Global Warming is the increase of Earth's average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide

emissions from burning fossil fuels or from deforestation, which trap heat that would otherwise escape from Earth. This is a type of greenhouse effect. Carbon sink is anything that absorbs more carbon that it releases, whilst a carbon source is anything that releases more carbon than is absorb. Forests, soils, oceans and the atmosphere all store carbon and this carbon moves between them in a continuous cycle. This constant movement of carbon means that forests act as sources or sinks at different times. Causes of GW: emission of greenhouse gas which is carbon dioxide gas due to burning of fossil fuels and deforestation due to demand for land for agricultural/industrial purpose. How do reduce global warming? Reduce, Reuse, Recycle Do your part to reduce waste by choosing reusable products instead of disposables. Buying products with minimal packaging will help to reduce waste. And whenever you can, recycle paper, plastic, newspaper, glass and aluminum cans. Use Less Heat and Air Conditioning Adding insulation to your walls and attic, and installing weather stripping or caulking around doors and windows can lower your heating costs more than 25 percent, by reducing the amount of energy you need to heat and cool your home. Turn down the heat while you're sleeping at night or away during the day, and keep temperatures moderate at all times. Drive Less and Drive Smart Less driving means fewer emissions. Besides saving gasoline, walking and biking are great forms of exercise. Explore your community mass transit system, and check out options for carpooling to work or school. Buy organic. Large agricultural sources use chemicals, which pollute water and require energy to produce. Plant trees! Not only do they suck up carbon dioxide, provide cleaner air but you can strategize where you place them so they can shade your home. Main effect of global warming : Increasing global temperatures/climate change: Natural disasters will destroy existing crops. Flooding, drought, and hailstorms are just some of the problems farmers will have to deal with more often as global warming worsens. You wont be able to eat healthy foods. As global warming wreaks havoc on our crop production and food supply, there will be less of a selection of good fruits and vegetables in your local grocery store. Sea levels are rising due to thermal expansion of the ocean, in addition to melting of land ice: melting the polar ice caps at an alarming rate. raising sea levels by several feet worldwide and putting a huge damper on your next beach vacation. The greenhouse effect: When sunlight reaches Earth's surface some is absorbed and warms the earth and most of the rest is radiated back to the atmosphere at a longer wavelength than the sun light. Some of these longer wavelengths are absorbed by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere before they are lost to space. The absorption of this long wave radiant energy warms the atmosphere. These greenhouse gases act like a mirror and reflect back to the Earth some of the heat energy which would otherwise be lost to space. The reflecting back of heat energy by the atmosphere is called the "greenhouse effect". Pollution means any contamination of air, soil, water and environment, even loud noise and sound is also a part of pollution. Pollutants are any substance which may adversely affect our possession or our lives or damage us the proper use of the environment. Causes of pollution: Human lifestyle: biological wastes - domestics/hospital wastes (throwaway mentality) Recreation golf courses, forays into wilds Agriculture: slash and burn (trees/forest), excessive use of fertilisers, excessive use of pesticides Industrial: extraction of resources, air pollution (acid rain acidity of soils)
IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE

a.

b. c. d.

Destruction of ecosystems as ecosystems are defined and sustained by the prevailing climate temperate ecosystems will not survive if the climate changes to equatorial, equatorial ecosystems will not survive if climate changes to savanna type leading to serious deterioration/ loss of bio-diversity. Destruction of agricultural infrastructure technology, knowledge bank, farms etc which are geared towards climate specific crops leading to loss of food production capability. Destruction of the economy especially those tied to agriculture and/or those that are climate dependent eg ski-resorts, tropical beaches etc. Destruction of industrial base and centres of population located along low lying coastlines.

Strategies in combating pollution:

POLLUTION CONTROL - DEAL WITH THE POLLUTANTS EG FLUE GAS DESULPHURISERS, CATALYTIC CONVERTERS, SPRAY TOWERS, OXIDATION PONDS, INCINERATION ETC. POLLUTION PREVENTION REDUCE/PREVENT THE FORMATION OF POLLUTANTS. THIS IS LATER STRATEGY AND PROBABLY MORE EFFECTIVE SINCE WITH LITTLE OR NO POLLUTANT TO DEAL WITH THERE IS NO POLLUTION OR THE PROBLEM IS REDUCED ACCORDINGLY.

POLLUTION REDUCTION APPROACHES: CHANGE RAW MATERIALS OF PRODUCTION - FURNITURE USE UV CURED PAINT RATHER THAN POLYURETHANE PAINT FOR SEATS, WATER BASED PAINT RATHER THAN SOLVENT BASED NITROCELLULOSE PAINT CHANGE PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY/EQUIPMENT - STEEL FOUNDRY USING ELECTRIC ARC OVEN RATHER THAN COKE-FIRED OVEN. LESS FORMATION OF SULPHUR DIOXIDE, PFBC FURNACES LESS FORMATION OF NITROUS OXIDE IMPROVE PRODUCTION PROCESSES/PROCEDURES - IN PRINTING PLANT, USE CARBON ABSORPTION SYSTEM TO
RECOVER SOLVENT INSTEAD OF DISPOSING OF SOLVENT IN ALUMINIUM PROCESSING, QUENCH WATER IS TREATED AND RECYCLED, REDUCING AMOUNT OF WASTE WATER. AREAS TO CONSIDER IN PROCESS/WASTE REDUCTION: 1. USE MECHANICAL RATHER THAN ORGANIC SOLVENTS TO CLEAN METAL SURFACES 2. USE WATER BASED SOLVENTS RATHER THAN ORGANIC SOLVENTS 3. CHANGE PLANT PRACTICES TO GENERATE LESS HAZARDOUS WASTE.

Desertification is the diminution or destruction of the biological potential of the land, and can lead ultimately to desert-like conditions. It is an aspect of the widespread deterioration of ecosystems and has diminished or destroyed the biological potential for multiple use purposes at a time when increased productivity is needed to support growing populations in quest of development.
ECOSYSTEM - A SYSTEM THAT INCLUDES PLANTS AND ANIMALS IN THEIR NATURAL ENVIRONMENT THAT THEY
LIVE IN. ECOSYSTEMS ARE DEEMED ISOLATED. MATTER WITHIN ECOSYSTEM RECYCLED, WITH ONLY NEGLIGIBLE AMOUNTS PASSING THROUGH SYSTEM BOUNDARY.

Homeostasis is the property of an open system, especially living organisms, to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable, constant condition, by means of multiple dynamic equilibrium adjustments, controlled by interrelated regulation mechanisms.
ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT: A MEASURE OF THE PRODUCTIVE LAND (AND SEA) AREA A PERSON NEED TO SUPPORT THE WAY HE LIVES. LAND IS REQUIRED TO GROW FOOD, BUT OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS WATER AND ENERGY USE, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, WASTE DISPOSAL, ETC CAN ALSO BE TRANSLATED INTO LAND AREAS FOR THE CALCULATION OF ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT. TEN GUIDING PRINCIPLE AND APPROACHES PUTTING PEOPLE AT THE CENTRE: Sustainable development must enable people to enjoy a better quality of

life, now and in the future. In the words of the Rio Declaration, human beings are at the centre of concerns for sustainable development. They are entitled to a healthy and productive life in harmony with nature.
TAKING A LONG TERM PERSPECTIVE: Radical developments must begin now to safeguard the interests of future generations. At the same time, we must meet todays needs for example, our material needs are met predominantly using fossil fuels. TAKING ACCOUNTS OF COSTS AND BENEFITS: Decisions must take account of a wide range of costs and benefits, including those which cannot be valued in money terms. In pursuing any single objective, we should not impose disproportionate costs elsewhere. Public value, the timing of costs and benefits and risks and uncertainties should be taken into account. CREATING AN OPEN AND SUPPORTIVE ECONOMIC SYSTEM.: Sustainable development requires a global economic system which supports economic growth in all countries. We need to create conditions in which trade can flourish and competitiveness can act as a stimulus for growth and greater resources efficiency. COMBATING POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION: Eradicating power is indispensable for sustainable development. We must help developing countries to tackle widespread abject poverty. RESPECTING ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITS.: Serious and irreversible damage to some aspects of the environment and resources would pose a severe threat to global society. Examples are major climate changes, overuse of freshwater resources, or collapse of globally significant fish stocks. In these cases, there are likely to be limits which should not be breached. Defining such limits is difficult so precautionary action needs to be considered. PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE USING SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE. TRANSPARENCY, INFORMATION, PARTICIPATION AND ACCESS TO JUSTICE: Opportunities for access to information, participation in decision-making, and access to justice should be available to all. MAKING THE POLLUTER PAY : Much environmental pollution, resource depletion and social cost occurs because those responsible are not those who bear the consequences. If the polluter, or ultimately the consumer, is made to pay for these costs, that gives incentive to reduce harm, and means that costs do not fall on society at large. At the same time, it is not always possible for everyone to bear such costs, particularly for essential goods and services.

- Law of Limiting Factors: Growth of a specie is limited by least available resource in ecosystem. Shortage of nutrients, light and space plankton in ocean surface limited by lack of nutrients even though there is plenty of water, light; plankton in deep ocean limited by lack of light even though there is plenty of nutrient and water. In the Savanna regions, lack of water limits number of trees. In tropical rainforests, lack of sunlight limit number of trees.
FACTORS LIMITING POPULATION SIZE: PHYSICAL FACTORS

CLIMATIC FACTOR: CLIMATIC FACTORS AFFECT POPULATION, LOWER POPULATION WHEN UNFAVOURABLE.
TOO HOT/DRY - DESERTS, TOO COLD/DRY - ARCTIC/ANTARCTIC

DISASTERS: POPULATION CHECKS THROUGH: FIRE - GREAT FIRE OF LONDON, VOLCANIC EXPLOSION KRAKATOA 1883, TSUNAMI 26 Dec 2004 , DISEASES GREAT PLAGUE OF EUROPE 1347-53, EARTHQUAKES, FLOODS. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS : GROWTH OF ONE SPECIE MAY THREATEN ANOTHER
COMPETITION FOR SAME RESOURCES FOOD/SHELTER WASTE PRODUCT MAY POISON OTHER SPECIES. PREDATION SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST: NOT NECESSARILY BAD BECAUSE SICK AND UNHEALTHY INDIVIDUALS WILL ONLY CAUSE DETERIORATION OF THE WHOLE SPECIES. SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST WILL ALSO ENSURE THAT THE FITTEST, WHO WILL HAVE THE BEST CHANCE OF RECOVERY, WILL SURVIVE WHEN RESOURCES ARE LIMITED DUE TO DISASTERS.

EFFECT OF POPULATION ON ENVIRONMENT STRAIN ON LAND FOR HABITATION : (GROWTH OF MEGA CITIES EG MEXICO CITY,) STRAIN ON AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES: (LAND/WATER FOR AGRICULTURE) STRAIN ON OTHER RESOURCES/SERVICES : (ENERGY, RAW MATERIALS, WASTE DISPOSAL) INCREASE POLLUTION: (INCREASE AGRICULTURE/INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION, HIGHER DISPOSAL)
QUIRKS IN HUMAN POPULATION INCREASE POPULATION GROWTH NOT RELATED TO RESOURCES:

WASTE

major population growth centres in poorest advances in medicine/health care/nutrition

countries
NO NATURAL PREDATION/SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST :

ensure survival of even the weakest very much reduced seismic predictions for earth quakes,volcanoes, storms; advanced medicine for diseases (even AIDS)
NO CHECKS BY NATURAL DISASTERS: LONG TERM POPULATION GROWTH SLOW-DOWN. HUMAN POPULATION NOT ECOLOGICALLY BALANCED:

artificial ecology; not based on self-

sustaining principles
REASONS FOR POPULATION GROWTH SLOW-DOWN NO NEED FOR LARGE FAMILIES: large families deemed necessary for propagation of the species,

better health care one will survive as well as ten. AWARENESS OF POPULATION BOMB : overcrowding, increasing material needs same resources, increase in quality of life.(Paul Uhrlich Population Bomb) SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT EQUAL RIGHTS : females less content to stay at home, right to develop career, womens liberation,
GENERAL ECONOMIC/SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

Hazard - Physical situation with a potential for human injury, damage to property, damage to the environment or some combination of these. Risk - likelihood of a specified undesirable event occurring within a specified period or in specified circumstances. Risk has two main components, namely: severity if the risk is realised cost of losses, injury, etc. probability of occurrence high/low probability. Safety - minimisation of risk of injury to personnel and/or damage to equipment/surroundings through the minimisation of contact between person or equipment and the hazards Accident - an UNEXPECTED and UNPLANNED event in a SEQUENCE of events that occur through a COMBINATION of CAUSES; it results in PHYSICAL HARM (injury or disease) to an INDIVIDUAL, damage to PROPERTY, a NEAR MISS, a LOSS or any COMBINATION of those effects. Domino Theory A chain or sequence of events leading to an accident and its consequences. Key to prevention was the elimination of unsafe acts and/or unsafe conditions. Based on chronology of causes/events like five dominoes standing in line fall of one domino will lead to fall of next domino in line remove one starting or intermediate domino will stop sequence accident prevented if last domino does not fall.

STAGE OF DOMINOES (Heinrich): ANCESTRY AND SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT leading to FAULT OF THE PERSON constitute the proximate reason for AN UNSAFE ACT OR CONDITION which results in THE ACCIDENT which leads to THE INJURY, DAMAGE, LOSS or COMBINATION

Loss Causation Model Bird&Loftus (1972) : organisational model developed by Heinrich to reflect the role management in prevention. Embraces incidents leading to different forms of harm. Foundation of the International Safety Rating System (ISRS). Sequence of events Birds&Loftus Domino Theory: 1. Lack of control inadequate programme, inadequate programme standards, inadequate competence standards 2. Basic cause personal factors, job factors 3. Immediate causes sub-standard acts and conditions 4. Incident contact with energy or substance 5. Loss people, property, process SREDIM Principles In Job Safety/Steps for developing safe system: a. SELECT (job to be analysed) b. RECORD (how work is done, using Work Breakdown Schedule) c. EXAMINE (critical examination of each component to determine the risk of accident in each component) d. DEVELOP (control measures to eliminate/reduce risk of accidents e. INSTALL (new system of work with job safety instructions) f. MAINTAIN (and review safe system of work at regular intervals) Criteria for selecting jobs for Job Safety Analysis a. Past accidents and loss experience b. Maximum potential loss c. Probability of occurrence d. Legal requirements e. Newness of the job f. Number of employees at risk
SIX PRINCIPLES OF ACCIDENT PREVENTION a. ACCIDENT PREVENTION IS ESSENTIAL PART OF GOOD MANAGEMENT AND/OR GOOD WORKMANSHIP. b. MANAGEMENT AND WORKERS MUST COOPERATE TO SECURE FREEDOM FROM ACCIDENTS c. TOP MANAGEMENT MUST TAKE LEAD IN ORGANISING SAFETY IN THE WORK PLACE. d. DEFINITE AND KNOWN SAFETY POLICY IN EACH WORKPLACE e. ORGANISATION AND RESOURCES NECESSARY TO CARRY OUT SAFETY POLICY MUST EXIST f. BEST AVAILABLE KNOWLEDGE AND METHOD MUST BE APPLIED. REASONS FOR ACCIDENT PREVENTION LEGAL REASONS/STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS: imposed by Factories and Machineries Act, Occupational Safety and Health Act, other relevant legislation HUMANITARIAN REASONS: immoral to have a process or machine which may injure employees also, duty of care of employer to take reasonable care of the safety of his workmen. ECONOMIC REASONS : insured cost (cost of insurance premiums) uninsured cost medical bills, lost working time, down time, replacement labour, cost of repair of damage,

SAFETY AND HEALTH COMMITTEE REQUIREMENTS Every employer shall establish a safety and health committee at workplace if : there are 40 or more persons employed at the place of work as directed by the Director General of DOSH regardless of the number of persons employed at the workplace. This is normally done if the processes are particularly hazardous or if the organization has a bad safety record.

Advantages of nuclear energy: type of power has over other methods is that it is a clean way to produce energy as it does not result in the emission of any of the poisonous gases like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide or nitrogen dioxide. In todays world when pollution of the atmosphere is one of our main worries, an option such as this is definitely preferable compared to burning of fossil fuels which causes so much of pollution. The nuclear power is generated at a place which is known as the nuclear power station and this is a compact building which is as big as the area occupied by a football stadium. The availability of nuclear power is competitive compared to other sources of power like oil and gas since the cost of the nuclear fuel is a small part of the total reaction and therefore even if there is a slight fluctuation in the market the entire reaction need not be affected. Reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This is a contentious issue. Proponents of nuclear power argue that, as no coal or fossil fuels are burnt, no carbon dioxide is released into the air. Nuclear power is safe and even though there have been two serious accidents in Pennsylvania and Chernobyl, these are but sporadic incidents when compared to the rate of accidents which occur in fossil fuel industries, coal mines and gas pipelines which have a history of eruption. Disadvantages of nuclear energy: Radioactive waste The production of nuclear power produced a lot of waste material. This waste material is extremely hazardous and difficult to dispose of safely. Most radioactive waste produced by a nuclear power plant is keep on site or is buried underground in huge concrete pits. This waste has to be carefully looked after for many thousands of years. High risks associated with accidents While the chance of a nuclear accident happening are relatively low the risks associated are extremely high. Even small radiation leaks can cause devastating effects on the surrounding environment and people. Terrorist Targets Due to the wide spread damage a reactor breach could cause, nuclear power plants could become favoured terrorist targets. Some nuclear reactions also produce plutonium in large quantities which could be used in nuclear weaponry. Not renewable Nuclear power is not a renewable source of energy. Uranium is a metal that is mined from the ground in much the same way as coal is mined. It is a scarce metal and the supply of uranium will one day run out making all the nuclear power plants obsolete. Nuclear power is not a long term solution to finding a renewable, environmentally friendly energy source. Time and Money It takes a long time to plan and build a nuclear power plant that is safe and effective. Nuclear power is therefore to a quick solution to the worlds energy issues. In addition to the time it take to effectively plan and build a nuclear power plant, a lot of money has to be spent to make sure that the plant is safe. Unsafe plants mean that there are more likely to be accidents. Why nuclear energy is not cheap to be made out? There is the production issue. Mining uranium is a dirty business that has resulted in many sick and dying miners and polluted communities. Mined uranium must be processed into fuelanother hazardous and expensive activity. There is the bottom line. Nuclear power is not cheap. It has always required huge taxpayer and ratepayer subsidies. Before this round of government loan guarantees were proposed, private investors were not interested, in part, because power generated by nuclear plants is not competitive: it costs 30 to 35 percent more than power produced from coal or natural gas plants. There is the waste issue. Nuclear power generates radioactive waste that is a threat to everyone for centuries to come. There is no repository for the waste and no plan to dispose of it. Two decades and billions of taxpayer dollars later, a proposed Yucca Mountain repository in Nevada is not accepting waste. The cost to taxpayers for resolving this industry problem, if we ever can, will be massive. Reasons not to support the use of nuclear energy: Nuclear faces prohibitively high and escalating the capital costs- Nuclear power plant construction costsmainly materials, labour, and engineering have been increasing tremendously. Unresolved problems regarding the availability and security of waste storage - There is currently nowhere to store the radioactive nuclear waste that is a byproduct of nuclear energy generation. Safety concerns still plague nuclear power - After the Three Mile Island and Chernobyl accidents, the crises demonstrated that the nuclear industry is vulnerable to public concern. While modern reactors are safer than those that failed in the past, another accident anywhere in the world could turn public opinion against nuclear power as a whole.

Plant construction is limited by production bottlenecks - Supply bottlenecks, coupled with soaring commodity prices, have resulted in enormous price increases for nuclear, which is already capital intensive, even though new reactors have only been coming online at an average rate of about four to five per year in the past decade. Increased nuclear plant construction will be constrained by these factors. Nuclear faces concerns about uranium supplies and importation issues- Increased nuclear capacity would either make us more dependent on foreign uranium, or have us risk repeating the environmental debacle of the uranium boom that accompanied the buildout of the U.S. nuclear arsenal. Reasons why to support nuclear energy. nuclear energy is eco-friendliness - Nuclear energy doesnt produce carbon dioxide like its fossil fuel competitors. This is important because nearly every nation in the world is focusing on reducing greenhouse gases. nuclear energy is receiving wide range global political support - US recently launched a federal program which gives $8.3 billion worth of loan guarantees for funding the construction of two new nuclear reactors and is expected to seek an additional $46 billion in his budget request for the coming year. nuclear energy seems to make economic sense - Granted, the initial construction costs of a nuclear plant are huge, but the ongoing maintenance and fuel costs have proven to be far lower than that of other energy sources. nuclear energy generates large amount of electricity - global demand for electricity is expected to rise and nuclear energy should be the answer. In some countries, nuclear energy plays a much more significant role in providing electricity-in France.
WHAT IS THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY?. A SUSTAINABLE HYDROGEN ENERGY INDUSTRY BASED UPON THE EXTENSIVE USE OF HYDROGEN AS AN ENERGY STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION MEDIUM WHY HAVE A HYDROGEN ECONOMY? TO ENSURE THAT WE LEAVE BEHIND AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICALLY SUSTAINABLE WORLD FOR OUR CHILDREN AND GRANDCHILDREN HOW DOES THE HYDROGEN ECONOMY DOES THAT? HYDROGEN IS ABUNDANT (OR EASILY MADE SO) AND NON POLLUTING SOURCE OF ENERGY WHERE WILL HYDROGEN BE USED AS FUEL a. TRANSPORTATION (TO REPLACE PETROLEUM OIL) b. COMPLEMENT NON-STEADY SOURCES OF ENERGY c. REPLACE NATURAL GAS IN POWER GENERATION d. TO STORE/TRANSPORT POWER FROM REMOTE PRODUCTION SITES TO POINT OF USAGE e. ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN OVER FOSSIL FUELS

No local air pollution [volatile organic compounds (VOC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), and particulates under 10 microns (PM-10)]; Reduced oil consumption; and No greenhouse gas emissions (during use). Electricity also has these same three attributes BUT hydrogen has advantage when required to be stored and transported to remote locations.
WHERE/HOW TO GET THE HYDROGEN? a. ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER - viable where cheap source of electricity is available b. REFORM FROM NATURAL GAS (hydrocarbon) c. THERMO CHEMICAL REDUCTION OF WATER TO HYDROGEN ADVANTAGES OF HYDROGEN FUEL CELL NO POLLUTION AND NO CONSUMPTION OF RESOURCES, SAFETY, HIGH EFFICIENCY, QUIET OPERATION, LONG LIFE AND MINIMAL MAINTENANCE, MODULARITY.

-Fuel cells combine the best of batteries (quiet, no emissions) and internal combustion engines (easy refueling once the infrastructure is in place). -They are far more energy-efficient than gasoline-fueled vehicles with double the efficiency of internal combustion engines, and are far less polluting. -They have a simple construction, so mass production costs would become extremely low. There has been a 10fold increase in the power density of fuel-cell stacks and a 10-fold decrease in their cost within the past 5 years. -Fuel cells is simple to maintain. If clean hydrogen is used straight to power the fuel cells this will give number of ecological and engineering benefits. There will be no need to include on-board module that will simplify design of fuel cell system as well as lead to the greater energy competence locally. This will decrease harmful productions at time of fuel generation.

Disadvantages of hydrogen fuel cell It's big and cumbersome. Your gas tank already uses a nice portion of your car, but a hydrogen fuel cell will be three times bigger than a gas tank. But that is not that all. The fuel cell has to be insulated to keep it safe and protected. Safety issues. Liquid hydrogen has the ability to freeze air. There have also been reports of accidents with the fuel cell itself. Sometimes a valve will get plugged up when there is too much pressure in the cell. The only place to go is out, and the cell explodes. There is no way of knowing, yet, if this problem can be fixed, but there are many working on it. In a car accident, the tank might rupture, but the good news is the hydrogen will evaporate quickly. However, it is a more serious condition in a closed area such as a garage. The hydrogen evaporates. Strange, but true. The insulation is not a perfect process and the hydrogen evaporates out of the cell at roughly 1.7 percent a day. This means that eventually cars are going to need a fill up.
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION OF HYDROGEN a. INJECTION INTO EXISTING NATURAL GAS LINES AND LATER REPLACE NATURAL GAS b. STORED AND TRANSPORTED IN CONTAINERS Metal Hydride Tanks, Compressed Hydrogen, Liquid Hydrogen, Chemically Stored Hydrogen, Carbon nanotubes, Glass Microspheres, Liquid Carrier Storage DEFINITION OF TECHNOLOGY: knowledge dealing with creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society and the environment; drawing upon industrial arts, engineering, applied science, pure science as applied to industry CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNOLOGY form of human cultural activity involves making choices in response to normative values forming and transforming the material world done with aid of tools and procedures, not random or whimsical for practical ends or purposes, not just pure knowledge or art. EXAMPLES OF TECHNOLOGYS EFFECT ON SOCIETY INVENTION OF THE PLOUGH - social power shift to men INVENTION OF THE MASS-PRODUCED AUTOMOBILE- creation of sub-urban housing, changed courtship rituals, changed leisure activities, greater mobility. INVENTION OF THE LIFT - changed social housing concept INVENTION OF PRINTING PRESSES - led to the education of the masses BIRTH CONTROL PILLS - emancipation of women, changed concept of sexuality, morals INVENTION OF PLASTIC - destruction of old economic activities, throwaway mentality, convenience instead of durability TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINISM - theory of social changes in which technology is viewed as part of an

inescapable economic force which affects the future of economies and societies and over which people have little control. Social determinism is the theory that society is an autonomous (and principal/dominant) force that changes technology. This provides explanations for many changes that can be observed in technology, and it also has a very simple cause/effect form. It is the converse of technological determinism, and it is also false; if you think you have an instance, it probably means you are looking at just one part of a much more complex situation, and ignoring some of its significant technical aspects. Technology transfer : a transaction or a process through which technological know-how is transferred, normally between businesses or agencies representing business. takes place because both parties (supplier and acquirer) perceive gains from the transfer. Technical Advantages of technology transfer can be found in: a. a production process (or part of it) which improves production efficiency, reduces costs, improves quality control and/or reduces environment pollution. b. a product which is of better quality, has greater functionality, better appearance, less damaging to the environment in its use or c. a combination of process and product as production of a better product requiring a change of technology.
DISADVANTAGES OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER TO RECIPIENT COUNTRY 1. IMPORT OF INAPPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY 2. HIGH COST OF TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 3. INABILITY TO HANDLE HIGH TECHNOLOGY, RESULTING IN DEPENDENCY OF DONOR. 4. SOCIAL COST UNEMPLOYMENT, HIGH NATIONAL DEBT, LOSS OF INDIGENOUS INNOVATIONS/CULTURE, INCREASE RICH-POOR GAP.

PROBLEMS WITH TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER 1. HIGH COST RECIPIENT COUNTRY IN DEBT. 2. INDIRECT SOCIAL COST REPLACING LABOUR ONLY ADDS TO UNEMPLOYMENT PROBLEM. 3. TECHNOLOGY DOES NOT MATCH LOCAL EXPERTISE AND NOT SUPPORTED BY LOCAL INDUSTRIES. 4. RESULTS DOES NOT MATCH EXPECTATION ESPECIALLY FOR EXPORT BASED INDUSTRIES. 5. UPSET LOCAL SOCIAL NORMS/CULTURE (ISLAND OF PROSPERITY IN SEA OF POVERTY) NINE MAIN ELEMENTS TO BE EXAMINED 1. HISTORY any related historical development of similar technology in this or other societies. Generally unsatisfactory delivery method but useful only because it made education available or possible when any other way not possible. Deemed as unfeasible as the primary or principal mode of delivery of teaching. 2. PHILOSOPHY does the technology affect the quality of life; Does it raises ethical or moral questions? Not much implication on philosophy unless the method is used selectively to either punish a specific segment of society or limit, for whatever reasons, the advantages of a normal educational system. 3. SOCIOLOGY what is its likely affect on family life and relationships; effects on different groups in society, jobs, social attitude? Great impact on sociology. in normal education, students interact and bond with one another in a learning environment which will later be the basis of interaction and bonding. With this new technology, the social bonding will be eliminated affecting the ability to teach students how to work with people, development of social skills, social networking. remove some of the problems of social bonding such as bad influence of social misfits and social undesirables. 4. PSYCHOLOGY how will the new technology affect. individual behaviour? becoming more aggressive? Probably will lead to introverted graduates, loners and socially inept members of society. Self-centredness and knowledge based rather than ideas based because transmission of knowledge is emphasised in this technology. 5. POLITICS who will decide on issues raised by the new technology? the government, social groups, social norms? Universities and institutions of higher learning are the breeding grounds for future political leaders. Also, the fertile discussions and interactions is ideal for development of appreciation of social needs, differences in people and different viewpoints all of which are important in political development. 6. LAW what new laws will be required to enforce the political decision? Probably no effect unless qualifications earned under this technology is discriminated against. Anything different will be viewed with suspicion and prejudice but the law can help level this. 7. ECONOMICS what is the cost of the new technology and who should bear the cost? who should benefit or profit? ? There will be an impact on the cost distribution from computer infrastructure/hardware versus the buildings and facilities of normal education. Although not cost effective in urban areas with high concentration of students, this mode may be cost effective where student population are thinly spread over wide areas. Economics also determine the cost of education and therefore the availability and/or quality of the faculty etc. 8. ECOLOGY what effect will it have on the environment? May have positive effect on ecology with less building, less pollution due to less travelling, less waste. Probably less use of paper but also more computers and peripherals being discarded adding to waste disposal problems. 9. PHYSIOLOGY what effect will it have on our bodies and our health? Definite effect on students with effect of radiation from display monitors/terminals, effect on posture, sedentary style, etc. STRATEGIES IN ACCIDENT PREVENTION
a. b. a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. o. SAFE PLACE TO WORK SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK MUST CONSIDER THE FOLLOWING SAFE DESIGN SAFE INSTALLATION SAFE PREMISES AND PLANT SAFE TOOLS AND EQUIPMENT CORRECT USE OF PLANT, TOOLS, EQUIPMENT EFFECTIVE PLANNED MAINTENANCE(PLANT/EQPT) PROPER WORKING ENVIRONMENT (LIGHT, HEAT, VENT) TRAINED AND COMPETENT EMPLOYEES ADEQUATE AND COMPETENT SUPERVISION ENFORCEMENT OF SAFETY POLICY AND RULES ADDNTL PROTECTION OF VULNERABLE EMPLOYEES FORMALISED ISSUE AND PROPER UTILISATION OF PPE CONTINUED EMPHASIS ON AGREED SAFE METHOD OF WORK BY ALL EMPLOYEES AT ALL LEVEL REGULAR REVIEWS OF WRITTEN WORK SYSTEMS (1) COMPLIANCE WITH CURRENT LEGISLATION (2) SYSTEM STILL WORKABLE IN PRACTICE (3) PLANT MODIFICATIONS TAKEN ACCOUNT OF (4) SUBSTITUTED MATERIALS ALLOWED FOR (5 NEW WORK METHODS INCORPORATED INTO SYSTEM (6) ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY EXPLOITED (7) PROPER PRECAUTIONS TAKEN IN LIGHT OF ACCIDENT EXPERIENCE (8) CONTINUED INVOLVEMENT/AWARENESS OF WRITTEN SAFE SYSTEM OF WORK. REGULAR FEEDBACK TO ALL CONCERNED.

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