv `q]-S
- s
- f-p-dnpw AhbpsS Nne D]-tbm-K-sf-p-dnpw C\n a\n-em-mw.
Nn{Xw 3.7 Bbn \In- b n- c n- p
hmUv `q]Sw {in-q. AXn kqNn-np {][m\ tdmUv (Main Road) Itm?
Nn{Xw 3.7
30
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
tdmUns hoXn 10 ao Iqm Xocp-am-\np-p-shp Icp-Xp-I. Xocp-am\w \S-m-nbm GsXmw sIn-S-sf AXv _m[np- s av Is- m km[n- ptam?
IyqPnkv `q]Sam- s W- n Xo- b mbpw
CXn- \ p
kuIcyw
{]kvXpX
tkm^v v s hb- d n e`y- a m- W v . _^- d nwKv
(Buffering) F kt- X - a mWv Cu
tkm^vvshb-dn CXn\v {]tbm-P-\-s-Spp- - X v. _^- d nwKv F- s \- s bv
t\mmw.
\nco-nv `q]-S-n-ep GsXmw ]mfnI Zriy- a m- I p- pv Fv Is- q.

seb t_mIvknse ]mfn-Isf CS-Xp-h-ip sNIv t _m- I v k n np- s Nbv X v
{]h-\--a-amn t\mq.
`q]-S
- n-ep {][m\ tdmUns hoXn
10 ao Iqp-tm GsXmw sIn-S-sf
_m[n-p-sav Xmsg--d-bp coXn-bn
Is-mw.
BZyw Road F ]mfn skeIvSv
sNp-I.
_^-dn-wKv
Cu {]h-\-n-\mbn \nv
Nn{Xw 3.7 kqNn-n-n-p IyqPnkv `q]S-ns UnPn- cq]w (QGIS Project) e`yam-mw. CXns\ Izmw Pn.-sF.-F-kv. F
`qhn-hc hyhm tkm^vvshb-dn Xpd-Ww. IyqPnkv (Quantum GIS) Xpdv File
sa\p-hnse Hm t{]mPIvSphgn \n-fpsS
Iyq--dnse QGIS Project Xpd-m-\m-Ipw.
CS- X p- h - i - p seb t_mIvkv
select single feature button
D]-
tbm-Knv `q]Snse {][m\ tdmUv

skeIvSv sNp-I.
Vector Geo processing Tools
Buffer(s) F {Ia- n npsN-p-I.
Input vector Layer Bbn Roads sXcs-Sp-p-I.
Nn{Xw 3.8
31
Pnsbm d^dknwKv
Hcp {]tZins `q]Sw kvIm sNbvXv QGIS DsSpptXmsS AXv Pnsbm
d^dkp sNWw. CXn\mbn B {]tZip IrXyambn Xncndnbm Ignbp
e ASbmf (Landmark) Isn AhbpsS Amwihpw tcJmwihpw
tm_ s]mknj\nv knw (GPS) F ktXap]tbmKnv Ispp. Cu
ASbmfsf B[mcamn `q]Ss kvsIbnev sNpp. CXns\bmWv Pnsbm
d^dknwKv Fp]dbpXv. Pnsbm d^dknwKv sNbvXp Ignm `q]Snse
Hmtcm _nphnsbpw m\w Adnbm\pw km[npw.
Buffer distance Main Road \v A[nI-ambn \Ip hoXn 10 ao-dmbn
\Ip-I.
Bhiysan `q]Sw Zoom in sNmw.

BcpsSsbms hoSpIfmhpw \sSpI
Fp Ism\mbn house ]mfnbn
output Shapefile FnSs browse

_ np-sNbvXv ]mfnv A\p-tbmPy-amb ^b\maw (buffer_roads)
\In tkhp-sN-p-I. ]pXnb ]mfn
tNp--Xn\pw A\p-hmZw \Ip-I.
np sNpI. Identify Features
seb t_mIvkn Road Layer s\

{UmKp-sNbvXv buffer_roads ]mfnp
apI-fn-te-pw, House Layer s\ Road
Layer \v apI-fn-tepw {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
C\n `q]Sw \nconv tdmUv hoXn
Iqptm _m[np sInS
GsXms Fp Ism\mIpw?
Sqfn npsNbvXtijw _^ sebdn

ep Hmtcm hoSpItfbpw kqNnnp
t]mbnpIfn hopw np sNpI.
hoSpIsfpdnv Fsmw hnhcfmWv
`q]S \namW kabv DsSpn
bncnpXv Fpt\mq.
]pXnb ]mfn tNmw

`q]Sn hoSpIsfmw Hcp
]mfnbnemWv ASbmfsSpnbncnp
sXv {intm? hoSpItfmSp tNv
km[mcWbmbn InWdpI Dmhpw.
Nn{Xw 3.9
32
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
Nn{Xw 3.10
]mfn (Layer)
C\w (Layer Type)
hntijW (Attributes)
AXncpI
_lp-`pPw (Polygon)
]mbns/hmUns t]cv,
P\kwJy, hoSpIfpsS Fw apXembh
Ipf
_lp-`pPw (Polygon)
apXembh
DSaX, Pe-e-`y-X,- D-]-tbm-Kw
]pcbnS
_lp-`pPw (Polygon)
ksh \, `qan D]tbmKw, an\w,

DSaX apXembh
\ZnI
hc (Line)
t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh
\om
hc (Line)
t]cv, hoXn, Pe e`yX apXembh
hgn
hc (Line)
t]cv. Xcw ({][m\ ]mX Asn

]mbv hgn), hoXn, D]cnXew,
apXembh
hoSv
_np (Point)
hop\, hopt]cv, IpSpw_mwKfpsS

Fw, taqc (RCC or tiled or thatch)
InW
_np (Point)
DSaX, Pee`yX, D]tbmKw,

Ah, Bgw, Pe ]cnipn apXembh
s]mXp sInSw
_np (Point)
t]cv, C\w, sInS \ apXembh

]nI 3.1
33
ChnsS InWdpI tcJsSpnbnn.

Ah Fs\ DsSppw?
QGIS sa\phn\nv Layer New
New Shapefile Layer {Ian np
sNpI.
{]XyamIp UbtemKv t_mIvkn
Layer Type GsXv
(Xmsg
Xncnp
]nI
t\mn)
tcJsSppI.
New Attribute \pXm- s g- b p Name
t_mIvkn InW-dn\v A\p-tbm-Py-amb
hnti-j-W- (Attributes) \Ip-I.
hntijWfmbn
Fsmw
Imcy \Im km[npw? ]nIbn
\nv Isq. hntijWfpsS
Xmsgbp type box
- IqSpX A\p-_
hntijWfpw tcJsSpmw. Ac
D]tbmKnptm text data Ftm
Av Whole number Asn
Decimal number Ftm \Imw. Hmtcm
hntijWw \Iptmgpw Xmsg Add to
attributes list F Sm_n np
sNphm adcpXv . th hnhc
sfmw tcJsSpnb tijw OK _
Aan well F ^b\maw \In
tkhv sNpI. Atm well F t]cn

Hcp ]mfn CSv seb t_mIv k n
{]XyamIpw. ]mfnbn ssdv np
sNbvXv properties Xpdv t\mq. Cu
]mfnv C\nbpw Fsms am
hcpm Ignbpsav Isq
(Nn{Xw 3.11).
Cs\ Xbmdmnb ]mfnbnemWv
\apv InWdpI tcJsSptXv .
Xmsg- - d - b p coXn- b n InW- d p- I
Hmtcm-mbn tcJ-s-Sp-ntmfq.
seb t_mIvkn\npw well ]mfn
Xnc-s-Sp-p-I.
Sq_m-dnse toggle editing
Wn np-sN-p-I.
Atm am{Xw kPo-h-am-Ip kao]-p capture point
Aap-I.
hoSn- \ - S pv InW ASbmfsSp
t m\v np sNpI.
Xpd-p-h-cp Attributes PmeIn
( Nn{Xw 3.12 ) Bhiyamb hnhc
\evIn OK np sNpI.
Nn{Xw 3.11
34
_-
Fs hn`h `q]Sw
Nn{Xw 3.12
CtX coXn Ah- e w- _ n- p- X s

Bh-iy-amb ]mfnI \nanv ]pcbnSw,
Ipfw, \ZnI XpSnbhsbmw C\n
\np Xs `q]Sn Dsmn
matm?
hntijW (Attributes)
GIS `q]Sn Dtp Hmtcm
hn`mKw hnhcfpsSbpw _s ap
hntijW IqSn Dsmp
Xn\p kuIcy e`yamWv.
DZmlcWn\v `q]Sn Dsm
p IrjnbnSfpsS hntijW
fmbn kth \, hnkvXoWw,
ans kz`mhw, Pee`yX, Irjnbn\
XpSn _s Fm
hnhcfpw tNpXn\p km[npw.
am{Xa, `q]Sn tNp
hnhcsf View sa\phnse Identify Features npsNbvXv XncsSpm\mIpw.
\ \Inb apgph hnhcfpw
]nIbmbns Layer sa\phnse
Open Attribute Table hgnbpw e`npw.
GIS `qhn-hc hyh D]-tbm-Kn-p--hn[w
s\Irjn hnI- k n- n- p- - X n- \ mbn

Xcnip `qan D]-tbm-K-s-Sp-p Imcyw
Xocp- a m- \ n- - W - s a- n- c n- - s . `qhn- h c
hyhm `q]Snse Irjn-tbm-Ky-amb
Xcn-ip-\new ImWn-p ]mfnp apIfn av, tImq tcJ-I, Pe-t{kmX-p-I Fnh ImWn-p ]mfn-I
hncnp (Overlay) t\mp-p.
CXp-t]m-se-Xs tdmUv `q]S]mfnp
apI-fn ]mS-ti-J-c- `q]Sw hncn-n-m
]pXnb tdmUv \nan-p-tm Fhn-sSsbmw ]mS-ti-J-c- \nI-p-t]m-Ipsav Is-m-\m-Ipw. Cs\ {]mtZin-Im-kq-{X-W-ns Hmtcm kp{]-[m\
L-f
- nepw GIS `q]SfpsS D]-tbmKw
Cv AXym-h-iy-ambn hn-cn-bmWv.
`q]Sw IqSpX BIjIammw.

\ Xbmdmp `q]Sn
Xesv, tXmXv, Znv (North line) ,
kqNI (Legend) XpSnbh Fs\
35
Nn{Xw 3.13
bmWv DsSppI? CXn\mbn file

New print Composer FSpptm
ZriyamIp Iwt]mk PmeIn\nv
add new map Sq np sNbvX tijw
Xmsg Iymhmkn Ncn Zni- b n
click & drag sNpI. `q]Sw {]XyamIpw.
\nfpsS Bhiya\pkcnv henw
{IaoIcnm\p SqfpI {]tbmP\
sSpmw (Nn{Xw 3.13). heXp hip
properties box general, item Fnh
D]tbmKnv `q]Sn\v assmw amw
hcpm\mIpsav \n Isp
atm?
sNbv X v Iymhmkn Aaptm

heXp hip ZriyamIp Picture option
\npw A\ptbmPyamb North line
ASbmfw DsSpmw. CXpt]mse
Iwt]mk PmeInse ap Sq
GsXmw Fv ]cnNbsSpatm.
File Export as Image Xpdv
A\ptbmPyamb t^mamn \mw \nan

`q]Sw Save sNbvXv kqnmw.
XpS {]-h-\-
{Kma ]mbns `q]Sn

\nfpsS hoSpw kao] efpw
Dsmp QGIS `q]Sw Xbm
XesIv \Im Iwt]mk
dmpI.
PmeInse add new label Sq _
skeIv S v sNbv X v Iymhmkn np Izmw Pn.sF.Fkn Xbmdmnb
sNpI. quantum GIS F te_temSp
kvIq hmUns `q]Sn kvIqfn\v
IqSnb Hcp sSIvkv t_mIvkv ZriyamIpp.
50 ao Npfhn F{X InWdpI
heXp hip label box amw hcpn
Dsv Bhrn hniIe\neqsS
A\ptbmPyamb t]cp\In sSIv k v
IspI.
t_mIvkn amns Xesv Zriyamm
CUybpsS `q{]IrXn hn`mK
Ignbpw.
hyXykvX \ndfn \nanpI.
legend DsSpm add new vect
CUy kmnI `qanimkv{Xw F
_ skeIvSv sNbvXv
legend
A[ymbnse Cy tKmXv Irjn
Iymhmkn np sNbv X m am{Xw
sNp {]tZi (t]Pv 87) Pn.
aXnbmIpw.
sF. Fkv. tkm^vvshb D]tbmKnv
C\n Sq _mdnse add image skeIvSv
\nanpI.

36
Iyq `mj
Iyq- `mj
ss] F Iyq`mjbpsS
klmbtmsS PymanXob cq]
\nanp hn[w \mw A`yknnptm?
AXpt]mseXs IuvUu tmv
\nanpXn\pw efnXamb KWnX
{InbI sNpXn\pw \mw ap
\ntZiw
mkpIfn ss]`mj D]tbmKnp

Ignp.
Fv, H]Xv mkpIfn ]cnNbs
Nne ss] \ntZifpw AhbpsS
D]tbmKhpw Xmsg ]nIIfn \Inbn
cnpp.
DZmlcWw
D]tbmKw
import
from turtle import*
raw_input
a=raw_input(Enter your Name:)aF Ncntev Hcp t]cv
if
if(n>10)
print Greater than TEN
else
print Less than TEN
range
i=range(5)
Fm turtle {Km^nIvkv
samUyqfpIfpw t{]m{Km-an
DsSp-p--Xn\v
Iot_mUv hgn C]pmbn
kzoIcnpXn\v
nF Ncnse kwJy ]n
IqSpXemsWn G r e a t e r
than TEN Fpw kwJy ]n
IpdhmsWn Less than TEN
Fpw {]np sNpXn\v
iF Ncn 0,1,2,3,4
Fo kwJyI tiJcnp
Xn\v
for
import
write()
for i in range(11):
print i
import time
write(s)
i F
Ncn tiJcn
kwJyI {]n v sNpXn\v
t i m e samUyq t{]m{Kman
DsSppXn\v
turtle {Km^nIvkv Pme-I-n
s F Nc-nse hne {]n v
sNp--Xn\v
]nI 4.1 : \mw CXphsc ]cnNbs Nne ss] \ntZi
37
{]h\w : Nne ss] \ntZ-i-fpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbm-Khpw ]nI 4.2 \Inbn-cn-p-p. Bhiyambh Iqntv ]nI ]qnbmpI.
ss] \ntZiw
D]tbmKw
a=range(1,10)
1 apX 10 hscbp kwJyI a F Ncn

tiJcnpXn\v
i=i+1
Ncn (i) tiJcnncnp kwJytbmSv 1

Iqm
for
\ntZi Hcp \nnX XhW Bhnv

{]hnpXn\p ss] \ntZiw
a=range(2,21,2)
a=range(3,31,3)
for i in ranges(5,51,5)
print i
clear()
circle(100)
a=range(10,1,-2)
write(s, font=(Arial,30))
turtle {Km^nIvkv Pme-I-n s F Ncnse hne hyXykvX coXn-Ifn {]n v sNp-Xn\v

]n-I. 4.2
ss] `mjbnse IqSpX Nne

hkvXpXI C\n \apv ]cn-N-b-s-Smw.
for \p]Icw while
Hcp t{]m{Kman Dsnp
GsXnepw \ntZi Hcp \nnX
XhW Bhnp {]hnWsan
for \ntZiamWv D]tbmKntsXv
\mw a\nemnbnpv. ss]
DssSbp Iyq `mjIfn for

\ntZistmseXs while F
\ntZihpw CXn\mbn D]tbmKnmdpv.
Htc t{]m{Kmw for, while Fnh D]tbmKnv
\nanncnpXv Xmsg \Ipp. cp
t{]m{KmapIfpw {]hnnp t\mq.
Programming sa\phn\nv IDLE Xpdp
t{]m{Kmw ssSp-sNbvXv {]hnnm
aXn.
t{]m{Kmw 1
from turtle import*
clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
circle(50)
t{]m{Kmw 2
from turtle import*
clear()
i=0
while(i<8):
rt(45)
circle(50)
i=i+1
]nI 4.3
38
Iyq `mj
t{]m{KmapI {]hnntijw
Xmsgdbph IspI.
GXv Bh\ \ntZitm

sSmamWv
range
^Mvj
D]tbmKnncnpXv?
cmas t{]m{Kman i=i+1 F
\ntZiw \Inbnnsn Fp
kw`hnpambncpp?
t{]m{Kmw 2 i=0 F \ntZiw

Fn-\mWv \In-bn-cn-p-Xv?
^Mvj\pI ss]Wn
Imv, ssd XpSnb tkm^vvsh
bdpIfn
D]tbmKnp
SUM,
AVERAGE, COUNT XpSnb ^Mvj\pI
\mw ]cnNbsnptm? CXpt]mse
KWnX{InbI FfpampXpw hopw
hopw D]tbmKnm IgnbpXpamb
for \ntZin\Is for \ntZiw
Hcp for \ntZin\Iv Hcp \nnX XhW Bhnp {]hnt

\ntZi {IaoIcnm \mw Ign mkpIfn ]cnioennpv.
AXpt]mseXs for \ntZin\Iv hopw for \ntZi \Im\mIpw.
HXmwmkn Iyq Ifsagpv F ]mT`mKv ]cnNbs {]h\w
cpcoXnIfn Xmsg\Ipp. t{]m{KmapIfnse ASbmfsSpnb `mK
XmcXayw sNbvXv Hcp for \ntZin\Iv asmcp for \ntZiw DsSpphn[w
Xncndnbm\mIpw. coXn 2 \nconpI. CXn for i in range(8):
F for
\ntZin\Iv hopw for j in range(30,91,10):
F for \ntZiw
\InbncnpXp ImWmw.
coXn 1
coXn 2
from turtle import*
clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
for j in range(30,91,10):
circle(j)
from turtle import*

clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
circle(30)
circle(40)
circle(50)
circle(60)
circle(70)
circle(80)
circle(90)
]nI 4.4
coXn 2 se Hmtcm \ntZifpw F{X XhW {]hnppsv Xmsg ]nIbn

\Inbncnpp.
\ntZiw
F{X XhW {]hnpp?
from turtle import*

clear()
for i in range(8):
rt(45)
for j in range(30,91,10):
circle(j)
1
1
8
56
]nI 4.5
39
^Mvj\pI ss] `mjbnepw

\nanm Ignbpw. Cs\ \nan-p
^Mvj\pI ap t{]m{KmapIfn
{]hnnm\pw Ignbpw.
cp
kwJyIfpsS
ImWpXn\p ^Mvj
\Inbncnpp (t{]m{Kmw 3).
XpI
NphsS
t{]m{Kmw 3
def sum(a,b):
c=a+b
]pXnb t{]m{Kman ss] ^Mv j

DsSpp hn[w
apIfn \Inb XpI ImWp
Xn\p ^Mvj (t{]m{Kmw 3)
ssSpsNbvXv myfunction.py Ft]cn
kzw t]cn- e p t^mU- d n tkhv
sNpI. AXn\ptijw Xmsg \Inbn
cnp t{]m{Kmw (t{]m{Kmw 4) CtX
t^mUdn Xbmdmn {]hnnp
t\mpI. Cu t{]m{Kmanse Hmtcm
\ntZihpw
ss]
sjn
{]hnnmepw aXn.
return c
t{]m{Kmw 4
Cu
t{]m{Kmanse
Hmtcm
hcnIfpsSbpw D]tbmKw Xmsg ]nIbn
\Inbncnpp.
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(3,4)
D]tbmKw
\ntZiw
def sum(a,b): cv NcfpsS hneI
kzoIcnm Ignbp
sum F t]cnep
^Mvj \nanp
Xn\p \ntZiw
c=a+b
e`yamb cv hneI
Xn Iqn c F
Ncn tiJcnp
Xn\v
return c
Cu ^Mvj {]tbmP\
sSpp t{]m{Kman\v
cv hneI Xn
Iqnbm
Inp
hneI Xncnp \I
]n-I. 4.6
print myfunction.sum(a,b)
{]h\w
t{]m{Kmw 4s Huv]pv \nconv
]nI.4.7 ]qnbmpI. AXn\ptijw
cp
kwJyIfpsS
KpW\êw
ImWpXn\p ^Mvj myfunction.py
F t{]m{Kmant\mSv IqntpI.
kv{SnpI
kv{Snv Fm Accq]nep
UmbmWv. D-c-Wn-bn \Ip kwJyIfpw kv{Snp-I-fm-Wv. apIfn \Inb
t{]m{Kman (t{]m{Kmw 4) print
D]tbmKw
\ntZiw
import myfunction
print myfunction.sum(a,b)
]n-I. 4.7
40
Iyq `mj
myfunction.sum(Good,morning)
F
\ntZiw
IqSn
tNv
{]hnnm Huv ] pmbn G o o d
m o r n i n g FpIqSn {]np sNpw.
^Mvj\ntev C]pmbn \Ip Um,
kwJyIfsv ss] XncndnXp
sImmWv CXv kw`hnXv. ss]Wn
+ Nnw cp kwJyIsf IqpXn\p
am{Xa cp kv{SnpI Iqntp
Xn\pw D]tbmKnpp.
{]h\w : kv{Snv ]ncanUv

kv{Snv ]ncanUv \nanpXn\p
{]h\w NphsS (t{]m{Kmw 5)
\Inbncnpp. ssSpsNbvXv {]hn
npI.
t{]m{Kmw 5
s=raw_input(Enter Your Name:)
n=len(s)
for i in range(n+1):
print s[:i]
ss] samUyqfpI
{Km^nIv t{]m{KmapIfn from turtle import* F \ntZiw XpSn
DsSpnbncpXv Hmpatm. AXpt]mseXs kabhpambn _s
\ntZi DsSp t{]m{KmapIfn import time F \ntZihpw XpSn
\ImdpmbncpXpw {inncnpw. Time, turtle XpSnb ss] samUyqfpI
t{]m{Kman DsSpm\mWv Ccw \ntZi t{]m{Kman tNpXv.
DZmlcWambn time F samUyq import time F \ntZiw D]tbmKnv Hcp
t{]m{Kman DsSpptm kabhpambn _sv Cu samUyqfn Dsnp
Fm ^Mvj\pIfpw ]pXnb t{]m{Kman e`yamIpw. \mw \nanp t{]m{KmapIfpw
Ccn import F \ntZins klmbtmsS ]pXnb asmcp t{]m{Kman
DsSpmw.
ss] t{]m{Kmw \psS kn-n Cm sNp-tm t\cs Xbm-dmn-h \nc-h[n samUyq-fp-I AtXm-sSmw e`y-am-Ipw. C-c-n-ep samUyq-fpI GXp t{]m{Km-an-tepw kuI-cy-{]-Za
- mbn import sNmw. Fm \mw \nanp
Hcp ss] ^b asmcp ss] ^ben import sNWsan cp
^bepIfpw Htc t^mUdnembncnWw.
kv{Snn\Is KWnXw
kv{SnpI Hcp {]tXyI coXnbnemWv tiJcnsSpXv. Nne kv{Snv \ntZi
fpw AhbpsS D]tbmKhpw Xmsg \InbncnpXv {inpI.
\ntZiw
D]tbmKw
a=Good
a F Ncn Good F kv{Snv tiJcnpXn\v
print a
a bnse DSw {]n v sNpXn\v
print a[0]
a bn tiJcn kv{Snnse BZys Acw {]n v sNpXn\v
print a*3
print a[:2]
print a[2:]
print a[-1]
print a.upper()
print a.lower()
]nI 4.8
41
CtX t{]m{Kmw while D]tbmKnv

XbmdmnbXv Xmsg (t{]m{Kmw 6)
\Inbncnpp. t{]m{Kmw {]hnnv
sXpsn XncppI.
t{]m{Kmw 6
s=raw_input(Enter Your Name:)
n=len(s)
i=1
while(i<n):
print s[:i]
i=i+1
ss] tImUv P\-td-

ss] t{]m{KmapI WYSIWYG
(What You See Is What You Get)
amXrIbn \nanm klmbnp Hcp

tkm^vvshbdmWv wxglade. Cu tkm^vv
shb Programming sa\phnemWv
DsSpnbnpXv . tkm^v v s hb
Xpdptm Sqt_mIv t kmSpIqSnb
{][m\ PmeItmsSmw (Nn{Xw 4.1)
Properties PmeIhpw (Nn{Xw 4.2)
wxglade:Tree PmeIhpw (Nn{Xw 4.3) Hcpanv
Xpdphcpw.
Nn{Xw 4.2
Nn{Xw 4.3
Nn{Xw 4.1
wxglade D]tbmKnp ss] tkm^vvshbdns
t]m{Kmw \namWw
bmWv Cu
\nanXv.
klmbtmsS
ss] t{]m{Kmw
Hcp
ss]
t{]m{Kmw
Nn{Xw 4.4 se PmeIw \nanp
{]hnntm e`n PmeIamWv
(Nn{Xw 4.4) \InbncnpXv. wxglade Xn\v wxglade D]-tbm-Kn-p s{^bnw
42
Iyq `mj
hnjz t{]m{Km-ap-I
hnjz t{]m{Km-ap-I D]-tbm-Kn-p-tm t{]m{KmanMv FfpamIpp. CXv Iyq
t{]m{KmapI XbmdmpXn\p WYSIWYG amXrIIfmWv. km[mcW t{]m{KmanMv
`mjIfn Hcp NXpcw hcbvpXn\v _s tImUpIfSnb \ntZi
ssSpsNWw. Fm hnjzssekv sNbvX t{]m{KmanMv `mjbn Hcp NXpcw
hcbvpXn\v ssddnsebpw apwt]mse {UmKv B v t{Um]v aXnbmIpw.
{][m\s Fm t{]m{KmanMv `mjIfpw hnjzssekv sNbvXnpv. C++ F Iyq
`mjbpsS hnjzssekv sNbvX cq]amWv Visual C++, en\Ivknse t{]m{KmanMv
sa\phn DsSpnbnp wxglade F tkm^vvshbdns klmbtmsS
ss], C++. Perl, XRC, Lisp Fo `mjIfnep t{]m{KmapI WYSIWYG
amXrIbn Xbmdmmw.
Nn{Xw 4.4
\namWw, te_-ep-I, _-Wp-I XpS-nbh Ds- S p- Fo Imcy-

Adn-n-cn-t--Xp-v. Ch Xmsg hnh-cnp-p.
Nn{Xw 4.5
s{^bnw \namWw wxglade
Programming sa\phn\nv wxglade
tkm^vvshb XpdpI. aqv

PmeI Xpdphcpw ({][m\
PmeIw (Nn{Xw 4.1), Properties PmeIw
(Nn{Xw 4.2), wxglade : Tree PmeIw
(Nn{Xw 4.3) Fnh).
{][m\ PmeIn\nv (Nn{Xw 4.1)

Add a Frame _ npsNpI.
{]Xy--s-Sp Pme-I-n\npw
(Nn{Xw 4.5) wxFrame Hm]vj
skeIvSv sNbvXv OK _
AapI. Atm <design>
s{^bnw PmeIw e`y-amIpw (Nn{Xw 4.6).
CtX kabv wxglade:Tree

PmeIn (Nn{Xw 4.3) DmIp
Nn{Xw 4.6
amw \nconpI (Nn{Xw 4.7). ]pXnb

s{^bnans t]cpw Sizer Dw
{]Xysnp-m-Ipw.
Nn{Xw 4.7
43
s{^bnw {IaoIcWn\v Sizer

s{^bnw PmeInse hcnIfpw \ncIfpw {IaoIcnpXn\mWv Sizer
D]tbmKnpXv. Sizer D]tbmKnv hcnbpw \ncbpw {IaoIcnp hn[w Xmsg
\Ipp.
wxglade:Tree PmeIn (Nn{Xw 4.7) \npw Sizer npsNpI. Properties
PmeIn AXn\\pkrXambn amw DmIpw (Nn{Xw 4.8). Pme-Inse Class

\p t\tcbp _Wn
npsNpI. Atm e`np Select sizer type
PmeIn (Nn{Xw 4.9) \npw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer type sXcsSppI.
Nn{Xw 4.4 teXpt]mse tdmbpw tImfhpw DsSp s{^bnamWv
\nanpsXn wxFlexGridSizer BWv sXcsSptXv.
Nn{Xw 4.8
Nn{Xw 4.9
AXn\ptijw wxglade:Tree PmeInse Sizer ssdv npsNbv X v

Bhiyn\v tdmbpw tImfhpw Iqntmw.
wxglade:Tree PmeInse Sizer
npsNpI. Properties PmeIn
\npw A\ptbmPyamb Sizer skeIvSv
sNpI. <design> Frame PmeIw
Nn{XnteXp (Nn{Xw 4.10) t]mse

{IaoIcnpI.
te_-ep-I-fpw _-Wp-Ifpw Ds-Sp-p--Xn\v

s{^bn- a n te_epw sSIvv
t_mIvkpw _Wpw Ds-Sp-p-X
- n-\p
amKw Xmsg \Ip-p.
te_ \namWw : {][m\

PmeInse (Nn{Xw 4.1) Add a static
Text _
sk- e Iv S v sNbv X v
<design> PmeInse BZys
If- n np- s N- p- I . <design>
PmeInepw wxglade:Tree PmeI
nepw te_ens t]cv sXfnp
hcpw. Properties PmeInse
Widget Sm_ns klmbtmsS
Label 1 FXv Number 1 Fmn
ampI. cm-as te_epw CtX {Ian amp-I. (Nn{Xw 4.11 ImWp-I).
Nn{Xw 4.10
44
Iyq `mj
te_ens t]cpw DShpw ammw

Add a static Text _ D]tbmKnv te_ \nanptm km[mcWbmbn
Label_1, Label_2 Fns\bp t]cpw DShpamWv sXfnphcnI. Cs\
e`np t]cpI Xmsgdbp {Ian ammhpXmWv.

wxglade:Tree PmeInse amw hcpt te_en npsNpI. Properties
PmeIn AXn\\pkrXambn amapmIpw.
Properties PmeInse Common Sm_n npsNbv X v t]cv ammhp
XmWv. DSw ampXn\p Hm]vj Widget Sm_n \npw e`npw.
Nn{Xw 4.11
sSIv v t_mIv k v tNp- - X n\v :

{][m\ Pme-I-nse Add a Text Ctrl
_
np- s N- p- I . te_
\nan amXr-Ib
- n Bh-iy-amb e-fn np-sNbvXv Nn{Xw 4.11 teXpt]mse sSIvv t_mIvkp-I DsSp-p-I.
Sm_nse Label 1 FXv Add

Fmn amp-I-bmWv BZyw sNt-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Event Sm_n
Handler F `mKv _- W n
np- s N- p- t m {]hn- t
^Mv j s t]cv tNt- - X p- v .
({]- h - \ - n sum FmWv
\In- b n- c n- p- - X v ) . Dcw sXfntb cm-as _ skeIvSv
sNbv X v Widget Sm_nse Label 2
FXv Hgn-hm-p-Ibpw thWw.
ss] tImUv \namWw

Nn{Xw 4.11 se <Design> PmeInse
{IaoIcWn\v kam\amb ss]
_-Wp-I tNp--Xn\v : {][m\

Pme-I-nse Add a Button npsNbvXv s{^bn-an _-Wp-I tN
p-I. BZys _ (Add) DsSp- n- b m Properties cp
am- IqSn hcp- t - - X p- v .
Properties Pme- I - nse Widget
Nn{Xw 4.12
Nn{Xw 4.13
45
tImUv \nanpXn\p {]h\{Iaw

Xmsg \Ipp.
wxglade:Tree PmeIn\npw
Applications npsNpI. AXn\p
tijw Properties PmeInse
Output path Hm]v j \p t\scbp
npsNbvXv
(Nn{Xw 4.13) _Wn
Bhiyamb t^mU sXcs
Spv ^b \maw \IpI. .py
F FIvj \n_--ambpw
\I-Ww.
CtX PmeInse Python F

Hm]vj skeIvSv sNbvXv Generate
Code _Wn AapI. \ntZin
s t^mUdn ss]
tImUv \nansnpmIpw. IDLE
Xpdtm Terminal D]tbmKntm Cu
t{]m{Kmw {]hnnp t\mpI.
t^mans\ {]h\aammw
apIfn \mw \nan t{]m{Kmw
{]hnnp kabv Iffn
kwJyI tNm Ignbpw. Fm Add
_Wn npsNptm XpI
e`yamIpIbn. Cu {]iv \ w ]cnlcn
pXn\p amKw Xmsg \Ipp.
sSIvv t_mIvkp-I hgn Iyq-d

- n-tev
\Ip kwJy \yqsa-dnIv Umb.
Ccw kwJy-I KWnX {Inb-Iv
D]-tbm-Kn-p-X
- n-\p-apv \yqsadnIv Umbmn amt--Xp-v. CXn-\mbn int F
^Mvj-\mWv ss]-Wn D]-tbm-Kn-p-Xv.
Nn{Xw 4.14
Nn{Xw 4.15
46
\nans ss] ^b
XpdpI. sum ^Mv j s tImUv
hcp `mKv (Nn{Xw 4.14) Nn{Xw 4.15
teXpt]mse amw hcppI.
Iyq `mj
Nn{Xw 4.16
t{]m{Kmw {]hnnp t\mpI.

Ctm Add _ {]h\
aamIpIbpw Dcw cmas
_Wn sXfnbpIbpw sNpw.
wxglade s klmbtmsS \nanpI.
IqSp-X KWnX {Inb-I t{]m{Km-an Iqntp-I.
Nn{Xw 4.16 teXpt]mse amw

hcpnbpw {]hnnpI. cpw
Xnep hyXymkw XmcXayw
sNqI.
{]h\w
Nn{Xw 4.17 s amXrIbnep PmeIw
e`y-am-Ip--Xn-\p ss] t{]m{Kmw
Nn{Xw 4.17
Nn{Xw 4.18
te_-ep-I, sSIvv t_mIvkp-I, _-Wp-I XpS-nb Hm_vP-IvSp-I Nc D]-tbm-Kn-p--Xp-t]mse ss] `mj-bn D]-tbm-Kn-mw. Nn{X-nse
t{]m{Km-an (Nn{Xw 4.18) sum F ^Mvj-\n sSIvv t_mIvkp-I-fp-sSbpw
_-Wnsbpw t]cv Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv {in-p-I. wxglade : Tree Pme-Inse H_vP-IvSp-I-fpsS t]cpX-s-bmWv t{]m{Km-an Ds-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv.
47
F\npw Hcp GUI tkm^vvshb

\n \nan tkm^v v s hb D]tbmKnv ssddpw Impw Pnpsamw
Xpdm\mbmtem! \nmhiyamb Nne t{]m{KmapI XpdpXn\p
ss] tImUv Xmsg \Inbncnpp.
from Tkinter import *
import os
def callback():
print called the callback!
quit()
def callback1():
os.system(oowriter)
def callback2():
os.system(oocalc)
root = Tk()
menu = Menu(root)
root.config(menu=menu)
filemenu = Menu(menu)
menu.add_cascade(label=File, menu=filemenu)
filemenu.add_command(label=New Writer file, command=callback1)
filemenu.add_command(label=New Calc file, command=callback2)
filemenu.add_separator()
filemenu.add_command(label=Exit, command=callback)
mainloop()
\nv ]mwmkn Bhiyap Fm tkm^v v s hbdpIfpw Xpdm

klmbnpXn\p ss] t{]m{Kmw C\n \nanpatm.
XpS {]h\
Xmsg \In-bn-cn-p t{]m{Km-ap-If
- psS
Huv]pv Is-p-I.
Program 1
a = o
for i in range (1, 11):
print i * a
PIT F hmns\ TIP Fv Xncn-sgp-Xp--Xn-\p t{]m{Kmw NphsS \Inbn-cn-p-p. Cu t{]m{Km-ans\ C]pv

coXn-bn-tev amn-sb-gp-Xp-I.
Program 2
a = o
c=
for i in range (0, 11):
print (10-i) * c,(2*i+1)*a
apI-fnse t{]m{Km-ap-I-fn amw hcpn

Nn{X-n \In-bn-cn-p ]mt-WpI \nan-p-I.
******
*****
(1) ****
***
**
*
48
(2)
(3)
1
111
11111
1111111
111111111
+ooooo
++oooo
+++ooo
++++oo
+++++o
a = TIP
n = len (a)
s =
for i in range (n):
s = s+a[n-i-1]
print s
Iyq F b{w
Iyq- F b{w
Hcp sF.kn Nnn A[nI NnehnmsX Dsmnmhp {SmkndpIfpsS Fw

Hmtcm cp hjw IqSptmgpw Ccnbvpw. Cu {]hWX 2015 hscsbnepw XpScpIbpw
sNpw.-{io. tKmU C. aq, CeIvt{SmWnIv amKkn, G{]n 1965
hnhc kmtXnIhnZybpsS AXn{ZpX

amb hfsbpdnv \m]-
- ne[nIw
hjpapv {]kn imkv{X
\mb {io. tKmU aq {]h-Nn-Xns Npcp--am-Wn-Xv.
Iyqdpw A\p_
D]IcWfpw A\mbmkw
D]tbmKnphcmWtm
\. AXpsImpXs
A\p_ D]IcWfnepw
Iyqdn\pXsbpw hp
sImncnp amsf
pdnv hnhc tiJcn
pXv ckIcambncnpatm.
mknse IpnIv hnhn[
{KqpIfmbn Xncnv Iyq
dn\pw ap]IcWpw
hpsImncnp am
Ism\p
NpaXe
GsSpmw. hnhctiJcW
n\v klmbIamb Nne
kqN\IfmWv C\n \IpXv.
aukv
Xmsg sImSpncnp Nn{Xw
{inpI. aukpw AXv LSnnp
Xn\p hnhn[ Ct^kpIfpamWv
Nn{Xw 5.1
49
Iot_mUv
Iot_mUv asmcp C]pv D]IcWamWv. aukpt]mseXs Iot_mUpIfpw
PS/2, USB, Wireless
Ct^kpIfn e`yamWv. (Iot_mUp
IfpsS PS/2 IWIvdpI km[mcWbmbn GXv \ndnepXmbncnpw?)
Iot_mUn IoI \ncnhncnp {IaamWv Iot_mUv teHuv. Cwojn
QWERTY F Iot_mUv te HumWv s]mXpsh Fmhpw kp]cnNnXw.
ssSp ssddpIpthn \nan Iot_mUv kwhn[m\amWnXv. ASpSp
IoI thKn ssSp sNptm ssSpssddpIfnse ssSnMv enhdpI
Xn IpcpntmIpXv km[mcWamWv. Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcnpXn\mbn
Cwojn Ghpw D]tbmKn-s-Sp A-c- ASpSpv hcmXncn
coXnbnemWv ChnsS IoI kwhn[m\w sNbv X ncnpXv . ]t, Iyq
Iot_mUn IoI Cs\ IpcpntmImsdmpantm. \psS
ssIhncepIfpsS {]tXyIXI A\pkcnv Ghpw thKn ssSpsNm
km[np Iot_mUv te HupI ]noSv \nansp. Dvorak, Colemak
XpSnbh AcnephbmWv. Dvorak te HumWv Nn{Xn.
Nn{Xw 5.2
12 e[nIw Cy `mjI ssSpsNpXn\mbn `mcX kmdn\p Iognep

knUmv \nan Iot_mUv te HumWv Ckv{In]vv. `mcXob `mjIfpsS
en]nbnse kmayX Ahew_npmnb Ckv{In]vv te Hun Cu `mjIfnse
A-csmw Htc Io m\fmWv.
Nn{Xn. CXn kocnb IWIvdp
aukpI Ctm D]tbmKnmtdbn.
]n.Fkv 2 IWIv S dpIfpw A{]Xy
ambnsmncnpp. ]Icw bp.Fkv._n
aukpIfpw hbsekv aukpIfpw
{]Nmcnembnhcpp.
aukns kmtXnIhnZybnepw Gsd
amhp. \nfpsS aukns
ASnhiw Hp ]cntim[npt\mq.
aukn\Snbn m]n Hcp tKmfns
Ne\w ]nXpSmWv sam- \ n-
aukpI {]hnpXv. ]noSv
Ccw aukpIp ]Icw {]Imiw
]pdsSphnv AXns {]Xnê\w
D]tbmKnv {]hnp aukpI
\nan--sp. F{XthKamWv kmtXnI
hnZyI ImelcWsSpXv!
50
IeSpnpXpt]mse Xs!
\map]tbmKnp Iyqdns\
Nnetmsgms
knw
Fp
hnfnmdnt? Iot_mUv, aukv, tamWn,
knw bqWnv XpSn Hne[nIw
D]IcW Hsmcpanv {]hn
pXn\memWv Cs\ hnfnpXv. Cu
D]IcWsfmw Fs\bmWv knw
bqWnpambn LSnnpXv?
]pdp\np IepI Icbn
tev ASpnp eamWtm
XpdapJw (t]mv). AXpt]mse C]pv,
Huv]pv D]IcW (kw`cW
D]IcWfpw) knhpambn LSnnm
km[mcWbmbn knw bqWnn
t]mpIfpmIpw. Cu Ct^kpIv
Iyq F b{w
D]IcWns
Ct^kv
GXv D]IcWw?
]n.Fkv.2
kocnb tamUw
(D]tbmKnen)
kocnb
Nnebn\w tUmvam{SnIvkv
{]ndpI
]mce
s{]mP-IvS
hn.Pn.F.
{]n
bp.Fkv._n.
Nn{Xw 5.3
RJ45
i_vZ C]pv, Huv]pv

t]mpI, A\temKv
kn sse C
TRS Plug
(Tip, Ring, Sleeve jack)
51
tbmPnp Xcnep t]mpI

XsbmbncnWw knw bqWnn
DmbncntXv. apI-fnep ]nI ]eXcw Ct^-kp-I-sfbpw Ah kn-n
LSn-n-p t]mp-I-sfbpw Ipdn-m-Wv.
]n-I-bn hnp-t]mb `mK- ]qcn-n-pa-tm.
em]v t Sm]v , s\v _ pv XpSnb
Iyq hIt`Zfn knw bqWnpw
tamWndpw Iot_mUpsamw HcpanmWv.
]t, ap]IcW LSnnp
t]mpIfn amaptm? Ah FhnsSsb
mambmWv kwhn[m\w sNbvXncnpXv?
]cntim[np t\mpI.
Nn{Xw 5.4
Sysinfo (Applications System Tools

Sysinfo) F t{]m{Kmw D]tbmKnmw. Hcp
Iyqdn LSnnncnp C
s]nbvIv FmWv ?
knns Iptdtbsd `mK Hcp
s]nImn (knw Im_n\nv )
shXmWtm knw bqWnv. Fsmw
`mKfmWv CXn\IpXv? Ch \apv
hniZambn ]cntim[nmw.
ssat{Im t{]mkk
CXmWv Iyqdns Xetm. \mw
sImSpp Z- \ntZiv
A\pkcnv t{]mkkv sNsSpXv
ChnsS hmWv. sk{S t{]mkknMv
bqWnv (CPU) FdnbsSpXpw Cu
`mKamWv. Nn{Xn ImWpXv (Nn{Xw
5.4) AMD (Advanced Micro Devices) F
I\nbpsS Athlon 64 F t{]mkkdmWv.
Hcp
knnse
kn.]n.bp
hns\pdnp hnhc AdnbpXn\v
knw Im_n-\v Xpd--W-sa-n-. AXn\v
Nn{Xw 5.5
s] nbw Uph tIm ssat{Im

t{]mkkdns\pdnp hnhc Cu
tkm^vvshb ImWnpXv t\mpI.
C\n \nfpsS knw IqSn

]cntim[nv XmsgsmSpncnp ]nI
]qcnnpI.
Nn{Xn ImWnncnp
knw
ssat{Im t{]mkkdns
\namXmhv
tamUens t]cv
tmv tdv
Iymjv sadn (L2)
Intel
Pentium Dual-Core
1200 MHz
1024 KB
]nI 5.1
52
\nfp]tbm-Kn-p
knw
Iyq F b{w
Hcp knw Im_n\v Xpdp

t\mnbm
ap]v
Nn{Xfn
ImWnncnpt]mebp t{]mkk
dpI \apv ]pdp ImWm\mhn.
Iyq {]hnptm t{]mkkdp
I AXy[nIw NqSmIpXn\m Ahbvv
{]tXyIw ioXoIcW kwhn[m\
Dmbncnpw. ssat{Im t{]mkkdpI
XWpnpXn\p lov knpw
^m\pamWv Nn{Xn.
knns kn.]n.bphn\v AIv

LSnnncnp Hcp IzmSvkv tmmWv
Cu kwLmS\w km[yampXv.
CXns anSnn\\pkcnmWv knn
\Is Hmtcm D]IcWhpw {]hn
pXv. Cu tmns ]kv \ncmWv
t{]mkkdns tmv tdv ({ôIzkn).
CXv AfpXv slSvkv F
bqWnnemWv. DZmlcWambn, s]nbw
IV, 3.2 Ghz.
kn.]n.bp Imjv
kn.]n.bp hfsc thKn {]hn
p D]IcWamWv. ]t, ]etmgpw
ap D]IcWv kn.]n.bphns\mw
Fm\mImdn. AXpsImpXs
kn.]n.bphn\v Bhiyamb hnhc
Inm ImeXmakhpw t\cnSpp. CXv
]cnlcnpXn\v FmWv D]mbw?
Nn{Xw 5.6
{]h\w 1
kvIqfn e`yamb kn
]cntim[nv ssat{Im t{]mkkdpIfpsS
\namXmhv, tamU Fnh ]nIsSp
qI. F{X t]mkk \namXmsf
\nv enp sNm\mIppv?
tmv tdv
Hcp knn kn.]n.bphn\npw
asm LSIfntepw Xncnpw
F{Xam{Xw hnhcfmWv Hmtcm
sk nepw {]hlnpXv Fv
BtemNnp t\mq. Hcp ASppw
NnbpanmsXbmsWn Cu hnhc
sfmw Hmtcm D]IcWnepw Fp
Xpw D]IcW Ah FSppXp
samw BsI Ipgpt]mInt?
Fs\bmWv knn {]h\w
{IaoIcnncnpXv?
kn.]n.bphn\IpXs sNdnb hnhc

kw`cW kwhn[m\ DmpI.
knw D]tbmKnpbm Ghpw
IqSpX D]tbmKsSpp Zfpw
\ntZifpw
ChnsS
Xs
kqnmatm. CXns\bmWv kn.]n.bp
Imjv Fp ]dbpXv. CXns kw`cW
tijnbmWv ]nIbn Imjv sadn
FbnSv \mw IXv.
aZt_mUv D]IcWfpsS t]m

Iptdtbsd D]IcW tNmWv
Hcp knw DmIpXv Fv \mw
IpIgnp. ]t Cu D]IcW
sfsbmw Hnv tNpXv BcmWv?
AsXmcp Ct{KUv CeIvt{Sm
WnIv kov t_mUmWv. kn
nse Fm LSIfpw Cu t_mUnte
mWv LSnnpXv.
BZyIme IyqdpIfnsemw
AXnse
Hmtcm
LSIs
\nb{npXn\pw Hmtcm {]h\w
\SpXn\pw sNdnb t{]m{KmapI
Dsmnp shtsd Ct{KUv
53
kov (IC) NnpI Dmbncpp.

]noSv Ccnep At\Iw NnpIsf
Hnp tN henb koWamb
NnpI \nansp. ChbmWv VLSI
{]hnnv Hardware F C\w

]cntim[npI. sImSpncnp Nn{Xw
t\mq. (Nn{Xw 5.8).
(Very Large Scale Integrated Chips)
C\n ]nI 5.2 A\ptbmPyambn

]qcnnpI.
NnpI. Hcp aZt_mUn {][m\ambpw

cv hn.F.Fkv.sF NnpIfmWv DXv.
Ch sadn \nb{W lv (t\mv
{_nUv P v / tlmv {_nUv P v ) , I/O lv
(kuv {_nUv P v ) Fnhbm- W v . Cu
NnpI D]m-Zn-n-p \nam-Xm-hns
t]cn- e mWv B t_mUv Adn- b - s SpI.
XmsgsmSpncnp Nn{Xw t\mpI
(Nn{Xw 5.7).
\nfpsS Iyq- - d n D]tbmKn
ncnp aZt_mUv GXv Nnv
skpXmWv? Sysinfo F t{]m{Kmw
]nIbn sImSpncnp Nnv

skpIfp Hcp aZt_mUns\ Intel
82945 Nn]vskv t_mUv Fp hnfnpp.
{]h\w 2
hnhn[Xcw
aZt_mUpI
]cntim[nv Nn{Xw 5.7 sImSpncnp
Fm tmpIfpw cv VLSI NnpIfpw
XncndnbpI. hymhkmbnI ASnm\
n Ccw VLSI NnpI D]m-
C]pv Huv]pv t]mpI
BUv Hm ImUpIp tmpI

]h IWIvS -- 1
s{]mkk tmv
I/O lv
sadn It{Sm lv
(XWpnm\p ^m\Sw)
]h IWIvS -- 2
_tbmkv
_tbmkv
_mdn
dmw IWIvSv sNm\p tmpI
lmUv UnkvIv. kn.Un ss{Uhv, ^vtfmn ss{Uhv Fnh IWIvSv sNpXn\p tmpI
Nn{Xw 5.7
54
Iyq F b{w
Nn{Xw 5.8
apIfn ImWnncnp
knw
Nnv skv \namXmhv
Intel Corporation
sadn \nb{W lv
(tlmv {_nUvPv)
82945 G/GZ/P/PL
I/O lv
PCI, USB {_nUvPpI
N10/ICH7
\nfp]tbm-Kn-p
knw
]nI 5.2
ZnnpXv Bsc-m-amWv Fv At\zjnv

Hcp ]nI XbmdmpI. CtX \nam-Xm-
Xs- b mtWm aZt_mUv hn]- W \w
sNbvXn-cn-p-Xv?
UnkvIpIfn Hcp ImnI hkvXp

]qinbncnpw. Cu ImnI hkvXphns\
ImhcnpI hgnbmWv UnkvIpI
fn hnhc tcJsSppXv.
hnhc kw`cWn\v lmUv UnkvIv

Nn{Xn
ImWnncnp
D]IcWw Xncndnbm km[npptm?
HmtdnwKv knw, Bntj
tkm^vs
v hbdpI, \mw \nan ^bepI
Fpth Iyqdnep Hsm
Imcyfpw ChnsS kqnncnpp.
Hcp Zn (kv]nUn) LSnn
s Htm AXne[nItam UnkvIpI
CXmWv lmUv UnkvIns s]mXpLS\.
Nn{Xw 5.9
55
UnkvIpIfn\nv hmbnsSp
pXn\pw AXntev FgpXntp
Xn\pw slUpIfpapmIpw. (Nn{Xw
t\mpI). UnkvIpIsfbpw slUpIsfbpw
tamtmdp]tbmKnv IdpXphgnbmWv
UnkvIpIfpsS
Fm
`mKpw
Fm\mIpXv.
]mnj\pIfpw ^b knhpw
\mw Hcp ]pXnb lmUv Unkv I v
hmnsbncns. hmptm Cu
lmUv Unkv I v iq\yambncnpatm.
CtmgnXn hnhn[ tkm^vvshbdpIfm
\nansSp ^bepIsfmpw kqn
m IgnbpIbn. UnkvIn ^bepI
FhnsSsbmamWv kqnsSpXv
Fv ImWnp e kqN\Isfmpw
Xsbn FXmWv {]iv\w. ^bepI
kqnpXn\pw XncnsSppXn\pw
Ch BhiyhpamWv.
HmtdnwKv
knw
D]tbmKnsSp
^b kn
q/en\Ivkv
Ext3, Ext4
ssat{Imtkm^vv
hntUmkv (c)
FAT 32, NTFS
Bn
antmjv (c)
HPFS, HPFS+
]nI 5.3
lmUv Unkv I v ]moj\pI Fp

]dbpXv . Nnetm Hcp HmtdnwKv
knn\pXs ]e ]moj\pI
thnhcpw. Hcp km[mcW q/en\Ivkv
knn
dqv (/) HmtdnwKv knns
t{]m{Kmw ^bepI kqnp
Xn\v.
tlmw (/home) D]tbmmhv

GXp ^b FhnsSsbmambn
\nanp ^bepI kqnp
kqnncnpp FdnbpXn\v Cu
Xn\v
ss{Uhns\
]e
tmpIfmbn
(skspI Fpw hnfnmw) Xncnt
Swap - Hcp AXn-thK ^b knw.
Xpv. Cu tmpIsmw A{Ukv
hnh-c- Xmm-en-I-ambn kqnsImSppIbpw thWw. Cs\ sNp
p--Xn-\v.
{]{InbbmWv t^mamnMv . Ccn
ep tmpIfmpXpw A{Ukv
Fo ]moj\pI Dmbncnp
sImSppXpw HmtdnwKv knhpw XmWv A`nImayw. (NneXn dqv, swap
AXn\p tbmPnp coXnbnemWv.
Fnh am{Xambncnpw DmIpI).
Cs\ Hmtcm HmtdnwKv knhpw
AXn\p tbmPnp coXnbn lmUv
UnkvIns\ t^mamv sNbvXncnp
Xns\bmWv AXmXns ^b knw
Fp ]dbpXv. Nne HmtdnwKv
knfpsS ^b kn apIfnep
]nIbnepv.
s]ss{UhpI, sadn ImUpI,

kn.Un/Un.- h n.Un Fnhbpw Umm
kw`cW D]IcWfmWv. kn.Un/
Un.hn.Unbnep hnhc hmbnp
Ibpw AXn-tev FgpXpIbpw sNm\p]
tbmKnp D]- I - c - W - a mWv kn.Un/
Un.-hn.Un ss{Uhv.
{]h\w 3
Hcp lmUv UnkvIn ]eXcw

HmtdnwKv kn Cm sNtn
hmtem? Atm ]eXcw ^b
knfpw thnhcpw. CXn\mbn lmUv
Unkv I ns\ ]e `mKfmbn Xncnt
nbpw hcpw. Ccw `mKsfbmWv
56
s]ss{U-hp-I hmp-tmXs
AXn-semcp ^b knw Dm-bn-cn-pw.
CXp-amn \apv asmcp ^b knkvw
\nan--W-sa-n-cn--s. CXn-\mbn Disk
utility (System Administration Disk
Iyq F b{w
Nn{Xw 5.10
utility) F t{]m{Kmap]- t bm- K nmw.
t^mamv sNpXn\papv ss{Uhv

Aauv sNm adcpXv.
4 Pn._n. kw`- c - W - t i- j n- b p Hcp
s]ss{U-hn NTFS, Ext3 Fo ^b
kn--fp cp ]mo-j-\p-I \nanWw. apIfn- sIm-Sp-n-cn-p Nn{Xw
t\mp-I.
n\v t{]mkkdn\v e`yampIbmWv

sNpXv . knw {]hnp
Xn\v Bhiyamb HmtdnwKv
knwt]mepw Cs\ dmantev
amppv. Cu {]{InbbmWv _qnMv.
dmUw BIvkkv sadn

Iyqdn hnhc ssIImcyw
sNpXv ssat{Im t{]mkkdmWv Fv
\mw IpIgnp. hfscb[nIw thKX
IqSnb D]IcWamWv CXv. AXpsImv
t{]mkkv sNm\p Zfpw
\ntZifpw AtX thKXbnXs
CXn\v e`yamtXpv. ]t,
hnhc FhnsSbmWpXv? Ah
lmUv UnkvIntem, kn.Un ss{Uhntem,
Atm
\mw
sImSpptXm
HsbmImw. t{]mkkdn\v hnhc
ssIImcyw sNpXn\v asmcp D]IcWw
IqSn Chbv nSbn BhiyamWv . Cu
D]IcWamWv dmw AYhm dmUw
BIvkkv sadn.
Iyq
{]hnpXn\v
Bhiyamb hnhc dmantev
FSpphv , AhnsS\nv Bhiy
Nn{Xw 5.11
dmans GXp`mKv kqn

snp hnhcfpw t\cnpXs
FSpm\mIpw. (Hcp HmUntbm
Imkn Bdp ]mpI tiJcn
sncnpp Fp IcpXpI.
CXn\npw \memas ]mmWv
\apv Bhiysan Fs\
Atmv Fpw? BZys aqp
]mpIfnIqSnbpw ISpt]mtIn
hcpw. Ccnep sadnbmWv
kocnb BIvkkv sadn. dmUw
BIvkkv sadnbn \memas
]mns\ t\cnp Xs FSpmw).
57
dmw hfscb[nIw {]h\

thKXbp CeIvt{SmWnIv D]IcW
amsWnepw AXns hnhc tiJcW
aX sshZypXnbpnStmfw
am{Xtabpq. Iyq- {]h\w
\np-tm dman-ep hnh-c-fpw
\jvS-s-Sp-p.
hoUntbm FUnnwKv t]mep
tPmenI sNtn hcptm hfsc
henb ^bepI Hcpanv Xpdtn hcpw.
Cu ^bepI dmans kw`cW
tijntbm IqSpXemsWntem?
lmUv Unkv I nXs Hcp {]tXyI
^b knw \nanv A[nIaph
Atmp ampIbmWv {]Xnhn[n.
CXn\pthn
lmUv
UnkvIn
Xbmdmp ^b knamWv kzm]v.
Nn{Xw 5.12
Sysinfo F t{]m{Kmw {]hnnp

]nI 5.4 ]qcnnpI. ChnsS 938 MB
FXv HmtdnwKv knns ]e

Bhiymbn hIbncpnb tijw
D]tbmKnpbmv e`yamb AfhmWv.
(dmans ]c-am-h-[n tijn AXn Iq-Sp-Xem-Imw).
\nfp]tbmapIfn
Kn-p
ImWnncn
knw
p knw
e`yamb
kw`cWtijn
938 MB
D]tbmKsXv
225 MB
kzm]v tijn
956 MB
D]tbmKnsXv
0
]nI 5.4
Iqnttnbncnpp. CXn\mbn
Nn{Xw 5.13 ImWnncnpXp
t]msebp D]IcW e`yamWv .
Cs\ Iqntp LSIfmWv
BUv Hm ImUpI. NneXcw BUv
Hm ImUpI ]nI 5.5 sImSpn
cnpp.
Nn{Xw 5.13
BIOS (Basic Input Output System)
knw {]hnmXncnptm
AXnep HmtdnwKv knnsbpw
apw t{]m{KmapI lmUv Unkv I n\
Imbncnpw kqnpXv Fv \mw
IpIgnp. Cu t{]m{KmapIsf dmantev
amp {]{InbbmWv _qnwKv . ]t,
BUv Hm ImUpI
knnse lmUv UnkvIn Chbpv
Iyq--dnXs Sn.hn t{]m{KmapIfpw Fpw Ahsb dmantev amWw Fpw
ImWWsantem? Hcp knw hmp \ntZ- i n- p t{]m{Kmw FhnsSbm
tmgp LSI am{Xw D]tbm WpXv?
Knv Sn.hn t{]m{KmapI ImWpIbpw
CXp sNpXv aZt_mUn
dntmUv sNpIbpw sNm\mhn.
Xsbp Hcp IC Nnn Dsm-n-ntI_nfnIqSn hcp knepIsf
p- _tbmkv F t{]m{K- m amWv.
UnPn knepIfmpXn\p
FsmamWv _tbmkv sNpXv?
kwhn[m\
aZt_mUnt\mSp
58
Iyq F b{w
ImUv
Fv Bhiyn\v
NneXcw Iyq sKbnapIv
BhiyamIpXpt]mse koWamb
{Km^nIv CÎvSpI thnhcptm
BIvknetdUv {Km^nIv ImUv
Sn.hn SyqW ImUv

kuv ImUpI
USB FIvkv]mj ImUpI
CtW tamUw
s\vhv Ct^kv ImUpI
]nI 5.5
Nn{Xw 5.14
knw ]h Hm sNptm Fm
LSIfpw {]h\aamtWm
Fv ]cntim[npp (Power On
Self Test - POST). Cs\ ]cntim
[np Ignp IsepI
\apv ImWmhpXmWv . Nn{Xw
5.15 ImWnncnpXpt]mse Hcp
ktiw
]e- t mgpw
\n
InpmIp-atm?
kn-n dmUw BIvkkv sadn

samUyq (D- ] - I - c - W w) AXns
t]mn \mbn LSn-n-m-Xn-cn-pI- t bm, s]mSn ]nSn- n- c n- p- I tbm
sNbvXmepw _tbmkv {]Xn-I-cn-m-dpv. F-s\-bmWv _tbmkv {]Xn-Icn-p-Xv Fv Ip-]n-Sn-pI.
aukv, Iot_mUv XpS- nb
ASnm\ lmUv shbdpI
{]hnpXn\p t{]m{KmapI
ko-Icnpp.
Nn{Xw 5.15
59
knw _qv sNpp. _qp sNp-Xn-\p Hm-td-nwKv knw lmUv

UnkvIntem, kn.Un ss{Uhn-ep kn.Un-bntem s]ss{U-hntem BImw.
Fhn-sS-bmWv _qp sNt Hm-tdnwKv kn-ap-Xv Fv \apv \ntZin-mw.
knw {]hnmXncnptmgpw
Iyqdnse tmns kabw
icnbmbn kqnpp.
-tijw am{Xta lmUv UnkvIv AS-ap ap D]-I-c-W- ]cn-tim-[np-Ib

- p-q.
\nfpsS knns sUkvIvtSmnse tmn ImWn- p kabw
_tbmkn
ImWnncnpXp
XsbmtWm Fp ]cntim[npI.
sshZypXnbpsS ]mX
Hcp km[mcW Iyq {]hn
m icmicn F{X sshZypXn thn
hcpw?
{]h\w 4
_tbmkv Nnn kw`cnncnp
t{]m{KmapIfn A[nI]pw amm\mIm
hbmsWnepw Hcp sNdnb `mKw \app
Xs {IaoIcnmhpXmWv . CXmWv
kntamkv skv. Iyq {]h\w
XpSptm F1, F2, Del XpSnb IoI
GsXnepw Hp]tbmKnv \apv
_tbmkv skv sNp PmeIntev
{]thinmw (Nn{Xw 5.16).
\n-fpsS kn-ns _tbm-knse
kabw icn-bmtWm Fv ]cn-tim-[np-I. kabw sXmbn ImWn-p-p-shn icn-bmbn {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
kn-ns Hmw _qv D]-I-cWw
kn.Un ss{Uhmbn {Iao- I - c n- p- I .
(Hmw _qv D]-I-cWw kn.Un ss{UhmsW-n, AXn Hm-td-nwKv kn-a-Snb kn.Un Dtm Fp ]cn-tim-[n-
Cu tNmZyn\v Dcw ]dbpI A{X

Ffpa. XmsgsmSpncnp ]nI
ImWpI.
kn.Un ss{Uhnsebpw
lmUv UnkvInsebpw
UnkvIns\ Idp
tamtmdpI
]eXcw UnPn
kopI
ssat{Im
t{]mkk
Nn{Xw 5.16
60
{]hnp
thmtPv
D]IcWw
12V DC
5V DC
3.3V DC
1.3 - 1.5V DC
]nI 5.6
Iyq F b{w
]nIbn\npw hyamIpXv
FsmamWv?
Fm D]IcWfpw Un.kn
(UbdIv Id v) bnemWv {]hn
pXv.
Un.kn IdpIfmWv. Ah ]e-\n-d

- n-ep
tI_n-fp-I-fn IqSn-bmWv aZt_mUntev Fp-Xv. XmsgsmSpncnp
Nn{Xw t\mpI. Fkv . Fw.]n.Fkn
\npw hcp tI_nfpIfpw Ah
aZt_mUn LSnnp ]h
IWIvdpw ImWmw.
]t,
\mw
knntev
sImSppXv 220V AC bmWv.
CXns\ ]e sNdnb thmtPp
DC Bn amtnhcpw. sse
thmtPn hcp hyXnbm\sf
AXnPohnpIbpw thWw.
knn\Is (]pdtbpw)
Hmtcm D]IcWhpw Ahbv \p
tbmPyamb thmtPnemWv {]h
npXv.
IqSmsX, Fm D]IcWfpw
Fmbv t ]mgpw {]hnpIbpw
C. (DZmlcWambn kn.Un ss{Uhv).
am{Xa, Ah {]hnptm
GsSpp {]h\ns
ImTn\yn\\pkcnv D]t`mKhpw
hyXymksSpw.
Nn{Xw 5.18
Hcp em]vtSm-n C-c-samcp Fkv.Fw.- ] n.- F - k v . ImWm- \ m- h ptam? AhnsS

Fp ]Icw kwhn-[m-\-amWv D]-tbm-Kn-pXv Fp Is-p-atm?
XpS {]h\
SMPS - kznvUv tamUv ]h kss

CXmWv Iyqdns ]h lukv.
apIfn NsNbvX Imcyfn \npw
Hcp Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkv Fsmw sNpp
Fv env sNmtam?
Fkv.Fw.]n.Fkn \npw ]pdp
hcpXv ]e thmtPnep Iptdtbsd
1. F{XthKamWv lmUvshb kmtXn

IhnZyI ImelcWsSpXv !
Iyqdns cq]n h ]cnWma
sfpdnv (]gbIme IyqdpI,
t]gvkW IyqdpI, kq
Iyq- - d p- I , em]v t SmpI, s\v
_ppI, ]mwtSmpI, Sm_vsepI)
Hcp Ipdnv XbmdmpI.
2. kvIqfntev Iptd Iyq hmm\p
\ntZi Xbmdmm \sf
G]n- p- s hv Icp- X pI. kv I qfn
\nehnep knfn DsSpn
bncnp
LSIsfnbp
hnhc tiJ-cn-p--sX--s\-sbv
\apv Adn-bp-Ibpw sNmw. Ghpw
]pXnb knsfnbp hnhc
IqSn At\zjnv IspI. Chbn
Fp LSIfpsS kwtbmP\amWv
\n kvIqfntev \ntZinpXv?
Nn{Xw 5.17
61
hnhn[ \ntZi kanp

Xn\p skan\m ]mwmknse
Fm Unhnj\pIfnsebpw Ipn-Isf
]sSpnv \SpI.
3. mkn-semcp lmUvshb Iznkv \S-nbmtem? tNmZy- hni-Z-am-bn-s
{]k-t-j-\p-I-fmbn Ah-X-cn-n--Ww.
4. \n- f psS kn- n q/en\Iv k v
m]n-p--Xn\v Fsmw sN-Ww.
Xmsg--d-bp Ipdn-p-I t\mp-I.
knw kn.-Un-bn \nv _qv sNs-Sp-p. lmUv UnkvIv t^mamv

sNbvXv Hm-td-nwKv kn-n-\m-hi
- yamb ]mo-j-\p-Ifpw ^b knfpw \nan-p-I.
Iot_mUv te Huv, knw,
{]hn-p cmPyw (k-ab
- t- a-Je
- ),
D]-tbm-m-hns t]cv, ]mkvthUv
XpS-n-bh {Iao-I-cn--Ww.
.............................................................................
Hm-td-nwKv kn-aS-
- nb kn.Un/Un.hn.Un ss{Uhn-enSp-I.
Cu ss{Uhns\ Hmw _qv D]-I-cW-ambn {Iao-I-cn-p-I.
.............................................................................
.............................................................................
62
.............................................................................
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
hc-Iv Poh ]Icmw
Rm BZymbnv Iqdn hc Nn{Xw Hcp ]qmbptSXmWv. AXns NndIn\v sNdnb

Hcp Cfw Innbtm A\ntaj sImSpX... AXn\v Poh sImSp t]msebmWv
F\nv tXmnbXv...
Xs BZys A\ntaj kn\na
]qnbmbtm tImgntmSv Pnbnse
tKmhnv F hnZymYnbvpmb
BmZamWv apIfn AhXcnnn
cnpXv . HXmwmknse sF.kn.Sn
]mT]pkvXInse A\ntaj\pIfpsS
clkyw F `mKw ]Tntm
PntIm{nkv D]tbmKnv CXpt]mse
\nfpw Hcp Imdn\v A\ntaj \InbXv
adnntm?
Imdns\ Nennm Fsmw
ImcyfmWv \n sNbvXXv? \nfpsS
Iyqdn Cu sKbnw Hcn- IqSn
IfnXn\ptijw Xmsgbp ]nI
]qnbmpI.
Nn{Xs
skeIvSv
sNbvXv
Iymhmkn DsSpn
{]kvXpX
Nn{Xs
Fm
s{^bnantepw DsSpn
...............................................................................
...............................................................................
\ne Nn{Xsf tkm^v v s hb

D]tbmKnv NennpXns clkyw
]nSnInnhcp-p.- At?
Iyqdnep Nn{XsbmWv \mw
Ctm NennXv. Fm \mw hc
Nn{XpXs Ne\w \Im \apv
km[npIbmsWntem? A\ntaj
tkm^vvshb D]tbmKnv Ccw
{]h\w sNm \apv km[npw. \mw
`mh\bn ImWp temIw Iyqdn
]p\xkrjvSnm km[npIbmsWn
tKmhnn\pmb A\p`hw \appw
e`nnt? \psS Hm-td-nwKv kn-n
e`yamb p]o tkm^vvshb CXn\mbn
\apv D]tbmKnmw.
Nn{Xw hcbvmw
A\ntaj \nanm hfscb[nIw
Nn{X
BhiyamsWv
\mw
a\nemngnp. Cu Nn{X
A\ntaj tkm^v v s hbdns
hcbvm km[npw. Xmsg Xncnp
kqNIfpsS klmbtmsS p]o
63
Nn{Xw 6.1 p]o {][m\ PmeIw
tkm^vvshbdn Hcp Nn{Xw hcv

Xbmdmq.
Graphics sa\phnse Tupi:2D Magic
XpdpI.
File New New Project {Ian
Iymhmkv PmeIw Xpdv Project

Name, FPS Fnh \In OK
npsNpI.
Sqt_mIv k n \npw s]kn
Sq skeIvSv sNbvXv Iymhmkn
Nn{Xw hcbvmw.
A\ntaj
NenpXmbn anYymt_m[w P\nnphmthn Zznam\Nn{XfpsStbm {Xnam\
Nn{XfpsStbm XpSbmbXpw thKnepap {]Zi\amWv A\ntaj. \mw
Hcp Nn{Xw IpIgnXn\ptijhpw AXns {]Xn-_nw_w A]t\cw (1/16
sk v) \psS In Xn\npw. hoW ncX (Persistance of Vision)
F Cu {]Xn`mks ASnm\amnbmWv A\ntaj kmtXnIhnZy {]hn
pXv. CXpaqew Htc t{iWnbnep Nn{X \nccw \psS In\papneqsS
amdnamdn hcptm \apv AXv NenpXmbn tXmpp. tXmakv Bhm
FUnkWmWv Cu kmtXnIhnZybvv XpSanXv. hmv Unkv\n, hneyw l,
tPmk^v _m_d XpSnbh Cu taJebn hfscb[nIw kw`mh\ \InbhcmWv.
p/en\Ivknse {][m\ Zznam\ A\ntaj tkm^vvshbdpIfmWv Tupi, Ktoon,
Synfigstudio, Pencil apXembh. kzX{ tkm^vvshbdn e`yamb anI {Xnam\
Iyq {Km^nIvA-\n-ta-j tkm^vvshbdmWv sU. CXp]tbmKnv \nan
{][m\ A\n-ta-j kn\n-a-I-fmWv _nKv_v _n, Fen^ vkv {Uow, kn
apX-em-bh.
64
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
kqNIfpsS klmbtmsS sXmSp

s{^bnapIfntev DsSpq.
Nen{Xfn Hcp sk n
{]Zinnp s{^bnapIfpsS (\ne
Nn{XfpsS) FamWv FPS (Frames
Per Second). Hcp skn 12--24 XhW
Nn{X amdptmgmWv km[mcW
thKXbnep
Hcp
Nen{Xw
DmIpXv . s{^bnapIfpsS Fw
{IaoIcnpXneqsS \apv Nen{X
ns thKX {IaoIcnm\mhpw.
]qmbvv Poh \Imw
Nn{Xw hcpIgnnt? \mw hc
Nn{Xs Nennm Hne[nIw
s{^bnapIfn Nn{X thWatm.
\n hc Nn{Xw Ctm GXv
s{^bnanemWv DsXv p]o {][m\
PmeInse seb 1 \nv Isq.
ap s{^bnapIfntev Nn{Xw DsSp
m FmWv sNtXv? Fm
s{^bnapIfnepw CXpt]mse Nn{Xw
hcbvtXptm?
Iyqdn hc Nn{Xns
]IsSpm Copy & Paste ktXw
D]tbmKnmsav \apdnbmw. p]obn
Nn{Xs tImn sNm Nn{Xw
DsSp s{^bnans\ ap s{^bnapIfn
tev tImn sNbvXm aXn. \n hc
Nn{Xs Xmsg \Inbncnp
s{^bnans\ tImn sNm - tImn

sNt s{^bnan npsNbvXv
Right Click Copy frame
s{^bnantev t]v sNm t]v
sNt s{^bnan npsNbvXv
Right Click Paste in frame
\mw Xbmdmp A\ntaj Hcp
skn 6 s{^bnw F coXnbnemWv
{]ZinntsXn- c n- s. Cu
{Ian 3 sk v ssZLyap
A\ntaj Xbmdmm F{X s{^bnan
Nn{Xw DsSptn hcpw. IqpImcpambn
NsNbvXXn\ptijw Bhiyap
s{^bnapIfntev Nn{Xw DsSpq.
s{^bnapIfnsemw
Nn{Xw
DsSpnbtm. Ctm Fm
s{^bnapIfnepw Nn{Xw Htc m\mWv
DXv. Hmasbpw 18masbpw
s{^bnapI-fnse Nn{XfpsS m\w Hv
XsbmbXn\m {]hnnptm
ChnsS Ne\sampw kw`hnpn.
PntIm{nkn Imdns\ Nennm \mw
FmWv sNbv X Xv ? \Inbncnp
]T\pdnns ASnm\n Hmtcm
s{^bnansebpw Nn{Xns m\n
amw hcpn A\ntaj {]hnnp
t\mq.
Hmtcm s{^bnansebpw Nn{Xns m\w amm

Tupi {][m\PmeInse Exposure Sheet se Layer t_mIvkn \npw Nn{Xap
s{^bnw skeIvSv sNpI. tijw Sq t_mIvkn \npw Object ske Sq
skeIvSv sNbvXv Iymhmknse Nn{Xns m\w sXmpapp s{^bnans

m\n \npw Aev]w amnshbvpI. Cu Sq D]tbmKnv Nn{Xw apgp-h\mbpw skeIvSv sNptm Nn{Xn\v Nppw At\Iw ske t\mUpI
ImWmw.
s]kn Sq D]tbmKnptm Nn{Xn Iqntp Hmtcm
hcIfpw {]tXyIw \nesImpXpsImmWnXv. Cs\bp Fm
t\mUpIsfbpw Hnv Nennm am{Xta Nn{Xs \om km[nq. CXn\mbn
Btcm Io D]tbmKnmw. Fm Nn{Xw Hscm ske\mbn \mev t\mUpIfn
am{Xw \nesImpp sn Nennm aukv D]tbmKnm aXn. Cs\
\optm thKX \nb{nm Ctrl, Shift IoI D]tbmKnmw.
65
C\n ASp s{^bnw skeIvSv sNbvXv Nn{Xs sXmp]nnep s{^bnanse

Nn{Xns m\sm Aev]w aptmv \opI. Cs\ Nennt
hkvXphn kmc ]mX \mw apIqn Xocpam\nv AXn-\-\p-kr-X-ambn {]kvXpX
m\tv Hmtcm s{^bnansebpw Nn{Xs amnhbvpI.
Nn{Xw 6.2
p]obnse s]kn Sq D]tbmKnv hc Nn{Xw.
A\ntaj {]hnnm
Player F sa\p npsNpI. tijw Xmsgbp
Play _Wn np sNpI.
^b tkhv sNmw
p]o t{]mPIvSv ^bens\ tkhv sNm,- File Save Project
\n Xbmdmnb A\ntaj
{]hnnv t\mntbm? CXn
Fsnepw amw hcptXpsv
tXmpptm? Xmsg Xncnp
kqNIfpsS ASnm\n N
sNbv X v ]cnlmcw Isq. tijw
Bhiyamb amw hcpn A\ntaj
{]hnnv t\mq. Bhiysan
SodpsS klmbw tXSpatm?
66
Nn{XfpsS Ne\v kzm`mhn

IX Bhiyat?
Hmtcm s{^bnantebpw Nn{XfpsS
m\n
am{Xat
\mw
hyXymkw hcpnbXv.
............................................................
............................................................
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
SqfpI ]cnNbsSmw.
q]obn Nn{Xw hcv Ahsb Nennnt? Cu {]h\n Fsmw
SqfpIfmWv \n ]cnNbsXv. ]nI ]qnbmq.
Nn{Xw hcbvm
Pencil (P)
Nn{Xs skeIvSv sNm
...............................................................
Line hcbvm
...............................................................
Zoom sNm
...............................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................
p]obn Nn{Xw hcbvm Background
Mode,
Frames
Mode
Fns\ cp Xcw Iymhmkv

e`yamWv. Nennt Nn{Xsf
Frames Mode emWv hcbvtXv.
]meambn Nn{Xw ncambn
DsSpWsan Background
Mode XncsSppI.
itam
- D sn
AhbpsS
hniZmwi Chsbmw {]tXyIw
{]tXyIw In- I - f n- e mn Nn{XfpsS
kvsIv XbmdmWw. Hcp ko\n hcp
kw`hsfmw
Hcp
Inbn
DsSppIbmWv \sXnepw Bhiy
san Hcp ko\ns\ Xs ]e
tjmpIfmn hcbvmhpXmWv. Cs\
hniZamb kv t mdnt_mUv Xbmdmn
bnpthWw Hcp A\ntaj kn\nabpsS
\namWw Bcw-`n-m.
Xmsg \Inbncnp kv t mdn
t_mUv ]qnbmq. CXv D]tbmKnv
Hcp A\ntaj kn\na \apv Dmmw.
{]h\w : 1 IY Ismw, tmdnt_mUv v

Xbmdmmw
A\ntaj Nen{Xw Xbmdmp
Xn\v
hyamb
apsmcpw
AXymhiyamWv . CXn {][m\amWv
kvtmdnt_mUv Xbmdm. Is-nb
IYsb Xnc- - Y - b n- t epw ]noSv
kvtmdnt_mUntepw amWw. Hmtcm
ko\nsbpw hniZmwi kv t mdn
t_mUn BhiyamWv. IYbpsS
]mew, \ne Nn{X, Nenn
t Nn{X, ko\ns kab
ssZLyw, kw`mjWtam, ]me
Nn{Xw 6.3
ko 1
67
hcbv t Xptm? \mw apv ]cnNb

s CtaPv FUnnwKv/Nn{XcN\m
tkm^vvshbdpIfn Nn{Xw hcv
p]obn DsSpnbmtem? Cs\
Nn{X apIqn hcv XbmdmpIbm
sWn A\ntaj \namWw IqSpX
efnXamm km[npw.
ko 2
ko 3
Nn{Xw 6.4
ko 4
kvtmdnt_mUv ]qnbmbn
Ignnt? t\cs \mw Xbmdmnb
A\ntaj\n Nn{Xs Hnv NennXn
\m Ne\ns kzm`mhnIX \jvSs
Xmbn \mw a\nemnbnptm.
Ctm Xbmdmnb kvtmdnt_mUnse
Hmtcm ko\nsebpw IYm]m{Xsf
{]tXyIw {]tXyIambn NennW
san AhcpsS icoc`mKsf shtsd
XbmdmtXnt? Ch p]obns
68
t{UmbnwKv/CtaPv FUnnwKv tkm^vv

shbdpIfn hc Nn{Xsf Insert
Bitmap, Insert SVG File sa\p hgn
p]obntev DsSpmhpXmWv .
png. jpg, gif, xpm Fo FIv
j\nep Nn{X^bepIsf Insert Bitmap
sa\p hgn DsSpmw. svg FIvj
\nep Nn{XsbmWv Insert SVG File
F sa\phgn Iymhmkntev DsSp
m km[n- p- Xv . Cs\ ap
tkm^vvshbdpIfn Nn{Xw hcbvp
tm ]me Nn{Xw p]obpsS
Iymhmkns AtX hennepw
(width=520 height=380) Iymhmkn
Nennt ap cq] AhbpsS
henn\v
B\p]mXnIambn
Iymhmknt\mfpw sNdnb henn
epamWv hcbvtXv. Pnp-]-tbm-Knv
ico-c-`m-K-sf shtsd hc-bvp-tm
_mv { Kuv seb Uneov sNbv X v
Nn{Xw png t^mam-n tkhv sNWw.
Hmas ko Xbmdmm
GsXmw Nn{Xw hcbvWw? \Inbncn
p ]T\pdnv hniIe\w sNbv X v
]nI 6.1 ]qnbmq.
CXpt]mse ap ko\pIm
hiyamb Nn{Xfpw hcv Xbmdmq.
CXn\mbn apmkpIfn ]cnNbs
CvkvtI]v, Pnv, FIvkvs]bn v,
SIv k v s ]bn v FnhbntesXnepw
D]tbmKnmw.
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
]mew
520x380 (henw)
......................................................
--
.........................................
......................................................
.........................................
......................................................
.........................................
]nI 6.1
Hmas
ko\n\mhiyamb
]meNn{Xw Background Mode tepw
ap Nn{X`mKsf Frames Mode se
Hmas s{^bnantepw Insert
sNbvXXn\ptijw Nn{X`mKsf Nn{Xw
6.5 teXpt]mse tbmPnnv Hmas
s{^bnan
Nennt
Nn{Xw
XbmdmpI.
tijw {]kvXpX s{^bnans\
Bhiyap s{^bnapIfntev Ds
Spn Hmtcm s{^bnanepw A\ntaj\p
th am hcpn {]hnnv
t\mq.
Hmas ko {]hnnp
t\mnbnt? CXnse IYm]m{Xns
Ne\n Fsnepw amw Bhiy
amtWm? Cu ko\n\v FPS F{XbmWv
\n \InbXv? FPS amw hcpn
{]hnnp
t\mn
ko\n\v
A\ptbmPyamb FPS Isn tkhv
sNq.
Fm ko\pIfnepw CXv
{intXt? IqpImcpambn N
sNbvXv ap ko\pIpap XbmsdSpv
\Sq.
Nn{Xw 6.5
69
ko 1
ko 2
ko 3
ko 4
FPS
..................
......................
....................
kabssZLyw
3 sk v
..................
......................
....................
s{^bnapI-fpsS
-Fw
18
..................
......................
....................
]nI 6.2
Nn{Xsf hepXmmw
A\ntaj \nanptm IYm]m{X
fpsS kzm`mhnIamb Ne\n\p
thn Nn{Xs Hmtcm s{^bnanepw
]e`mKtpw Nenntn hcpw.
CXn\mbn insert sNbv X Nn{Xs
Object Selection Sq D]tbmKnv
skeIvSv sNpI. Atm ske\v
a[y`mKv
ImWp
shfp
ASbmfn npsNbvXm Ahsb
\om
km[npw.
{]kvXpX
ASbmfn U_n npsNp
tm hifn Zriyamhp
ske t\mUv Nen-nv Nn{Xs
Rotate sNmw. hifnse ske-
t\mUn {UmKp- s Nbv X v Nn{Xns
henn amw hcpm\pw km[npw.
Nn{Xw 6.6
{]h\w : 2 ^b FIvkvt]mv sNmw

Hmas ko ]qnbmbtm?
Ctm p]o tkm^vvshbdn am{Xat
A\ntaj \apv {]hnnm
km[nppq. av Bntj\pIfn
Cu ^b {]hnnm km[nptam?
Ccw ^bepIsf aoUnbm sbdpIfn
{]hnnm
A\ptbmPyamb
t^mamntev FIv k v t ]mv sNW
sav \mw apmkn ]TnnpXv
Hmpatm? \n Xbmdmnb
Hmas ko\ns\ Xncnp
Ipdnns
ASnm\n
.avi
t^mamntev FIv k v t ]mv sNq.
FIvkvt]mv sNbvX hoUntbm ^bens\
A\ptbmPyamb aoUnbm sbdn
{]hnnp t\mpIbpw sNmw..
70
Hmas ko ]qnbmbm
]pXnb t{]mPIvSv ^b Xpdv
_mnbp ko\pIfpw Xbmdmn .avi
t^mamntev FIvkvt]mv sNbvXv Hcp
t^mUdn kqnq.
^b FIvkvt]mv
p]obn\npw ^bens\ hoUntbm
bmbn tkhv sNWsan t{]mPIvSv
^bens\ FIvkvt]mv sNtXpv.
FIvkvt]mv sNm\mbn File Export
Project {Ian npsNpI.
XpSphcp
PmeIfn
FIv k v t ]mv sNt hoUntbm
^b t^mamv, FIvkvt]mv
sNt ko Fnh skeIvSv sNbvXv
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
Next npsNpI. XpSv tkhv sNt t^mU, ^b\maw, FPS Fnh
\In tkhv np sNpI.
Nn{Xw 6.7
H\nb kvInnwKv (Onion Skinning)

A\ntaj
kn\naIfn
D]tbmKn
p Hcp ktXw. Iymhmkn At\Iw
s{^bnapIsf Hnv Zriyamp coXnbmWnXv.
sXmpapntebpw ]nntebpw s{^bnapIsf
Htc Iymhmkn ZriyampXneqsS Hmtcm
s{^bnanepw F{Xam{Xw amw hcpWsav
[mcW e`nm CXv klmbnpp. p]o
{][m\ PmeInse Onion Skin t_mIvknse
\dpIfn amw hcpn apntebpw
]nntebpw s{^bnapI ZriyamhpXv \apv
{IaoIcnmhpXmWv.
Nn{Xw 6.8
{]h\w : 3 ko\pIsf tbmPnnmw
tkm^v v s hbdpI D]tbmKnmsav

env sNq.
ko\pIsfmw
Xbmdmbtm?
HXmw mknse sF.kn.Sn.
tmdnt_mUv {]Imcap Cu kn\na
]mT]pkv
X Inse 7, 9 A[ymb
]qnbmhm C\nbpw {]h\
_mnbnt? Cu {]h\v \mw fpsS klmbtmsS Cu ko\pIsfmw
HXmw mkn ]cnNbs GsXmw tNv H hoUntbm ^bemn
FIvkvt]mv sNq. (Nn{Xw 6.9)
ko\pIsf IqntWw
Hmtjmv hoUntbm FUn
i_vZw dntmUv sNWw
...............................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................
................................................................................
...............................................................
71
Nn{Xw 6.9
p]obn Scene Manager D]tbmKnv Hne[nIw ko\pI Xbmdmm

km[npsanepw A\ntaj\n i_v Z w, at\mlcamb ssSnepI Fnh
Iqntm p]obnse \nehnep ]Xnn (Version 0.1) kuIcyan. ko\pI
IqntpXp apXep Lmbn HXmw mkn ]cnNbs Hmtjmv
hoUntbm FUntdm p/en\Iv k n e`yamb ap hoUntbm FUnnwKv
tkm^vvshbdpItfm D]tbmKnmw.
Ne\w asmcp coXnbn

Hmtcm s{^bnantebpw Nn{Xns
m\w amnbmWtm \mw Nn{Xs
NennXv. Fm Nn{Xns- m\w- ammsX ]me Nn{Xns
m\w Hmtcm s{^bnanepw amw
hcpnbpw Hcp hkvXp NenpXmbn
tXm- e p- mmw. hnam\w t]mse,
ncamb
kmcKXnbnep
hkvXpfpsS Ne\w efnXambn Cu
coXnbn BhnjvIcnmw. CXn\mbn
]mens hoXn \nehnep
Iymhmkns Ccn henn
72
Nn{Xw 6.10 - Zoom Out (50%) View
hcIv Poh ]Icmw
Xbmdmntbm ]mens hoXn {UmKv sNbvXp hepXmntbm

XbmdmtXmWv . Cs\ Xbmdmnb ]meNn{Xw Frames Mode
DsSpn Iymhmkns Hcp
`mKtv amnshbvpI.
AXmbXv, ]mes cq]w
Nent AtX Znibntev
\on shpI. Cs\ \op
tm Iymhmkv ]qWambn
\ndncnWsaXv {]tXyIw
HmpI. tijw Nennt
Nn{Xs Hmas s{^bnan
DsSppI.
C\n Hmas s{^bnans\
Fm s{^bnantepw tImn
sNbvXv Bhiyamb s{^bnapI
XbmdmpI.
Nn{Xw 6.11
Cs\ Fm s{^bnapIfpw XbmdmbXn\ptijw Hmtcm s{^bnantebpw ]me

Nn{Xw am{Xw skeIvSv sNbvXv hnam\w kcntXns t\sc FXn Znibntev
IrXyamb AIen \on shbv pI. ]mes \om Btcm Io
D]tbmKnpXmWv DNnXw.
C\n Player sa\p hgn A\ntaj {]hnnp t\mq...
XpS {]h\
p]obn Xbmdmn
{]Zinnq.
\fNcnXw BYbnse lwkhpw

Zabnbpw Xnep kw`mjWw
aebmfw
]mT]pkvXIn
AhXcnnnptm? lwkw ]dp
hcp Zriyw A\ntaj\neqsS p]o
D]tbmKnv Xbmdmq.
a\pjyicocnse ^mtKmssk
tmknkv (Phagocytosis) F
{]h\w Pohimkv{Xw ]mT
]pkvXInse kpcbpw NnIn
bpw F A[ymbn Nn{XoIcnn
pv.
CXv
\nconv
Cu
{]h\ns
A\ntaj
mkn
ùXnIimkv{Xw ]mT]pkvXInse
{]Imi {]Xn`mk F A[ymbw
hniIe\w
sNbvXv
{]Imi
{]IoW\w (Dispersion of Light) p]o
tkm^vvshb D]tbmKnv Zriyh
cnq.
elcnhncp Zn\mNcWns
`mKambn kvIqfn \Sp NSn
{]Zinnm A\ptbmPyamb eLp
A\ntaj kn\na XbmdmpI.
73
hnh-c- ]p-shbvmw
Fmwmkn hnm\w hnc

pn F A[ymbn Iyq
s\vhpIsfpdnv \n Nne
Imcy a\nemnbnptm. Hcp
Iyqdn Xbmdmnb Nn{X asmcp
Iyqdn Xpdv am hcpphm\pw
\nv Ignnpv. Iyq
irwJe\w (Iyq s\vhnwKv) hgn
Hmtcm Iyqdns\bpw ap Iyqdp
Ifpambn _nnm IgnbpXp
sImmWtm CXv km[npXv. \psS
Hm- t d- nwKv
knw
D]tbmKn
p
IyqdpIfn
Ccw
s\v h pI Fs\ {]tbmP\s
Spmw FmWv Cu A[ymbn
{]Xn]mZnpXv.
Nn{Xw 7.1
apmkpIfn ]Tn Imcy

Htmpt\mq. \nfpsS kv I q
Iyq em_nse knsf Hcp em
(LAN - Local Area Network) aptJ\
_nnm Fsmw kuIcy
e`npw?
Hcp Iyq-dn LSnnnp {]n

t]mep D]IcW s\vhn
ep ap Iyq--dpIpw {]tbmP\
sSpm Ignbpw.
.................................................................................
s\vhn _nnnp Iyq-dpI Xn hnhc ssIamw

sNm Ignbpw.
74
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
hnhc ]pshbvmw
Ccn hnhc ]ckv ] cw

ssIamw sNm IyqdpI ]ckv]cw
XncndnbpI Hcp {][m\ LSIamWtm.
CsXs\ km[yamIpp? \apv
]cntim[nmw.
Iyqdns hnemkw
Hcp s\v h n Ds Fm
knn\pw ]ckv]cw Xncndnbm Hcp
hnemkw (Address) \Inbncnpw. Cu
hnemks sF.]n hnemkw (IP Address)
FmWv ]dbpXv. sF.]n A{Ukns
{]m[m\yhpw {]tXyIXbpw Fsmam
sWdnbmtam? XpSp `mKfn
\nv CXn\v hniZoIcWw Isq.
Nn{Xw 7.3
kvIq em_n-ep Iyq--dpIfpsS

sF.]n
hnemkw
Fs\bmWv
IspI Fpt\mmw.
Iyqdns sF.]n hnemkw Ismw

{]h\w 1
em_nep Iyq--dp-I {]h\
aampI. lv, tamUw Fo s\vhv
D]IcWfpw kznv Hm sNpI.
]m\enep s\v h v tamWn
A]vsens sFWn (NM-Applet) ssdv
nphgn Connection Information
npsNpI. (Nn{Xw 7.2)
TCP / IP
s\vhpI
hgn
hnhc
ssIamdstS Fm knfpw Htc
coXnbn {]hnphbmIWsa
ntm. Ch lmUvshb, HmtdnwKv
knw Fo Imcyfnsemw
hyXykv X ambncnpw. Chbv nSbn
hnhc ssIamdpXn\p Nne
s]mXp\nbafpv. CXmWv s\vhv
t{]mtmtmfpI. Sn.kn.]n/sF.]n
(Transfer Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol) FXv s\vhv hgn
hnhchn\nabw sNpXn\p Hcp

t{]mtmtm BWv. Cu ktXn
Fm knpw kzambn Hcp
sF.]n A{Ukv DmbncntXpv.
sF.]n A{Ukv \IpXn\v cpcoXn
I \nehnepv . sF.]n thj 4
(IPv4), sF.]n thj 6 (IPv6) Fnh.
Fnepw BZy]Xnmb IPv4 XsbmWv
Ctmgpw Cs\n IqSpX
D]tbmKnsSpXv.
Nn{Xw 7.2
Xpdphcp PmeIw {inq.

knns
sF.]n
hnemkw
a\nemmw (Nn{Xw 7.3).
Cu coXnbn em_nse Fm
knfpsSbpw sF.]n hnemkw
Isn XmsgsmSp ]nIbpsS
cmas tImfw ]qcnnpI. (]nI. 7.1).
C\n Fm knfpw jvUu sNpI.
Ah asmcp {Ian hopw kznv Hm
75
sNbvXv ap{]h\w Bhnv aqmas tImfn {Iaambn tNpI.

Iyqdns
\
BZyw Hm sNbvXtm
e`n sF.]n hnemkw
1.
192.168.1.21
2.
192.168.1.___
3.
192.168.1.___
4.
192.168.1.___
5.
192.168.1.___
cmaXv Hm
sNbvXtm e`n
sF.]n hnemkw
]nI 7.1
sF.]n A{Ukns LS\

192.168.1.12 F coXnbnep \mep
kwJyIfmbnmWv IP Address \IpI.
Cu kwJyIsfmw 256 Ipdhmbn

cnWw. \psS sNdnb s\vhpIfn
semw BZy cpkwJyI 192.168
Fmbncnpw. aqmas kwJy
s\vhns\bpw (Hcp s\vhn\v Hcp
\) \memas kwJy knsbpw
(Hcp knn\v Hcp \) kqNnn
pp. {]h\aamb Hcp
s\v h n am{Xta IP Address \v
{]knbpq. knw s\v h n
hcptm DHCP (Dynamic Host Control Protocol) F kmtXnIhnZy
{]Imcw Xmetv \IsSp
XmWv Automatic IP Address.
Hmtcm knfpsSbpw sF.]n
hnemk XmcXayw sNbv X pt\mq.
FsmamWv \nfpsS IsepI?
Hmtcm XhW IWIv S v sNsSp

tmgpw CXv amdnsmncnpw.
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
Hcp ncw s\vhn hnhc

hn\nabw sNt knn\v \Isn
cnp A{Ukv Hmtcm XhWbpw
]cntim[ntnhcpXv {]bmkam
Wtm. FmWv CXn\v Hcp ]cnlmcw?
sF.]n A{Ukv ncambn skpsNpI
bmsWn Cu {]iv\w adnISmatm.
AsXs\ km[yamIpsav ]cntim
[nmw.
sF.]n hnemkw ncambn skpsNmw

{]h\w 2
Cu hnemk knw s\vhn

hcptm Xmetv \I
sSp A{Ukv BWv.
76
{]h\w 1 sNbvXt]mse
apIfnse ]m\enep s\vhv tamWn
A]v s ens sFWn ssdv np
hnhc ]pshbvmw
hgn Edit Connections npsNpI.

Xpdphcp PmeInse Wired F
Sm_n e`yamb Connections skeIvSv
sNbv X v Edit _Wn npsNpI
(Nn{Xw 7.4).
knv Hcnepw Htc hnemkw

DmIcpXv).
Netmask Fn- S v 255.255.255.0
Fp \Ip- I . Gateway, DNS Server
Fnh- b n
192.168.1.1 Fpw
\Ingnm Apply (Save) sNmw.
(Nn{Xw 7.6).
Nn{Xw 7.4
Ctm {]XysSp PmeI

nse IPv4 Settings F Sm_n Method
FnSv Manual skeIvSv sNbvXv Add
_Wn npsNpI (Nn{Xw 7.5)
Nn{Xw 7.6
]mkvthUv BhiysSp PmeIw

{]XysSptm AUvan\nkvt{Sj
]mkvthUv \Inbm aXn.
Ccn \nfpsS kvIq
Iyq em_nep Fm knpw
Hcp nc sF.]n hnemkw \Imatm.
kn domv sNptXmsS ]pXnb
sF.]n hnemk \nehn hnp
mIpw. ]cntim[npt\mq. Npcpnd
m Hcp knns sF.]n hnemkw
s\vhv kzbw \IptXm, \apv
kuIcy{]Zamb coXnbn \ntZinm
hptXm BWv.
Nn{Xw 7.5
Address : 192.168.1.___ (ChnsS 0
apX 255 hscbp GXp kwJybpw

D]tbmKnmw. Hcp em\nse cp
CXphsc N sNbvXXv Iyq-d

- p-I
s\v h v sNm- \ p tkm^v v s hb
ko- I - c - W - - f m- W - t m. CtXm- s Smw
s\vhv
sNm
Fsms
77
lmUvshb D]IcW thWw

Fpt\mmw.
Ccw F{X tPmUn hbdpIfpv?
AUm]v PmpI
lmUvshb koIcW
\psS em_nse IyqdpI
s\vhv
sNm
Fsmw
lmUv s hb D]IcW D]tbmKn
npv Fv Adnbmtam? Isn
]qnbmm {ianq.
tI_nfpI
AUm]v
..........................................................
..........................................................
UTP tI_nfpI knntev v
sNpXv {intm?
Hcp {]tXyIXcw AUm]v dpIfm

Wtm D]tbmKnncnpXv.
RJ45
Fbn\w
AUm]v
PmpIfmWv Ch. (Nn{Xw 7.8)
Nn{Xw 7.8
Hmtcmns\pdnpw hniZamb
IpdnpI Xbmdmq. klmbIamb Nne
hnhc Xmsg \Inbncnpp.
CXn F{X ]np-I (PIN) Dv

Fp-t\mq?
CuYs\v ImUv (s\vhv Ct^kv ImUv)

tI_nfpI (UTP Cables - Unshielded Twisted
Paid Cables)
A[ym]Is klmbtmsS Hcp

UTP tI_n (Nn{Xw 7.7) FSpv AXns
]pds IhNw amn ]cntim[nq.
XmsgsmSpnp tNmZyv
Dcw IspI.
tI_nfn\Iv F{X hbdpIfpv?
Hcp s\vhv tI_nhgn hcp

hnhcs Iyqdns aZt_mUpambn
_nnp D]IcWw {intm?
CXmWv CuYs\v ImUv AYhm
s\vhv Ct^kv ImUv (NIC) (Nn{Xw
7.9). CXv aZt_mUn BUv Hm
ImUmbn tNmhpXmWv. Fm
Ctm e`y-am-Ip aZt_mUp-I-fn
s\v h v ImUpI {]tXyIambn
tNtXn. AXv t_mUns
DsSpnbnpv.
Nn{Xw 7.9
Nn{Xw 7.7
Cu hbdpIfpsS \nd t\mn

Ahsb tPmUnIfmmtam?
78
lv / kznv
cp
knsf
Hcp
tI_nfp]tbmKnv IWIvSv sNmatm?
Fm
aqtm
AXne[nItam
hnhc ]pshbvmw
{Inw]nMv
UTP tI_nfpIfpsS cpw IWIvS PmpI LSnnpXns\bmWv {Inw]nMv
Fp]dbpXv. CXn\mbn D]tbmKnp D]IcWamWv {Inw]nMv Sq. (Nn{Xw

7.10). UTP tI_nfnep hbdpIsf Hcp \nnX {IanemWv RJ45 tev Cskv
sNpXv. Nn{Xw 7.11 ImWnt]mse RJ45 ]nSnv CSp\nv hetmv
XmsgmWp {IanemWv hbdpI Cskv sNpXv.
Pin 1 - Orange White
Pin 2 - Orange
Pin 3 - Green White
Pin 4 - Blue
Pin 5 - Blue White

Pin 6 - Green
Pin 7 - Brown White
Pin 8 - Brown
RJ45 ]npI (Nn{Xw 7.11)
{Inw]nMv Sq (Nn{Xw 7.10)
knfpsntem? ChnsS Hmtcm

knfn\npap tI_nfpI ]ckv ] cw _n- n- pI km[y- a - . AXpsImv Ah IyqdpI Xnep
UmmbpsS Hgpv \nb{npIbpw
hnhc Ft Iyqdntev Xncnv
hnSpIbpw sNm Ign- b p Hcp
D]IcWntev _nnpp. Cu
D]IcWw lv/kznv (Nn{Xw 7.12)
FdnbsSpp.
Nn{Xw 7.13
hnZy- b mWv CXv . tI_nfpIv ]Icw

ChnsS hnhc hn\nabw \SpXn\v
(Data Carriers) D]tbmKnpXv FmWv?
Hcp hbsekv s\vhnepw km[mcW
tI_nfpI D]tbmKnp s\vhnse
Fm kuIcyfpw e`yamtWm?
Ism {ianq.
Nn{Xw 7.12
hbsekv s\vhpI
km[mcWbmbn
hbsekv
s\vhv kuIcyw t\cnv e`yamIp
kn GsXmsbmWv?
Nne em]v t SmpIfn tI_nfpI

fnmsX Xs Cs\v Inpptm.
Fp kmtXnIhnZybmWv CXn\p]nn
epXv? \n Nnn- n- ptm?
hbsekv s\vhv F kmt-XnI
Nne em]vtSmpI
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
79
sUkvIvtSmv IyqdpIfnepw skv sNpXpsImp tZmj

hbsekv s\vhv kuIcyw sNm FsmsbmWv?
Ignbptam? Cu Bhiyn\v Fsmw
D]IcWfmWv thXv? Ism {]h\w 5
{ianq.
\nfpsS kvIqfnse Iyq
em_nse s\vhn\v Fsmw
hbsekv s\vhv D]IcW
XIcmdpIfmWv km[mcW ImWmdpXv?
Hmtcm Nn{Xhpw GXv D]IcWam env sNq.
sWv Xncndnbm {ianq.
hbsekv tamUw
hbsekv s\vhv Ct^kv ImUv
hbsekv dq
hbsekv s\vhv AUm]v
Nn{Xw 7.15
Nn{Xw 7.14
Nn{Xw 7.17
Nn{Xw 7.16
{]h\w 4
hbsekv
kwhn[m\n
knns sF. ]n hnemkw ncambn
skpsNtXptm? Cu coXnbn
80
em_nep Nne kn s\vhv

hgn sjb sNm Ignbpn.
Nne
knfn
s\vhv
e`nppv , Fm Cs\v
hnhc ]pshbvmw
e`npn.
.................................................................................
.................................................................................
sF.]n hnemkw \IpI.
Ctm skh knn

{]Xys PmeIw Fp kqN\
\Ipp?
Ch Fs\ ]cnlcnmw? hni-Z-amb

Ipdnv Xbmdmq.
\nfpsS Iyqdn skhdns

sUkvIvtSmv ImWm Ignbpnt?
{]h\w 6
Cu ^b \psS knntev
]Im {ianpt\mq. km[np
ptm? FmWv ]cnlmcw?
Iyq em_nse Hcp knns

(skh) sUkvIvtSmn Hcp Imq
kn\na foolfox.mpg Ft]cn tkhv
sNbvXphnpv. CXv \nfpsS
Iyqdns sUkv I v t Smn Fs\
{]Zinnmw? XmsgsmSpnp
{]h\ sNbvXpt\mq.
System Preferences hgn Remote

Desktop XpdpI. Allow other users
to view your Desktop FXv SnIv
sNbvXv tmkv sNpI. (Nn{Xw 7.18)
^bepI ]pshbvmw
{]h\w 7
^bepI ]pshbv pXn\mbn
knn
C\nbpw
Fsmw
koIcWfmWv hcptsXv
t\mmw.
\mw D]- t bm- K n- p knn
Places Connect to Server npsNpI.
{]XysSp Connect to Server
hntUmbn XmsgmWp coXnbn

skpsNpI (Nn{Xw 7.19).
Nn{Xw 7.18
Fm Iyqdnepw Cu {]h\w
BhnpI.
\nfpsS Iyqdn Cs\v

sa\phnep Remote Desktop Viewer
Hm sNbvXv Connect np
sNpI.
Xpdphcp PmeIn t{]mtmtm VNC skeIvSv sNbvXv Host

FpImWp ev skhdns
Nn{Xw 7.19
Service type FXv SSH Fv
skeIvSv sNp-I.
Server, \mw IWIv S v sNm\pt
inp knns sF.]n hnemkw

\Ip-I.
81
Folder Fn-Sv IWIvSv sNt

t^mUdns Path \Ip-I. (DZmlcW
ambn its F bqkdns sUkvIvtSmv
IWIvSv sNm /home/its/Desktop Fp
{]h\w 8
em_nse s\vhv {]h\a

ampI.
sImSpWw).
skhdn {]n Share sNp

Xn\mbn skh knn System
Administration Printing F
{Ian Printing PmeIw XpdpI.
User Name s m\v \mw IWIvSv
sNm\ptinp knns bqk

\maw \In Connect sNmw.
Server Settings F {Ian
{]XysSp
PmeInse
\ntZiv A\pkcnv Hm]v j
sXcsSpmw. ASp PmeIn
Password F ev \mw IWIv S v
sNm\ptinp
knns
]mkvthUv \In IWIvSv sNpI.
npsNptm
Xpdp
PmeInse Fm sNIvt_mIvkp
Ifpw SnIv sNbvXv OK npsNpI.
(Nn{Xw 7.20).
Ctm skhdnse Imq kn\na

\nfpsS knntev ]Im
Ignbpptm? s\v h v hgnbp
^b ssIamw sNptm s]ss{Uhv
t]msebp D]IcW D]tbmKn
pXnt\m Fsmw t\fm
WpXv, ]nI ]qnbmq.
Htc kabw Hne[nIw knfn

tev ]Im Ignbpw.
................................................................................
................................................................................
s\vhnep kn Xn
{]n ]p- s h- b v p- - s X- - s \- s bv
t\mmw.
{]n ]pshbvmw
sF.Sn n AwKsf tNm
Hcp At]mt^mans amXrI Xbmdmn
{]npsNWw. {]n IWIvSv sNbvXn
pXv skh IyqdnemWv. amXrI
GXp knn Xbmdmnbmepw
s\v h v aptJ\ {]n v sNmsav
Adnbmatm? Fs\bmWv C-c-n
{]n
]pshbvpI?
kwibw
ZqcoIcnm Xmsg sImSp {]h\w
sNbvXpt\mq.
82
Nn{Xw 7.20
\nfp]tbm-Kn-p Iyq--dnepw
CtX {]h\w sNbvXv, Xbm-dm-n-bnp At]m t^mans amXrI Xpdv
{]n v sNbvXpt\mq. Fm \nfpsS
]cn{iaw hnPbntm?
Ctm \n a\nemnb
Imcy kvIq em_nse s\vhv
ê{]Zambn D]tbmKnm \nsf
{]m]vXcmnbnt? Iyq s\vhp
Isfpdnpw s\v h pIfpsS s\v
hmb Cs\ns\pdnpw [mcmfw
Imcy C\nbpw a\nemm\pv. AXv
asmcp AhkcnemImw.
XpS {]h\
1. s\vhnw-Kp-ambn _-sv D]-tbmKn-p ]c-am-h[n lmUvshb D]-Ic-W--fpsS Nn{X- kln-X-ap Ubd-IvSdn Xbm-dm-p-I.
hnhc ]pshbvmw
2. kv I qfpIfn Iyq s\v h v

D]tbmKsSpmhp {]h\
GsXmsav env sNpI. Cu
{]h\ \nfpsS kv I qfn
Ctm \SpXv GXp hnt[\
bmsWv ]cntim[npI.
3. hbsekv s\vhv e`yamIp Hcp
em]vtSmn Hcp nc sF.]n A{Ukv
skp sNbvXnpv. CXpsImv
Dmtbmhp {][m\ {]iv\w
FmWv?
4. hnhn[ taJeIfn Iyq s\v
hpI Fs\sbmw {]tbmP\
sSppshv Cs\ns klmb
tmsS
hniIe\w
sNpI.
(DZm-: _mp-I, ]{X-m-]-\-)
5. \nfpsS kvIq em_nse Hcp

Iyqdns sUkvIvtSmnse ]m\en
\nv s\vhv tamWn A]vsens
sF A{]Xyambn. CXv Fs\
XncnpsImphcpw Fp IspI.
6. em_nse skh Iyq- - d ns
sUkvItv Sm-n kvIqfnse sF.-kn.Sn D]I-c-W--sf-p-dn-p Hcp {]k-t-j
Xbm-dmn tkhv sNbvXp-sh-p-I. Gtk
VNC Viewer (ApplicationInternetGtk
VNC Viewer) F tkm^vvshb D]tbm-Knv s\vhn-ep asmcp Iyq-dn-s UkvIvtSm-n Cu {]k-t-j
\nco-n-p-I.
83
\ap-smcp sh_vsskv
kvIq hnn, hnn ]oUn-b, tIcf

km-cn-s-bpw, h
- nZym-`ymk hIp-n-sbpw
sh-_vsskpI Fnh \n In-ptm? \n kin- n- p ap
sh_vssk-p-I GsX-m-amWv? kvIq
em_nse Iyq--dn Hcp sh_vsskv Xpdp-tm hnZq-cv GtXm Iyq-d
- n-\nv
Nn{X-, kn\n-a-I, ]mp-I XpS-n-bh
em_nse Iyq--dn Fp-Xv F-s\sbv Nnn-n-ptm? sh_vssk-ns
LS-\bpw AXns {]h-\-hpsams
a\-n-em-p--Xn\v \appw C-csamcp
sh_vsskv \nanp t\mmw. em_n-ep
Iyq- - d p- I fnam{Xw e`n- p Hcp
sh_vsskmWv BZyw \nan-p--Xv.
Hmtcm sh_vsskpw Htm Hn-e[n-Itam sh_vt]-Pp-I tNmWv Xbmdm-p--Xv. Fv.-Sn.-Fw.-F. SmKp-I D]tbm-Knv sh_vt]-Pp-I Xbm-dm-p coXn
\n ]cn-N-b-s-n-p-tm? \n ]cnN-b-s SmKp-Ifpw Ah-bpsS D]-tbmKhpw
]n-I-s-Spn (]nI 8.1) t\mq.
Xbm-sd-Spmw
\psS kvIqfnse sshhn-[y-am
84
SmKv
<html>
<h1>
...........
<marquee>
..................
D]-tbmKw
sh_vt]Pv XpS-p--Xn\v
...........................................
Acw t_mUv-B-m
...........................................
...........................................
]nI 8.1
{]h- \ - s]mXp- k - a q- l - n\p

apn {]Zin- n- p- Xn\v Hcp
sh_vsskv Xbm-dm-mw. {Kqp-If
- mbn Xncnp-thWw CXv Xbm-dm-m. sh_vsskv
Xbm-dm-p--Xn\p ap]v \psS kvIq
sh_v s kv F- s \- b m- b n--c n- Wsav
Bkq-{XWw sNtt? AXn-\mbn Nne
kqN-\-I NphsS \In-bn-cn-p-p.
sh_vssk-n\v BsI F{X t]-Pp-I
Dm-bn-cn-Ww?
Hmtcm t]Pnepw Ds- S p- t - Xv
Fs-m-amWv?
Hmtcm t]Ppw Xbm-dm-t-Xv GXv
{KqmWv?
..................................................................................
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
Xmsg-sm-Sp-n-p ]n-I-bpsS amXrI kzoI-cnv Bkq-{XWw sa-s-Sp-p-I.

{Kqv
{Kqv 1
{Kqv Xbm-dm-p
t]Pns t]cv
D]-t]-Pp-IfpsS t]cv
(B-h-iy-sa-n)
kvIq
Imbn-I-taf
Ds-Sp-t
hnh-c-
* C\-
* ]s-Sp--h
* ê-
{Kqv 2
{Kqv 3
kbkv v
{Kqv 4
]nI 8.2
sh_v t]Pv \na-np-tm \Im-hp

^-b LS\
sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-p-tm AXn
Ds-Sp-t hn`-h-- {]tXyI coXnbn {Iao-I-cn-t--Xp-v. Hmtcm {Kqpw
Xbm- d m- p sh_v t ]Pp- I Hcp- a np
tNmWv kvIq sh_vsskv \nan-t- X v. AXn- \ m Fm {KqpIfpw
sh_vt]PpIfntev Bhiyamb Nn{Xw,
Nen{Xw, i_vZw XpS- n- b h Hcp
s]mXpLS\bn tiJ--c n- - W w. CXn\v
Xmsg--d-bp--Xp-t]mse Hcp amXrI (Nn{Xw
8.1) kzoI-cn-p-Xv A`n-Im-ay-am-bn-cn-pw.
Nn{Xw 8.1
sh_vsskv \nan-p--Xn\v Bh-iyamb Bkq- { XWw Ign- p- h tm? C\n

\apv \psS {Kqns sh_vt]-Pp-I
\nan-mw.
{]h\w 1
Hmtcm {Kqn\pw e`n hnj-b-s
ASn-m-\a
- mn sh_vt]Pp-I Xbm-dm-nMyWebsite F t^mU- d n tkhv
sNp-I. Nn{X- images F t^mUdn Ds- S ppI. Cu Nn{X- sf
sh_v t ]- P n Ds- S p- p- - X n- \ mbn
<img src=images/Imagename.extension>
F SmKv D]- t bm- K n- mw. Nn{X- ns

m\w relative path Bbn ]d-bp--XmWv
\-Xv.
Relative and Absolute Path
Hcp sh_vt]-Pn-tev Nn{Xw, i_vZw,

hoUntbm XpS-nb ^b-ep-Isf DsSp-p-tmgpw As-n GsX-nepw
^b-ep-I-fn-tev sh_vt]-Pns\ enp
sNp-tmgpw Ahsb cv coXn-bn
_n-n-mw. ^b-ens t]cpw AXv
kqn-n-cn-p t^mU-dns t]cpw,
^bknw apX ]qW-ambn DsSpp--XmWv B ^b-ens Absolute
path. DZm-l-c-W-ambn MyWebsite F
t^mU-dnse images F t^mUdn-ep sports.jpg F Nn{Xw html ^ben Ds-Sp-Wsa-n-cn-s <img
src=/home/its/Desktop/MyWebsite/images/sports.jpg> F SmKv \Ip-Xv
85
Absolute path Dw <img src=images/

sports.jpg> Fv am{Xw \Ip- Xv
AXns relative path Dw BWv.
Relative path BWv SmKn- t \msSmw
\Ip--sXn knw amdp-tmgpw

m\w amdp-tmgpw Fm enp-Ifpw
icn-bmbn {]hn-pw.
kqn-p-I. DZm-l-c-W-ambn Iem-ta-f-bpambn _- s v dance.flv F

hoUntbmbmWv Xbm- d m- p- - s X- n
<embed src=videos/dance.flv> Fp
thWw SmKv \Im. embed SmKp-]-tbmKnv i_vZ- ^-be
- p-Ifpw Ds-Sp-m-\mIpw.
{ian-p-t\m-p-a-tm.
sh_vt]Pn Nen{Xw tNmw
sh_vsskv Xbm-dm-m KompoZer
Ctm \n Xbm- d m- nb
sh_vt]-Pn-tev Hcp Ne-n{Xw Ds-Spn-bm AXv Iptd-qSn at\m-lc
- a
- m-Int?
F-s\-bmWv CXn Ne-n-{X- DsSp-pI? hoUntbm FUn-nwKv \S-p-Xv
F-s\-sbv ap mkp-I-fn \n
]Tn-n-ptm. kvIqfn \S-p GsXnepw Hcp {]h-\-ns hoUntbm
jqp sNp-I. CXn\v Bh-iy-amb FUnnwKv hcpn videos F t^mU-dn
Fv.-Sn.-Fw.-F SmKp-I D-]-tbm-Knv

sh_v t]Pp-I Xbm-dm-p-Xv \n
]cn-io-en-tm? Cs\ Xbm-dm-p-tm
\ t\cn {]iv\- Fs-m-amWv?
Fn \nc-h[n sh_vt]-Pp-Ifp Hcp
sh_v s skv Xbm- d m- - W - s a- n F{Xam{Xw SmKp-I \mw D]-tbm-Knt-n-hcpw?
Fv.-Sn.-Fw-.F SmKp-I t\cn-p-]-tbm-Knm-sX sh_v t]Pp-I Xbm-dm-p--Xn\v
tkm^vvshb-dp-I-fpv. Acw tkm^vv
KompoZer D]tbmKn-p--Xn-\p Nne kqN-\-I

Nn{X- Ds-Sp--W-sa-n
Sq_m-dnse Image Sqfn np-sNbvXv Ds-Sp-t Nn{Xw {_ukv sNp-I.
XpSv Alternate text F -ev AXns t]cv \In OK _ Aap-I.
Nn{Xw he-pXm--W-sa-n
Nn{Xn np-sN-bvXm Nppw e`n-p sNdnb NXp-c--fn ]nSnv Ah-bpsS
henw {Iao-I-cn-mw.
Xe-sv Ds-Sp--W-sa-n
ssSv sNbvX-tijw Bh-iy-amb t^mam-nwKv sNp-I.
sF-Wp-I/sSIvp-I Fnh sslenv sN-W-sa-n
sF-Wp-I/sSIvp-I Fnh Select sNbvXv Link Sqfn np-sN-pI. XpSv
Ds-Sp-t File {_ukv sNbvXv OK _ Aap-I.
tS_n Ds-Sp--W-sa-n
tS_n Sqfn np-sNbvXv hcnbpsSbpw \ncbpsSbpw Fw \Im-hp--XmWv
tS_n t^mamv sNp--Xn\v tS_n-fn ssdv np-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb amw
hcp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
Html SmKp-I ssSp sNbvXv t]Pv {Iao-I-cn--W-sa-n
kompoZer sh_vt]Pv Xbm-dm-p Pme-I-n Xmsg-bp source
np-sNbvXv Bh-iy-amb am- hcpmw.
86
Sm_v
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
shb-dp-I-fmWv Fv.-Sn.-Fw.-F. FUn--dpI.
................................................................................
................................................................................
KompoZer, Quanta plus XpS-n-bh
Fv.S- n.-Fw.-F FUn-d

- p-If
- m-W.v Fv.S- n.-Fw.F SmKp-I D]-tbm-Knv hcp-m-hp
Fm sa-s-Sp--ep-Ifpw Ch-bn A\mbmkw ssIImcyw sNm Ign- b p- p.
SmKp- I fp]tbmKnv IqntepI
\Sm\pw
Cu
FUndpIfn
kuIcyapv.
KompoZer eqsS sh_vt]Pn\v
Fsmw am- hcpm Ign-bp-sav
Isn ]n-I-s-Sp-q.
t]Pp-I BIj-I-ammw
KompoZer D]- t bm- K nv \psS
sh_vt]-Pns\ IqSp-X BIj-I-am-nbmtem? Internet sa\p- h n \npw

KompoZer Xpd-p-I. XpSv File Open
F {Ia- n \n Xbm- d m- nb
sh_vt]-Pv Xpd-p-I (Nn{Xw 8.2).
A-c-h-en--hpw, \ndhpw hyXym-k-sSpmw
t]Pp-Iv ]m-e \ndw \Imw
A-c--fp-sSbpw Nn{X--fp-sSbpw
hen-w, m\w, ]m--e-\ndw Fn-hbn Bh- i y- a mb amw hcpn t]Pv
BIj- I - a m- p- I . Cu ^b tkhp
sNbvX-tijw sh_v {_uk-dn Xpd-pI.
Ctm t]Pv IqSp- X BIj- I am-bn-t? -
Nn{X- ns henw Bh- i ym- \ p- k cWw {Iao-I-cnmw
\psS sh_vssk-n\v at\m-l-c-am-sbmcp

tlmwt]Pv
................................................................................
\psS sh_vssk-n\v Bh-iy-amb
Nn{Xw 8.2
87
Nn{Xw 8.3
t]Pp-I Hmtcm {Kqpw Xbm-dm-n-btm?

hnhn[ {Kqp-I Xbm-dm-nb sh_vt]-PpIsf Hcp-anptNv \apv sh_vssk-mn-am-mw. \mw In-p sh_vssk-p-I-fpsS- s bmw {][m\ t]Pv {in- nn- t
(D- Z m: Nn{Xw 8.3). CXv B sskns
tlmwt]-Pm-Wv. \psS ssh_vssk-n\pw
Hcp tlmwt]Pv tht? GXm\pw Nne
sh_vssk-p-I \nco-nv kvIq sskns tlmwt]Pn Ds- S p- t - Xv
Fs-m-sav Hmtcm {Kqpw Is-pI.
tlmwt]- P n Ds- S p- t - Xv
Fs- m- s av Is- n- b nt? C\n
\apv tlmwt]Pv \nan-mw. CXn\p kzoIcn-m-hp Hcp teHuv (]nI 8.3) \Inbn- c n- p- p. Bh- i y- a mb Nn{X- fpw
temtKmbpw Ds-Spn \n-fpsS kvIq
sskns tlmw t]Pv Xbm-dm-q. Hmtcm
{Kqpw Xbm- d m- p tlmwt]- P p- I fn\npw at\m-l-c-ambXv sXc-s-Spv
kvIq sh_vssk-ns tlmwt]-Pmbn {IaoI-cn-p-I. CXn-\m-h-iy-amb \ntZ-i-
\In-bn-cn-p-Xv {in-p-a-tm.
KompoZer Hcp ]pXnb t]Pv FSpv
88
Index.html Fv ^b\maw \In

AXns\ MyWebsite F t^mU-dn
tkhv sNp-I.
tS_n sF-Wn np-sNbvXv aqv
tdmbpw aqv tImf-hp-ap Hcp tS_n
\nan-p-I.
skp-I Hcp-anv tNp-X
- n\v skpI skeIvSv sNbvXv Table Join
Selected Cells Fp \In-bm aXn.
DZm-l-c-W-ambn kvIqfns t]cv \Ip-Xn\v Hm-as hcn-bnse cpw
aqpw skp-I Hcp-anv tNt-Xp-v.
]n-I-bnse hc-I tlmwt]-Pn Zriyam-Im-Xn-cn-p-hm tS_n skeIvSv
sNbv X v Table Table Properties
FSpp-I. Xpd-p-h-cp Pme-I-n
tS_n Sm_n Boarder, Spacing,
Padding Fnh ]qPy-ambn {Iao-I-cnv
OK _ Aap-I.
skn np-sNbvXv Nn{Xhpw sSIvpw
Ds-Sp-m-hp--Xm-Wv.
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
kvIqfns
temtKm
kvIqfns t]cv
{][m\
hm-I
kvIqfns Nn{Xw
({Kqp-I Xbm-dm-nb
sh_vt]-Pp-If
- n-tev
enp sNpI)
Iem-taf
kbkv v
]T-\-bm{X
sF.Sn _v
kvIqfns\p-dn-p hnh-c-
]nI 8.3
{Kqp-I Xbm-dmnb sh_vt]-Pp-I

tlmwt]-Pn-tev env sN-Ww.
Hmtcm {Kqpw Xbm- d m- nb sh_v
ssk-v s]mXp-hmbn Ah-X-cn-nv anI
Hscw Xnc- s - S ppI. kvIq
sh_v s skv \nan- p- - X n- \ mbn AXv
SSITC amsc Gn-p-atm?
sF.]n
A{Ukv /index.html Fv
ssSpsNbv X v F Io Aan- b m
\n-fpsS sh_vssk-ns tlmwt]Pv ap
kn--fnepw e`npw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn
skh- d ns sF.]n A{Ukv 192.168.1.4
BsW-n AXnse sh_vsskv ap kn-fn ImWp--Xn\v 192.168.1.4/index.html
Fv ssSpsNbvXv F Io AapI.
\mw Xbm-dm-nb sh_vsskv ImWp--Xn\v

\n Xbm-dm-nb sh_vssk-ns\
^b knnse var/www F
t^mU-dn-tev So-dpsS klm-b-tmsS
t]v sNpI. XpSv sh_v {_uk-dns
A{Ukv _mdn localhost/index.html Fv
ssSpsNbv X v F Io Aan- b m
sh_vssk-ns tlmwt]Pv e`npw. CXn\v
Cu kn- n Hcp sh_v skh
tkm^vvshb Cm sNbvXn-cn-Ww.
sh_v s skv {]hn- nt? Cu
sh_vsskv \n-fpsS em_nse av knfn e`n-p--Xn\v Fsmw {Iao-I-cW--fmWv sNt-sXv NsNp-I.
ap kn- - f nse sh_v {_uk- d ns
A{Ukv _mdn skh kn-n-s
skhdpw bpw
Htc kabw ]e t{]m{Km- a p- I fpw
hyXykvX D]-tbm-m-v D]-tbmKn- m Ignbp Iyq- - d p- I sf
skh Fphnfn- p- p. Hcp
{]tXyI D]-tbm-K-n-\mbn {Iao-I-cnn-cn-p Hn-e-[nIw t{]mk-k-dpIfp in- t b- d nb Hcp Iyq- -
Bbn- c n- pw CXv . Fm ChnsS
\psS sh_vsskv Xbm-dmn kqnn- c n- p knns\ skh
Fpw skh kn-hpambn _nn-n-cn-p av Iyq--dp-Isf b v
Fpw IcpXmw. skh-dnse dntkmgvkp-I bp-Ipw D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
89
{]h\w 2
Hmtcm {Kqpw Xbm-dm-nb sh_vsskp-I tkhv sNbvXn-cn-p skh kn-fpsS sF.]n A{Ukv
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Hmtcm {Kqn-sbpw sh_vsskv \nco-np-I. Ah-bpsS taa-Ifpw t]mcm-bva-Ifpw
NsNbvXv dntmv Ah-X-cn-n-p-I.
Cs\-n \psS sh_vsskv

\mw Xbm- d m- nb sh_vsskv
kvIqfnse av Iyq--dp-I-fn ImWm
km[n-p-htm? C\n AXns\ Cs\neqsS temIw apgp-h- ImWp hn[-n
{Iao-I-cn--W-sa-ntem? CXn\v \psS
Iyq- - d ns\ (skh) Cs\- n
Ghpw GXv k-a-bhpw e`y-am-p-Itbm
As-n A-c-n {Iao-I-cn-n-p
Hcp sh_v s kh- d n m]n- p- I tbm
sNt--Xp-v. Atm \ b v
kn-n \npw sF.]n A{Ukv D]-tbmKnv skh-dnse t]Pp-I I-Xpt]m-seXs Cs\v sF.]n A{Utkm sh_v
hnem- k tam D]- t bm- K nv ap- - h v
\psS sh_vsskv ImWm Ign-bpw.
Cs\-n e`y-am-p--Xn\p apv
\n Xbm- d m- nb sh_v s sk-- ns\
Cs\- n- e p av ssk- p- I - f p- a mbn
Xmc- X ayw sNq. `wKn- h - c p- - e p- I
C\nbpw \S-t--Xp-t? sh_vsskv
\nam--W - n kmt- X nI sshZKv [ yw
Bh- i y- a p \nc- h [n {]h- \ -
(sh_v t]Pp-I-fpsS GtIm-]-\w, Unssk\nw-Kv)- D-v. Ccw {]h-\--fnepw

\n-sf klm-bn-p-Xn\v tkm^vvshbdpI-fp-v. Ah-bmWv I v am-t\-Pvsa v
knw tkm^vvshb-dp-I.
sh_vsskv \namWw XpSmw

\ apv Xbm-dm-nb sh_vsskns t]mcm-bva-I ]cn-l-cnv AXns\
Ghpw e`y- a m- I p- - h n- [ - n
amnbmtem? CXn\v Hcp sh_v I v
amt\-Pvsa v knw tkm^vvshbdpw \apv
Xnc-s-Sp-t--Xp-v. kzX{hpw (Free)
kuP\yhpamb
Hcp sh_v I v
amt\Pvsa v knw tkm^vvshb-dmWv
{Uq]. GNU GPL ASn-m-\a
- mn Xbmdm-nb Cu tkm^vvshb-dmWv temIs
\nc-h[n sh_v sskp-I-fpsS ]n-Wn-bn
{]hn-p-X
- v. km[m-cW sh_v I v
amt\-Pvsa v kn--fn e`y-amb Fm
tkh-\-fpw {Uq] kn.-Fw.-Fkvepw
e`y- a m- W v. sh_v skh- d n- s tbm
tkm^vvsh-b C-te-js
- tbm Bh-iyI- X - b n- msX Xs kz- a m- s bmcp
sh- _ vsskv \nan- m {Uq]
KmUkn Ah-kc
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- pv. CXp]--tbm-Knv
\psS sh_vsskv Xbm-dm-p-s
- X-s
- \sbv t\mmw.
www.drupalgardens.com Fv sh_v
{_uk- d n ssSpsNbv X v {Uq]
I v amt\-Pvsa v kn-ns sh_v
sskn-tev {]th-in-p-I
Nn{Xw 8.4
90
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
sh_v Iv amt\-Pvsav knw (WCMS)

sh_v kwhn-[m-\-n sh_vsskv \nam-Ww, ]p-sh-bv-ep-I, \nco--W-,
\nb-{-W- Fnhv klm-b-I-amb tkm^vvshbdpI-fmWv sh_v I v amt\Pvsa v knw. at\m-l-c-amb sh-_vsskv Hcp-p--Xn\pw hnh-c- Ds-Sp-p-Xn\pw CXn A\m-bmkw km[n-p-p.- {]-[m-\-s Nne sh_v I v am-t\Pvsa v kn--fmWv thUv{]-kv, Pqwe, {Uq], ssev kn.-Fw.-Fkv XpS-n-b-h.
\psS Iyq-dn (skh) emWv Cu kn.-Fw.-Fkv tkm^vvshb-dp-I Cm
sNp--Xv. AXn-\m Xs ]qW kzmX-{y-tmsS A\p-tbm-Py-amb sh_vsskp-I kzw Iyq--dn (skh) Xbm-dm-m-\m-Ipw.
I v amt\-Pvsa v knw tkm^vv shb Cm sNbvX sh-_v kh-dn H-\h[n sh_vsskv amXr-I-I (sS-vsf-p-I) e`y-am-Wv. A\p-tbm-Py-amb sSvsfv
Xnc-s-Sp-p-I. temtKmbpw \n-d--fnepw amw hcpn IqSp-X BIj-I-am-p-I.
sh_vssk-n-te-m-h-iy-amb tkh-\- (blog, user login, gallery, social network
- , Nn{X-, av tUmIyp-sap-I Fnh Dslink, etc.) sXc-s-Sp-p-I, hnh-c
Sp-p-I, C{Xbpw sN-p--tXmsS sh_v sskv k-am-Ip-p. \ne-hn-ep sSvsfn GXp-k-a-bpw amw hcp-p-hm km[n-pw. Cs\ hcp-p amw \ne-hnep hnh-c--fn {]Xn-ên-p-Ibpw sNpw.
Nne sh_v I v amt\-Pvsa v kn- Ah-cpsS skh-dn Xs sh_vsskp-I Xbm-dm-m Ah-kcw \Ip-p-.v www.drupalgardens.com, www.lightcms.com,
www.wordpress.com, http://sites.google.com, XpS-n-bh Ah-cpsS skh-dn Xs
kuP-\y-ambn sh_vssk-p-I Xbm-dm-m Ah-k-c-sam-cp-p-p. kz-ambn
Csa-bn hnem-k-ap GsXm-cmpw Ch-bn sh_vsskv Xbm-dm-m-\m-Ipw.
Create a free site _- W n np
sNbvXv XpSv {]Xy--s-Sp PmeI- n (Nn{Xw 8.5) sh_v s sk- n\v
\Im B{K-ln-p URL (sh_v
hnem-kw), sh_v sskn {]th-in-p-Xn-\p username, password, \ne-hn-ep \n--fpsS email hnemkw Ch
\Ip-I.
Continue _-Wn npsNp-tm

e`n- p Pme- I - n (Nn{Xw 8.6)
\npw, \n- f psS sh_v s sk- n
Ds-Sp-m B{K-ln-p kuI-cy Xnc-s-Sp-mw.
Comments, Mailinglist, webforms,
rotating banner, Media gallery XpSnb
Nn{Xw 8.5
91
Nn{Xw 8.6
tkh- \ - fpw FAQ, Forums, Blog,

Contact Us XpS-nb t]Pv amXr-I-Ifpw
sh_v sskv BIj-I-ammw
Ah-iyw-th kuI-cy-fpw `wKntbmSpw IqSnb Hcp sh_vsskv Xbm-dm CXn \npw ON / OFF _-Wn btm? C\n Cu sh_vsskn FsnpsNbv X v Media gallery, Blog, nepw am- hcp-p-It- bm, kuI-cy-
Contact us, About Fo kuIcy Ds-Sp-p-I-tbm, IqSp-X BIj-I-amam{Xw Ctm Ds-Sp-mw. Create p-Itbm sNt--Xp-s-n Ahbpw
_-Wn np sNp--tXmsS Bh- sNm-hp--Xm-Wv.
iy- s kuI- c y- - t fm- S p- I q- S nb
sh_vsskv Xbm-dm--s-Sp-p.
ChnsS e`y-am-Wv.
sh_v cPn-kvt{S-j ka-bv \Inb

C- s a- b n hnem- k - ns ]cn- t im- [ - \ Nn{Xw 8.7
bvmbn Cu hnem-k-n-te--b sabnense enn np sNbvXv cPn-kvt{S-j
Appearance
]qn-bm--Ww.
sh_vssk-n-tev temKn sNp-{]h\w 3
tXmsS sskns amw hcp--en\pw `wKnCu hjs \n- f psS kv I q h-cp--en\pw Bh-iy-amb \ntZi--f-S{]h-\- hnh-cn-p kvIq sh_v nb sa\p-_m apI-fn (Nn{Xw 8.7) Zriysskv {Uq] KmUkn Xbm- d m- am-Ipw. Cu sa\p_mdn \npw `wKn hcp- e n\p
Appearance
sa\p
p-I.
92
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
Nn{Xw 8.8
XncsSpp- I . Ctm t]m]v - A ]v

sNbvXp h sNdnb Pme-I-nse (Nn{Xw
8.8) Themes, Layout, Brand, Styles, Layout
Sm_p-I-fn-eq-sS sh_vsskn\v `wKn-h-cp-ep-I \Smw.
Xbm-dm-nb sh_vssk-ns GsXnepw Hcp `mKw am{X- a m- b n, IqSp- X

BIj- I - a m- t - - X ptm? DZm- l - c - W ambn sskv Xe-s-ns (Site Header)
\ndw amW-saps-n, sskv Xe-sn npsNp-I. Nn{X-n (Nn{Xw 8.9)
ImWn-p-X
- p-t]mse skeIvSv sNbvX `mKns AXncv (border) ImWn-p--tXmsSmw You are styling: F ev The
site-name in the header region Fv kqNnn-p-Ibpw sNpw.
kzta-[bm (default) Xbm-dm-s

- Xow
\n-fpsS sh_vssk-n\v A\p-tbm-Py-a
Fn hyXykvX LS-\-I-fn-ep \nc-h[n
Xoap-I ChnsS e`y-am-Wv. Choose a new
theme enn npsNbvXv asmcp Xow
sXc-s-Sp-p-I. Choose _-Wn np
sNbvXv, ]pXnb Xoan\v t]cv \In kqnCtm style hcp-p am-
mhp--Xm-Wv.
Cu AXn-cn-\p-nse LS-I--fn am{X-
Nn{Xw 8.9
93
am-bn-cnpw A\p-`-h-s-Sp-I. CXp-t]mse

amw hcp-t GsXmcp LS-I-tbpw
(block) Xn-c-s-Spv `wKn-bmmw.
\n-fpsS sh_vssk-n hcp-p
`wKn- h - c p- - e p- I bYm- k - a bw Save
sNs-Sp-pv Fnepw, Publish _Wn npsNpXphsc Cu am
\apv am{Xta e`yamhpIbpq.
BbXn\m am ap kiIv
ImWm km[npXn\mbn, (Nn{Xw 8.10)
Publish _-Wn npsNpI. `wKn hcp- e p- I ]qn- b mbn Fn Close
_ npsNbvXv Appearance PmeIw
AS-bvmw.
Nn{Xw 8.10
{]h\w 4
\psS kv I qfn- \ mbn Xbm- d m- nb
sh_vssk-n CvkvtI-n Xbm-dm-nb
kvIq temtKm Ds-Sp-p-I. Bh-iy-amb
am- hcpn at\m-l-c-am-p-I.
hnh-c- tNmw kp-jvS-ammw
Hcp \ sh_vssk-m-Ip-I-bp-q. \psS

sh_vssk-n-s\bpw kvIqfnse \ntXy-\bp {]h- \ - Ds- S pn
\smcp sh_v-ssk-m-mw.
{]h\w 5
\n-fpsS sh_vssk-n kvIqfn
\S- p {]h- \ - , ki\hnhc, Ipn-Ifpw A[ym-]-Icpw Xbmdm-p UnPn- hkvXp-, kvIqfns
anI-hp-Isf kw_-n hnh-c- XpS-nb-h-sbmw Ds-Sp-p-I.
hnh-c- sh_vt]-Pn-tev
sh_vsskv \nam-W-ns BZy-L-n Bh-iy-s kuI-cy--\p-kcnv , Home, About, Blog, Contact us,
Gallaries Fo t]Pp-I Ds-Sp-n-btm. CXn- t e- m- h - i y- a mb hnh- c -
\Ip-I-bmWv C\n \mw sNt--Xv.
sh_v s skv Dt- i y- s - p- d npw
\nsf Ipdnpw hnhcw \Im-hp About
t]Pn Ctm Fs-mw hnh-c--fmWp-Xv? CXn amw hcp-p--Xn-\pw, \n-fpsS sh_vssk-ns\ kw_-n hnhc Ds-Sp-p--Xn-\p-am-bn About F
t]Pv ssSn-en\p Xmsg-bp Edit sa\phn npsNbvXv Bh-iy-amb hnh-c-
DsSppI (Nn{Xw 8.11). (\n- login
sNbvXn-cn-p-tm am{X-amWv Cu sa\p
Zriy-am-hp-I).
at\m-l-c-amb
Hcp sh_vsskv
Xbm-dm-btm? Hcp sh_vssk-ns `wKntb-m {][m\w AXnse hnh-c-mWv. hnh-c- bYm-k-abw Ds-SppIbpw ]pXp-p-Ibpw sNp-tm am{Xta
Nn{Xw 8.11
Iv tmp-I
Hcp sh_vt]Pn Ds-Sp-t hyXykvX Xcw hnh-c-sf tmp-I-fmbn Xncnn-cn-p-p. Main menu, site logo, Site name, Main banner, Main page content, Search
form XpS-n-bh Hmtcmpw hyXykvX tmp-I-fm-Wv. ]pXnb tmp-I \nanp-Ibpw sNmw. Hcp tmns m\w t]Pv teHun FhnsS thW-sa-nepw
\n-bn-mw. Navigation block (Fm t]Pp-I-fn-te-p-ap env) s m\w Sidebar
tem pre header tem amn m]n-mw.
94
\apsmcp sh_vsskv
WYSIWYG editor
What You See Is What You Get FXns Npcp-c
- q-]a
- m-Wv WYSIWYG. thUv t{]mkk-dn\p kam-\-amb PmeIhpw FUn-nwKv Sqfp-Ifpw WYSIWYG Editor Hcp-n-bn-pv. Cu PmeI-n hcp-p Ds-Sp--ep-I AtX coXn-bn sh_v t]Pn
Zriy--am-Ip-sa--Xn-\m WYSIWYG Editor hnh-c- Ds-Sp-p--XmWv IqSpX kuI-cy-{]-Zw.
Nn{Xw 8.12
hnh- c - Ds- S p- m- \ mbn cv

FUn--dp-I-fmWv Hcp-n-bn-p--Xv. (HTML
editor WYSIWYG editor). (Nn{Xw 8.12)
Nn{Xw Ds-Spmw
\n-f
- psS sh_vt]Pn-tev kvIqfnse
{][m\ {- ]-h-\
- f
- psS Nn{X- DsSp-t--Xptm? Nn{X- sh_vt]PpIsf IqSp-X BIj-I-am-m klm-bnp- s av \mw Xncn- - d n- p- h tm?
WYSIWYG FUn-dn sa\p-_m-dnse Add
media npsNbv X v Nn{X- DsSpmw.
aoUnbm Kmedn
Htc hn`m- K - ns- S p \nc- h [n
Nn{X-sf Hnp {]Zin-n-m klmbn- p kt- X - a m- W tm Kme- d n- I .
\n ]s-Sp Hcp ]cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn
_-s (Iem-ta-f, ]T-\-bm{X XpS-nbh)
Nn{X-
Kme- d n- b n- t ev
Ds-Sp-q.
Navigation _mdn\npw Kmedn Sm_v
np-sNbvXv \ne-hn-ep Kmedn t]Pntev t]mImw. CXn Ctm Xmm-
en-Ia
- mbn Ds-Sp-n-bn-p kmn Kmednbpw AXnse kmn Nn{X-fpw amn
\n-fpsS Nn{X- Ds-Sp-q. Add
Media _-Wn np-sNbvXv IqSp-X
Nn{X- Ds-Sp-mw.
Cv k v t I- ] v , Pnv XpS- n- b - h - b n
Xbm-dm-nb Nn{X- Hcp ]pXnb Kmedn
\nanv AhnsS Ds-Sp-q. Add Media
_-Wn np-sNbvXv Cu Kme-dn-bn-tev
IqSp-X Nn{X- Ds-Sp-mw.
]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv
kvIq {]h-\-fnse \n-fpsS
]m-fnw, ]T-\-bm{Xm hnh-cWw Ch
Ds-Sp-m ]pXn-sbmcp t]Pv Xs
thn-h-cpw. sa\p-_m-dnse Content Add
Content Basic Page hgn Hmtcm hn`m-Kn\pw {]tXyIw t]Pp-I Xbm-dm-mw.
amw hcp--ep-I
{]kv X pX sh_v s sk- n DsSpnb Hmtcm hnh-c-sbpw (t]Pv, Bnn, t]mv) I v t]PpIfn\npw
amw hcp- p- I tbm Hgn- h m- p- I tbm
sNmw.
95
\p Hcp sh_vt]Pv Fv.Sn.Fw.F

SmKp]tbmKnv \nanpI. Ac,
t]PpI Fnh \ndw \In
at\mlcamWw.
Nn{X,
A\ntaj kn\naI XpSnbh
tiJcnv sh_vt]Pn DsSpWw.
m\w ammw
Hcp sh_vt]-Pn slU, t]Pp-I-fnte-p enp-I, sskUv_m, D-S-- XpSn \nc-h[n LS-I- Dm-bncn-p-a-tm. Ds-Sp-t hyXy-kvX-Xcw
hnh-c-v A\p-tbm-Py-amb m\-
I v amt\-Pvsa v knw-Xs Xbm-dmp-p. C-c
- n Xbm-dm-n-bn-p t]Pv
te Hun Pre header, Navigation,
Banner, Pre content, Page Content, Side
bar, Pree footer, Copyright XpS- n- b - h -
bvmWv km[m-cW m\w \Im-dp-Xv . Fm GsXmcp I v tmns\bpw GXv m\-tv amp--Xn\pw

km[n-p-Ibpw sNp-p.
XpS {]h\
\nfpsS kv I qfnse A\ntaj
kn\na
\namW
bqWnns
{]h\ {]ZinnpXn
hnhn[ Unhnj\pIfnse hnZymYnI

Xbmdmnb sh_vt]PpI tiJcnv
Hcp sh_v s skv \nanpI. sh_v
sskn\v Bhiyamb tlmwt]Pv
\nanv sh_vsskv at\mlcamWw.
Fm knnepw e`np hn[n
sh_vsskv
Hcp
skhdn
kqnpI.
{Uq] KmUkn \n
Xbmdmnb sh_vsskntev kvIq
tafIfpambn _s hnhc
DsSppI.
96
temIw ssIpnfn
temIw ssIp-n-fn
]sm-cn-y-m-c\mIm-i-Kw-Ksb-
smp-t]mbv an-sem-gpo `Ko-c-Y.
\msf-b-hs ]nKm-an-Ifopc
-tKm-f-e---sf-b-m-\-am-SnSpw.....
-- hb-em cma-h
\- { X- - f m
BIm- i - n
hcbvs-Sp at\m-l-c--fmb Nn{X-
( constellation art) \n \nco- n- nptm? Ap-X--fpsS A--b-J-\n-bmb
BIm- i sIpdn- p ]T\w AXnepw
ckI-c-at?
sIm, st- d n- b w, ske- nb
XpSnb knap-te-j tkm^vSvshb-dp-I
BImi {]Xn- ` m- k - I- d n- b m- \ p
Ah-kcw \apv \Ip-p. 8mw mknse
BImi ImgvN-I F A[ym-b-n
Kstars tkm^vvshb ]cn-N-b-stm?
CXp-t]mse \{X kaq-l
- s
- f Ipdn-p
Bg-n-ep ]T-\
- n\v \s Gsd klmbn-p tkm^vSvshb-dmWv st-dn-bw.
Cu tkm^vSvshb-dn-eqsS \apsmcp
BIm-i- bm-{X-bm-bmtem? AXn-\mbn BZyw
tkm^vvshb ]cn-N-b-s-tS--Xp-v.
Science sa\p-hn \npw stdnbw
Xpd-p-I.
{][m\ Pme-I-ns CS-Xp-h-i-tv
aukv t]mbn Fn-m Sq _m
Zriy-am-mw.
mkv _m e`y-am-m NphsS aukv
t]mbn Fn-m aXn-bm-Ipw.
mkv, Sq _mdpI Xn tNcp
ev ImWp {XntIm-W--fn
np-sNbvXv Ch AXXv m\--fn
Dd-n-mw.
Page Up, Page Down IoItfm aukns
kvt{Im _tWm D]-tbm-Knv Zoom
In, Zoom Out km[y-am-Ipw.
97
Nn{Xw 9.1
Iot_mUnse Btcm IoI-fp-]t- bm-Knv

hnhn[ Zni-I-fnse ImgvN-I Zriy-ammw.
aukv {UmKp-sNbvXv Field of View (FOV)
amw hcp-mw.
\nco--W-ew sXc-sSpmw
{Kl-W- Fm {]tZ-i-p-\npw
Zriyam-Ip-I-bn-tm. Fp-sIm-m-WXv?
Hmtcm {]tZ-i-p-\n-p-ap BIm-i-Zr-iy hyXy-kvXa
- m-Wv. BIm-is FhnsS
\nmWv \mw \ncon-t-Xv? Ctm
tkm^vSvshb-dn GXp e-amWv {Iao-Icn-n-cn-p--sXv mkv _mdn \np
Is-q.
st- d nbw tkm^v v s hb- d n Hcp
{]tXyI ew {Iao-I-cn-p--sX--s\sbv t\mmw. Sq_m-dn Ghpw apIfn-embn ImWp semt-j Sq (F6)
(Nn{Xw 9.1) np-sNbvXv semt-j PmeI-n-se-mw. Pme-I-nse `q]-S-n
98
(Nn{Xw 9.2) Hcp {]tZiw np-sNbvXv AhnsS-\n-p Zriyw {Iao-I-cn-mw.

hnhn[ e--fn\n-p Bh
n- p \nco- - W - n\v e-
semt-j Pme-I-n-eps-Sp-t--Xpv. Amwihpw tcJmw-ihpw D]-tbm-Knm-Wtm KStar tkm^v S v s hbdn Hcp
{]tXyI ew \mw {Iao- I - c n- - X v.
st-dn-b
- nepw ew {IaoI-cn-m Ch
Bh- i y- a m- W v . Ch Fs\ e`npw?
Amw- i hpw tcJmwihpw am_n
tkm^vSvshb-dn \npw Is-m-sav
\mw apmkn ]cn-N-b-s-n-p-v. \nfpsS {]tZ-i-ns Amw-i--tc-Jmw-i tiJ-cn-p-I. tiJ-cn hnh-c-
Pme-In tcJ-s-Sp-q. Nn{Xw 9.2
Amw-iw, tcJmw-iw, e-ns t]cv,
cmPyw XpS-nb hnh-c- tcJ-s-Sp-nbn- c n- pXv {in- p- I . ( Altitude
t_mIvkn amw hcp-t--Xn-). Add to
List _ np-sN-p-I. \n-fpsS ew
semt-j Pme-I
- n tN-s-p-thm?
temIw ssIpnfn
Nn{Xw 9.2
mkv _mdn Ctm GXv e-amWv

tcJ-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv. Pme-I-ns
NphsS ImWp Use as Default t_mIvkv
Snv sNp-I. \n-fpsS ew Default
semt- j - \ mbn {Iao- I - c n- - s - p. C\n
tkm^vvshb Xpd-p-tm Cu ep-\n-p Zriy-amhpw \nv ImWm
Ign-bp-I.
Znh-khpw ka-bhpw mkv _mdn tcJs-Sp-n-bn-p-Xv t\mq. (Nn{Xw 9.4). Znhkhpw ka-bhpw Sq_m-dnse tUv/ssSw
Sq (F5) (Date/Time window) (Nn{Xw 9.3)
D]-tbm-Knv {Iao-I-cn-mw.
Znh-khpw ka-bhpw {Ia-s-Spmw

Hcp {]tXyI Znh-k-nse \nnX
ka-bs BImiw Zriy-am-Im Fp am-fmWv hcp-t-Xv? tkm^vvshb-dnse
Nn{Xw 9.4
Nn{Xw 9.3
Fm BIm-i-tKm-f--fpw Nen-p-p-tm. Ch-bpsS m\w `qan-bn \npw

hf-sc-b-Ise Bb-Xn-\ms ZoLt\cw kqv-a-ambn \nco-n-m am{Xta
Ah-bpsS Ne\w a\-n-em-m-\m-hq. kab\n-cv hyXym-k-s-Sp-p-I-hgn tkm^vv
shb- d n Ah- b psS Ne\w thK- nemmw. ka-b-\n-cv Fs\ hyXym-ks-Spmw?
99
Nn{Xw 9.5
mkv _mdnse ssSw Sq Innse

ka-b-\n-cv h[n-n-p Sq (Increase
Time Speed Tool) (Nn{Xw 9.4) D]-tbm-Knv
ka-b-\n-cv h[n-nv \apv \-{X-fpsS Ne\w thK-n-em-mw. ssSw Sqfnse
Hmtcm nnepw ka-b-\n-cv B\p-]m-XnI-ambn h[n-p-sIm-n-cn-pw. Set TIme to
Now Sq np-sN-bvXm knw ka-bn Xncn-sI-sb-mw.
BIm-i-nse hc-I
\-{X-sf Xn _n-n-p
km-ev]n-I-h-c-I F{X at\m-l-c-amb cq]-fmWv Ahbvv \Ip--Xv. \ncchpw
kqva-hp-amb hm\-\n-co--W-n-eqsS
\psS ]nXm-a-l-m Is-n-b-Xm-Wh.
ae-bm-f-am-k-v \{XKW-fpsS cq]- h p- a mbn Fs- nepw _aptm? knwl-ns cq]-ap \-{XK-Ws (Leo) Innt? Nnw FmWv
Cu \{X kaqlw Adn- b - s - S p- - X v .
Nnw \{X kaq-ls tkm^vvshbdn Fs\ Ismw?
Sq_m-dnse Search hntUm-bn Leo
Fp ssSp- s Nbv X v Search np
sNp-I.
100
Ah Zriy-]-cn-[nv ]pd-m-sW-n
kabw {Iao-I-cnv Ahsb Zriy-]-cn-[nbn-se-n-mw.
mkv Sq_m-dnse 3 Constellation SqfpI (Constellation Line, Label, Art) D]tbm-Knv \{XKW-nse \-{X Xn _n-n-p hc-I,
Ah-bpsS t]cv, Ah-bpsS km]n-I
cq]w Fnh Zriy-am-mw. (Nn{Xw 9.5)
]I kabw BIm-i-nse \-{X Zriy-am-m mkv _mdnse
Night Mode, Atmosphere Sqfp-I D]tbm-Kn-mw (Nn{Xw 9.5).
kqcy\pNppw
kqcy-\p-Np-p-ap `qan-bpsS km-c]
- mX-bmWv ]cn-{I-a-W-]-Yw. ]cn-{I-aW]Yw
Fs\ tkm^vvshb-dn AS-bm-f-s-Spmw?
Sq_m- d nse Viewing options (F4)
Sm_v np- s N- b vXm View Pme- I nsemw. Markings Sm_n Celestial
Sphere ennse Ecliptical Line np-sNbvXm `qan-bpsS ]cn-{I-aW tcJ Zriy
-am-Ipw (Nn{Xw 9.6).
temIw ssIpnfn
Nn{Xw 9.6
tUv/ssSw Sq (Date/Time Window)

D]-tbm-Knv amk- hyXym-k-s-Sp-pI. Hmtcm amknepw ]cn{IaW ]Y-n
kqcys ]m--e-n ImWp \{X-sf \nco-n-p-I.
]cn- { I- a W]Y- nse \- { X- K - W - sf

(kqcys ]m- en ImWp- )
]n-I-s-Sp-pI (Nn{Xw 9.7).
Nn-n-\p-]p-dta GsXmw \-{X-fmWv ]cn-{I-aW ]Y-n kqcys

]m--e-n Ism Ign-bp-I.
hyXykvX amk-fn kabw {Ia-s-Spn
kucIfw
kqcy-\n ImW-s-Sp Idp AS-bmf--fmWv kuc-I-f--. kqcy-\n
AXn-i--amb ImnI aWvU-e-
D CS-f
- n-emWv kuc-If
-
-
- ImWs-Sp--Xv. i-amb ImnIaWvU-ens in- s Imv cq]wsImp
hmX- I - N p- g n- b mWv kuc- I - f w Fp
]d-bmw. NqSv Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m-emWv kucI-f-- Ccp \nd-n ImW-s-Sp-Xv. 1612 Keo-entbm Keo-en-bmWv
BZy-ambn kuc-I-f-- Is-nb- X v. kqcy\ntev kqw sNbvXv
kucIf \nconpI.
Nn{Xw 9.7
\-{X- Dm-Ip-Xv
\-{X-K-W--fn cq]wsImv \s
Gsd BIjn-p HmWv Hmdn-tbm
(Orion) . Hmdn- t bm \- { X- K - W s
Ismtam?
Search hntUm D]-tbm-Knv Hmdn-tbmWns\ sXc-bp-I.
tIm-te-j Sqfp-I D]-tbm-Knv
101
Hmdn-tbm-Wns cq]w Xncn--dn-bp-I.

th-m-cs cq]w ImWm Igntm?
th-m-cs In-bmbn ImW-s-Sp
aqv \- { X- - f n a[y- n- e p
\{Xw Zoom sNbvXv \nco-n-p-I.
Left Click Hm_vPIvSv Select sNm\pw
Right Click Hm_vPIvSv Deselect
sNm\pw D]-tbm-Kn-p-p.
Auto Zoom sNp--Xn\v Hcp Hm_vPIvSv
skeIvSv sNbvXv Forward slash (/)
_ Aap-I.
Zoom out sNp--Xn\v Back slash (\)
Aap-I.
Nn{Xw 9.8
Close Zooming \mbn kvt{Im _ IW-m-p-Xv? Cu \{Xw GXv \{X-K-W-n-emWv?

D]-tbm-Knmw (Ctrl+ Up Arrow).
Akm ssa\ (Ursa minor) F
Zoom sNsSp
Hm_vPIvSv
t^mkv sNm mkv _mdnse \-{X-K-Ws Is-q. (Sq_m-dnse
Center on selected object S
q D]-tbm- search window (F3) Sq D]-tbm-Kn-mw.
Fm-Wn-Xns cq]w? Cu \-{X-K-WKn-mw.
nse Ghpw Xnf--ap \{XamWv
ap \-{X--fn \nv CXv Fs\ {[ph-\-{Xw (Polaris) (Nn{Xw 9.8). kab
hyXym-k-s-n-cn-pp?
\ncv hn-nv \-{X-sf thK-n
Nen-n-p-I. av \-{X-sf At]-nv
s\_peI
{[ph-\-{Xw Hcp m\p Xs XpS-cp\- { Xm- c BImi-Xmbn ImWp-nt? Fm Znh-khpw Htc
nse hmX-I-ta-L-epXs {[ph-\
- {Xw ImWsSpfmWv s\_p-e-I. ChXn\v FmWv ImcWw?
bn \nmWv \{X
\ofp ]I
cq]w sImp- I .
at-sXmw s\_p-e-I
{[ph-\--{X-ns m\w D-c
Is-m-\m-Ipw.
Is-nb s\_p-e-I-fpsS khntijX-I t{ImUo-I-cn-p-I.
CuKn (Eagle) s\_pe
Kmc (Garren) s\_pe
ss{S^n-Uv (Trifid) s\_pe
hgn-Im-n-bmbn {[ph-\-{Xw
]pcmX\ Imew-ap-Xt \mhn-I-cpsS
hgn-Im-n-bmWv {[ph-\--{Xw. Fp-sImmWv {[ph-\--{Xs Znim-kq-N-I-ambn
102
XtamK-
\-{X--fpsS ]cn-Wm-a-Z-i-bnse AyL-a
- mWv Xtam-Kw. Cu Ah-b
- n
AXn-i
- a
- mb Kpcp-Xzm-Ij-W_
- e
- a
- p
e-ambn Ah cq]w sImpw. A\m-hcWw sN-t-tS Hcp-]mSv \nKq-V-XI Xtam-K--sf-p-dn-p-v. XtamK--sf-Ip-dnp ]T-\-n KWyamb kw`m-h-\-I \Inb ka-Im-eo\
{]Xn-`-bmWv o^ tlmn-Mv.
temIw ssIpnfn
òa\pw Ip\pw
\{X \mi-s-p-dnv ]mw-m-knse imkv{Xw- 2 ]mT-]p-kvX-I-nse \psS
{]]w F A[ym-b-n {]Xn-]m-Zn-n-p-v. DutPm-Xv]m-Z\w Ipdbp-tXmsS
\- { X- Nph òa- \ mbn cq]w- a m- d p- p. tcmlnWn (Aldeberan),
Xncp-hm-Xnc (Betelgeuse), tNmXn
(Arcturus) Fo \- { X-
Nph òaam- c m- W v . DuPns Dd-hnSw ]qW-ambn CmXm-Ip--tXmsS Ch-bn Nn-eXv
henw Ipdv sh-p-
F Ah--bn-se-p-p. andm
(Mira) CXn-s\mcp DZm-l-c-W-am-Wv.
andm \-{Xs tkm^vvshbdn Is-q. Ime-{I-taW Ch
XWp-p-dv Idp Ip-\mbn
cq]w amdp-p.
Nn{Xw 9.9
-{[p-h-n\v apI-fn-em-W-tm. semt-j

Sqfp-]-tbm-Knv \nco-W ew D-c-{[ph-ambn {Iao-Ic
- n-p-I (-Sq_m-dnse semtj Pme-I-nse `q]-S-n D-c-{[phw
npsNq.) kab \ncv hn-n-p-I.
D- c - { [p- h - n Ctm ]I- e mtWm
cm{Xn-bmtWm? F{X-Zn-hkw AXv \op\npw? NphsS mkv _mdn Znh-k amdp-Xv {intm? kqcys Ne\w
F-s\-bmWv? Left, Right Btcm IoI-fpsS
klm-b-tmsS kqcy-t\m-Smw Nen-q.
Fp {]tXy-I-X-bmWv \nv ImWm\m- b Xv ? ]I- e n- s bpw cm{Xn- b p- s Sbpw
ssZLyw ]cntim-[n-p-I.
bYmY Cet{mWnIv kopI

D]tbmKnmsX Xs AhbpsS
{]h\sfpdnv ]TnpXn\pw
Bhiyamb sasSpepI hcpp
Xn\pw Ccw tkm^v v s hb- d p- I
klmbnpp. ]pXnb ko- p- I
Xbmdmn ]conpXn\pw Ch
D]tbmKnmw.
sI-sSIv em_v D]tbmKnv \nan
cv kopIfmWv Nn{Xw 9.10
\InbncnpXv. \nfpsS imkv{X ]mT]p-kvX-I-nse Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv F
A[ym- b - n- e p Cu ko- p- I
\appw Xbmdmnbmtem?
Cet{mWnIv kopI Xbmdmmw

sshZypXkopI
Xbmdm
pXn\pw {]hnnpXn\pw s^v
kov Ikv{S Inv F
knaptej tkm^v v s h- b HXmw
mkn ]cnNbstm? CXpt]mse
Cet{mWnIv kopI Xbmdmm\pw,
kopIfpsS {]h\w a\nem
phm\pw D]Icnp Hcp tkm^v v
shbdmWv sI-sSIv em_v (Ktech lab).
Nn{Xw 9.10
103
Education sa\phn \npw Ktech Lab XpdXn\ptijw File New Circuit

sXcsSppI. OK _Wn np sNbvXm kov \namW
n\p {][m\PmeIw (Nn{Xw 9.11) ZriyamIpw.
Nn{Xw 9.11
ItmW v k v Sm_n\nv _mdn,

knKv \ emv (__v ) , UtbmUv
Fnh PmeIntev {UmKpsNbvXv
shbvpI.
bncnpp. Ch D]tbmKnv cv
kopIfpsSbpw {]h\ns
khntijXI XncndnbpI.
ItmWpIsf
_nnp
eoUpI aukv D]tbmKnv {UmKv
sNbvXv Nn{Xn ImWpXpt]mse
cv kopI \nanpI.
Settings Configure Ktechlab Ani-
GsXnepw ItmW v kon

\npw Hgnhmm AXns\ select
sNbvXv Delete _ Aanbm
aXn.
ItmW ns hneIfn amw
hcpm Item Editor np sNbvX
tijw amt ItmWn np
sNpI.
kov Xbmdmn tkhv sNpI.
khn-ti-j-X-I Ismw
kopI Xbmdmnbtm? Cu
kopI hniIe\w sNpXn
\mhiyamb Nne kqN\I \In
104
cv kopIfn GXnemWv __v

sXfnbpXv?
mate wires to show current or power flow
FXv ASbmfsSppI. Ctm

GXv konemWv sshZypXn
{]hlnpXmbn ImWpXv?
sshZypXn {]hlnp kon
UtbmUpw _mdnbpw LSnnncnp
Xns {]tXyIX Fv? CXv
GXpXcw _bknwKmWv?
cp ko-p-If
- n-sebpw {]tXy-IX
- I
-
Xmc-Xayw sNbvXv Hcp Ipdnv Xbm-dmmw.
ItmWn\v t]cp \evImw

\mw Xbmdmnb konse Hmtcm
ItmWnsbpw t\sc Ah GsXms
temIw ssIpnfn
bmsWv tcJsSpmw. CXn\v Draw

Sqfn\npw Text FSpv ASbmf
sSpt `mKv np sNpI.
Atm Text Fv Zriy-am-Ip-n-Sv
U_n np-sN-bvXm Itm-Wp-If
- psS
t]cp-I Fgp-Xm-hp--XmWv (Nn{Xw 9.12).
Nn{Xw 9.13
Nn{Xw 9.12
kov Ub{K Nn{Xfmbn

kqnmw
\n Xbmdmnb Cu kopI
\nfpsS tmKntem sh_vsskntem
DsSpWsa- n- c n- - s . AXn\v
sI-sSIv em_n Xbmdmnb Ahsb
\apv Nn{Xfmn amtXpv. apv
sNbv X {]h- \ - tkhv sNbv X v
hncnp kopI sI- s SIv
em_neqsS XpdpI. C\n File Export
as image Fv np sNbvXv ^b \maw
\In Save sNpI. Ctm \mw
Xbmdmnb kov Hcp Nn{Xambn \apv
e`nnt? CXv tmKnepw sh_vssknepw
DsSppatm?
{]h\w 1
Nn{Xw 9.13 ImWpXpt]mse
ItmWpI LSnnXn\ptijw
HmkntemkvtImn np sNbvXv
XcwKsf \nconpI. kov Xbmdmn AXns\ Nn{X-ambn tkhv sNp-I.
Dmhp amw \nconpI.

AtX UtbmUns\ FXn Znibn
LSnnv XcwKfn Dmhp amw
\nconpI.
e`n XcwKsf ASnm\amn
UtbmUv LSnntm Dmb amw
lm^v thhv sdn^ntj\mtWm
Fp NsNpI.
Cu ko-ns\ FIvkvt]mv sNbvXv
Nn{X-amn kqn-p-I.
{]h\w 2
Nn{Xn \InbncnpXp
t]mse Hcp kov XbmdmpI.
Hmkntemkv t Imv ]cntim[nv AXn
e`np {Km^ns\ ASnm\amn ^p
thhv sdn^ntjs\pdnv Hcp Ipdnv
XbmdmpI. ko-ns\ FIvkvt]mv
sNbvXv Hcp Nn{X-am-p-I.
Xmsgdbp
am
Cu
kon hcpn \ncoW
Ipdnpshbvpatm.
Hcp UtbmUv Cu kon UtbmUv
Fv ASbmfsSpnbncnp
`mKv _nnv XcwKfn
Nn{Xw 9.14
105
Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv ko-p-I Xbm-dmp- Xpw Ahsb Nn{X- - f m- p- - X psams a\-n-em-n-b-tm. C-Xp-t]mse

\mw ]Tn-n-p ko-p-I Xbm-dmn
Ah-bpsS {]h\aX \nco-n-p-I.
Hcp Ce-Iv{SnIv Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIv kov
Xbm-dm-p--Xn-\p-apv AXv icn-bmb coXnbn {]hn-ptam Fv Is-p-Xn\v sI-sSIv em_n kov Xbm-dmn
]co-n-p-t\m-m-hp--Xm-Wv. ko-nse
Hmtcm Itm- W n- s bpw hne- I - f n
hyXymkw hcpptm ko- ns
{]h-\--a-X-bn Dm-Ip am-
]Tn-p--Xn-\p-w sI-sSIv em_v D]-tbm
-Kn-mw.
sSppI. C\n Cu _nphns\ A[

hrw \nanm\p]tbmKn cp A{K
_npfpambn tbmPnnp t\mq?
Ctm Dmbncnp tImWns Afhv
FmWv?
hrfpw ]mtWpIfpw
\mw \ncon PymanXob {]tXyIX

A[ hrnse Fm _nppw
_m[IamtWm?
CXv
Fs\
]cntim[nmw? A[ hrnse Hmtcm
_nphnepap tImWpI {]tXyIw hcv
]cntim[ntn hcpw. Fm
PntbmPn{_ PmeInse BZy Sq
skn \npw move Sq FSpv tIm
ASbmfsSpnbncnp _nphns\
\on t\mq. Fm _npfnepw tIm
hcbvmsXXs Cu PymanXob
{]tXyIX a\nemhpnt?
Hcp sh_vsskv \nanpXv

Fs\ Fp \mw Ign A[ymbn
a\nemnbtm.
\mapmp
sh_v s skpIfn ]etmgpw KWnX
\nanXnI IqSn Dsmntnhcpw.
PntbmPn{_bn KWnX \nanXnI
Xbmdmm \mw ap]p ioennpapv.
Cs\ Xbmdmp \nanXnI Hcp
sh_vt]Pn DsSppXv Fs\
bmWv FpIqSn \apv ]cntim[nmw.
sh_v t]Pn DsSppXn\mbn
\apsmcp KWnX \nanXn Xbmdmmw.
AXn\mbn Hcp A[ hrw (Semi Circle)
hcbvpI. hrw hcbvXn\p Sq
skv ]cntim[np t\mn Bhiyamb
Sq IspI.
hrn asmcp _np ASbmf

sSpn CtX coXnbn tIm
\nanmtem? Fv Afhmbncnpw
e`npI? hopw Hcp _np IqSn?
FmWv \psS \nco-Ww?
..........................................................................................
..........................................................................................
{]h\w 3
C\n, A[ hram Hcp
Nm]amsWntem? Nn{Xw hcv \ncon
pI.
{]h\w 4
Hcp hrw hcbvpI. (tool: Circle
with center and radius). hrn aqp
_np ASbmfsSpWw. \mw app
IXpt]mse Xs _npsf tbmPn
nm e`np Dtm AfpIbpw
thWw. (Nn{Xw 9.16 t\mpI).
Nn{Xw 9.15
\mw hc A[ hrn
FhnsSsbnepw Hcp _np ASbmf
106
C\n hrn\Iv Hcp _np

ASbmfsSppI. tImWns cp
A{K_npsfbpw Cu _nphpambn
temIw ssIpnfn
\nanXn tkhp sNm adnn

tm? FmWv ^bens X\Xp
t^mamv?
KWnX ]mtWpIfpw PntbmPn{_bpw

KWnX cq]fp]tbmKnv ]mtWp
I \nannptm? PntbmPn{_
D]tbmKnv Ccnep at\mlcamb
]mtWpIfpw \nanm km[npw.
Xmsgbp DZmlcWw t\mpI.
Hcp hcbpmn AXn Hcp _np
ASbmfsSppI.
Nn{Xw 9.16
tbmPnnpI. Ctm e`np tImWpw

AfWw.
Ctm \mw I Cu cp
tImWfhpIfpw Xn Fp _amWv
DXv? hrn\Is _np \on
hrtI{hpambn tNm FmWv
tImWfhpIv kw`hnpXv?
C\n Hcp ssU \nanmw.

ssUdns
hne 0 apX 5
hscbmIs.
hcbnep
_np
tI{hpw,
ssUdp]tbmKnv \nb{nmhp
Bchpap Hcp hrw hcbvpI.
Cu hrw hcbpambn knp
_npfpw ASbmfsSpWw. Tool:
Intersect two objects.
Nn{Xw 9.17
107
Ctm \mw \nan cp kwKa

_npfpw tI{amn, \Sphnse
_nphneqsS ISpt]mIp ap cp
hr IqSn \nanpI. Nn{Xw 9.17
t\mpI.
]pXnb hrfn heXp aukv _
np sNbvXp Inp sa\phn \npw
Trace On FXv {]hnnpI.
C\n ssU \on t\mq.
FmWv e`npXv? ssUdns
A\ntaj IqSn {]hnnmtem?
Bhiysan BZy hrw adp
hbvpIbpw sNmw.
{]h\w 5
Nn{Xw 9.18 sImSpncnp
]mt t\mq. Fs\bmWnXv
\nanpI? Nne kqN\I Xmsg
sImSpncnpp.
Xen cp _np ASbmf
sSppI. ( A, B FnhbmsW
ncns).
A F _nphn ssU
D]tbmKnv \nb{nmhp Hcp
tIm \nanWw. ssUdn
Nn{Xw 9.18
C{Insa v 5o Bbn {IaoIcnpXv

\Xmbncnpw.
tIm \nansSptm e`np
_np tI{ambn, A bn IqSn ISp
t]mIhn[w
Hcp
hrw
hcbvWw. ssU \optmgp
hrns Trace ASbmfsSp
pIbpw thWw.
C\n ssU ]Xps \on t\mq.
hrw A bn IqSn ISp t]mIpXn\p
]Icw B bn IqSn ISp t]mIpXmbn
hcmtem? asmcp ]mtWmbncnpw
e`npI. FmWv Cu cq]ns t]cv
Fp Ip]nSnmtam?
PntbmPn{_bpw {Uq] Iv amt\Pvsav tkm^vvshbdpw

Pmhm t{]m{Kmanv kwhn[m\fp]tbmKnmWv PntbmPn{_ {]hnpXv.
AXn\m Xs Pmhm t{]m{KmapIfn Xbmdmnb A]vsepIsf ]npWp
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111

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hnhchn\nab kmtXnIhnZy

kwm\ hnZym`ymk KthjW ]cnioe\ kanXn (SCERT)pthn

: 0471-2529800, 0471-2341883, Fax: 0471-2529810, 0471-2341869

Type setting : IT@School Project

: KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi

Department of Education, Government of Kerala

s{]m^. sI. F. lmjnw

aplZv A_vZp \mk

tZio-b-]-Xm-I-sbbpw tZio-b-Km-\-sbpw BZ-cn-p-Ibpw sNpI;

al-\o-bm-Zi-sf ]cn-t]m-jn-n-pIbpw ]nXp-S-cp-Ibpw sNp-I;

Bh-iy-s-Sp-tm A\p-jvTn-p-Ibpw sNp-I;

Xambn `mc-X-nse Fm P\-p-an-S-bn, kulmZhpw s]mXp-hmb

]cnnXn kwc-n-p-Ibpw A`n-hr-n-s-Sp-p-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

n\pw D at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-n-pI;

Db- c - - - h w hyn- ] - c hpw Iqm- b - X p- a mb {]h- \ - ns Fm

AXXp kwKXnt]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-tfm cm-Imthm hnZym-`ym-k-n\p Ah-k-c- Gs-Sp-p-I.

Pnv tkm^vvshb D]-tbm-Knv Hcp

kqva-Xbpw `wKnbpw h[n-pw. A-Sn-p-tm hy-X-bp-m-h-W-sa-n Db

Nn{X- hep-Xmmw; angnhv \jvS-s-SmsX

t]cv Is-q. Ah Hmtcmpw D]-tbmKnp t\mn D]-tbm-Khpw ]n-I-s-Sp-q.

CvkvtI-n Htc PmeI-n-s-bmWv SqfpIfpw Iymhm-kpw.

ske- Sq Hcp H_vPIvSv skeIvSv

Pnn \n ]cn-N-b-s Sqfp-Isfmw Cv k v t I- n- e ptm? Pnn

sNp-I. Xpdp hcp Pme-I-n

Create Rectangle Tool

NXp-c- skeIvSv sNbvXv Tools

D]-tbmKnv Nn{Xw 1.3 ImWp hen-

NXp-c- Xnc-s-Spv If s]n np sNbvXp A\p-tbm-Py-amb

D]-tbm-Knv IT@ School

Select and Transform Object Tool

D]tbm- K nv sSIv v skeIv S v

If s]-n \npw A\p-tbm-Py-amb

\n-fpsS t^mU-dn ^b tkhv

KWn- X - i mkv { X mkp- I - f n tKmf, kvXw`-, kvXq]n-I-I XpS-nb-h-sb-n \n ]Tn-n-nt? Ccw

cv hc-Ifpw tNcp `mKs NXp-cm-IrXn-bn-ep t\mUv skeIvSv sNbvXv If

Draw Bezier Line Tool

Create Circle Tool

Hcp hrw hcv A\p-tbm-Py-amb

Gradient Tool skeIvSv sNbvXv Sq

It{Smkv _mdn {Intbv tdUnb t{KUn-b v skeIvSv sNp-I.

Edit path by Node Tool D]- t bm- K nv

`mK- AS-bm-f-s-Sp-m FmWv

]cnN-b-s-m Cu tPmen Ffp--n

km[m-c-W-bmbn Ah-km\w Dm-p

NphsS \Inb {]h-\-{Iahpw

Hcp hrw hc-bvpI.

Edit Path Node D]-tbm-Knv AXns\

Edit Duplicate F {Ia-nse cv

XhW Uyqn-tv FSpv henw

kvIqfns t]cv sSIvv Sqfp-]-tbm-Knv

a[y-`m-Ks A[-hrw am{X-ambn

av cv hr- am{X-ambn Hnv

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Ctm e`n CX- f ns\ Hnv

C\n AXns Uyqn-tv tImn-I

fnepw Xmsgbpw np-sNbvXv Hcp hc

hc skeIvSv sNbvXv Edit Clone

Hcp {]tXyI tImW-f-hn IrXyambn

hy-am-p Nn{Xw hcv \nfpsS t^mU-dn tkhv sNp-I.

]T\ {]h\fpambn _sv

hnhc ]nIsSpm Umm t^mw

XpSv Data Data Form F

mkv, Unhnj ......................................................