PROGRAMMABLE CARRIER TERMINAL INSTRUCTION MANUAL T-20D400200 VERSION 2.3.

Contact:
TRENCH LIMITED PLC 330 FINCHDENE SQUARE. DOCK #6 SCARBOROUGH. ONTARIO. CANADA. M1X-1A5. www.trenchgroup.com Steve Marraccini Phn: (416) 298-8108 x314 Fax: (416) 298-2209 steve.marraccini@trench-group.com PLC Marketing Coordinator

PCT Instruction Manual

Trench - T-20D400200 VERSION 2.3.1 04June2010

List of Contents
1. Introduction 2. General description and Block Diagram 3. Equipment Application 4. Testing, Installation, and connection diagrams 5. System Adjustments 6. Equipment programming 7. System Analyses and Diagnostics 8. Event Log 9. Connecting Computer to PCT 10. Alarm and SER Output 11. DNP3 Protocol Feature

Pages
3 7 11 19 41 53 89 91 95 107 111 Rev. 2.3.1 Rev. 2.3 Rev. 4.0 Rev. 4.8 Rev. 2.3 Rev. 2.3 Rev. 3.0 Rev. 4.0 Rev. 1.0 Rev. 4.0 Rev. 0.0

Section 1

Introduction

Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) is designed to minimize lifetime costs of operating the terminal. Programming and level settings are all done automatically without use of jumpers or manual level adjustments. The terminal can be programmed to operate over the 30 to 500 kHz frequency range as either an FSK terminal or an On-Off terminal. Channel times and required RF bandwidths are selectable in either mode of operation, thus allowing use of the terminal in most of the communication assisted power line protection schemes. The terminal can operate from any of the standard substation battery voltages 48 VDC, 125 VDC or 250 VDC. The recommended spare parts are minimal; one terminal can be spare for any number of terminals in operation. This reduces cost of operation. Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) can be programmed to operate as either an FSK PLC terminal or as an On-Off PLC terminal. Programming of the mode of operation is achieved via a computer connected to either an Ethernet port at the rear of the terminal or to a RS232 port at the front of the terminal. All software that is required to program the terminal is located in the terminal. The computer must only have an Internet browser installed in it. This versatile terminal can satisfy most telecommunication requirements of the power line protection schemes applied by majority of the North American Utilities. Programming of various parameters of the terminal is achieved by simple selection of the appropriate programming panel and activation of desired parameter by point and click of the computer mouse. The receiver sensitivity in either mode of operation is selectable within appropriate range of values. The transmitter power output can be programmed for any power level from 1-Watt to 100-Watt output.

Features at a glance Feature Operating Frequency range DC Power Supply Mode of operation Receiver channel time and bandwidth Description 30 kHz to 500 kHz 48 VDC 125 VDC 250 VDC FSK On-Off FSK Mode: - 25 msec (200 Hz shift 500 Hz bandwidth) - 10 msec (500 Hz shift 1 kHz bandwidth) - 5 msec (1000 Hz shift 2 kHz bandwidth) - On-Off mode: - 3 msec (2.0 kHz bandwidth) - 1.5 msec (4.0 kHz bandwidth) 1-Watt to 100-Watt programmable in 1dB or 1Watt steps Selectable in 1 Hz steps Remarks Suitable for any operating frequency Any standard battery voltage can be used to power the terminal Same terminal is suitable for variety of applications

Transmitter RF power output Transmitter and receiver operating frequencies Settings and level adjustments

Real time level measurements

All settings are made by selecting desired parameter on a programming panel. System level adjustments are made automatically. Terminal monitors and Eliminates need for external test displays transmitter and equipment. receiver levels as well as return loss measurement

Suitable for use at any frequency and large variety of power line types and lengths. Transmitter and receiver operating channels are individually programmable in either mode of operation. Eliminates need for setting jumpers or doing any manual level adjustments.

User connections are provided at the rear of the terminal. Same connection terminals are used for either type of operating mode (On-Off or FSK). Details of the user connections are provided on the User Connection diagram. There are six types of connections available on the rear panel: - Receiver output terminals (FSK Guard and Trip outputs, On-Off blocking outputs). - Transmitter keying inputs (FSK trip keying, On-Off Start, Stop, Supervisory, Reduced Power and Checkback remote control) - Alarm outputs System, Equipment, Maintenance alert, Power Supply Transmitter and Receiver - Transmitter SER and Receiver SER outputs - 4-wire and 2-wire RF input/output connectors. - An Ethernet port for connection of the terminal to Local Area Network (LAN) or to a PC with appropriate Ethernet cable. In most cases a straight Ethernet cable can be used with PC that has 1 GB network adapter, however PC with older network adapters will need a cross-over cable. - IRIG B connector that accepts both modulated and un-modulated IRIG-B signals (auto sense). This input has high impedance (10 K); therefore several PCT terminals can be connected in parallel. In addition, the terminal has an Event Log filing system. This system records any event that happens within the terminal with a time stamp and detailed event description. Up to 1200 events can be stored in the Event Log file.

Rear panel terminals location

Terminal can be accessed from a computer connected to either the Ethernet port at the rear panel or to the RS232 port on the front panel. In either case, the access to the terminal is achieved by entering the IP address assigned to the terminal on the Internet browser line. The terminal responds with a request for User name and Password. Once this information is provided, the terminal provides main menu on the computer screen. Further selection is made by accessing various programming panels. The terminal is housed in a 2 RU (3.5) high 19 wide and 17 deep housing. Most of the circuitry is located on a single printed circuit board. Transmitter PA stage, front panel display circuitry and the rear panel are separate circuit boards. The side panels of the housing are heath sink assemblies, one used as a heat sink for the power supply module and the other as a heat sink for the transmitter PA stage.

Section 2

General Description and Block Diagram

The terminal consists of a universal power supply unit, a programmable transmitter, two programmable receivers, a microprocessor control unit (MCU), a Single Board Computer (SBC) and a rear panel with input and output circuitry. The front panel contains a power supply switch and associated LED, four LEDs indicating system, equipment, receiver and transmitter status, LCD display panel with associated selection controls and an RS232 connector.

Front Panel View All user connections are made at the rear of the terminal. An Ethernet receptacle is provided for connection of either local Ethernet network or a computer terminal. Five connector blocks are provided. Each block is of a different size ensuring that incorrect connection is unlikely to be made. Details of the connections are provided on the drawing User Interface. There is one drawing showing connections for an On-Off mode of operation and another drawing for the FSK mode of operation. In addition, the rear panel contains RF terminals UHF connector is provided for the transmitter output in a 4-wire operation or for connection of RF cable in 2-wire operation. Two BNC type of connectors are provided for connecting receiver RF input in 4-wire operation and for feeding the same RF signal to an adjacent receiver terminal. There is also one BNC connector available for connecting an IRIG B signal. A computer with Internet browser is required to program the terminal. The computer can be connected to the terminal via a router or a direct cross-connect cable. In either case the browser must have the IP address, assigned to PCT, entered in the browser address field. Once the correct address is entered and connection to PCT is requested, PCT will respond with a request for User Name and Password. After receiving correct user name and password, PCT will respond with a main menu selection. PCT uses Sun Java software to communicate with the computer. As a first step, PCT SBC (Single Board Computer) will verify if the computer has Java software installed in it. If the computer does not have Java software installed, the software will be downloaded from PCT to the computer automatically. The computer must have approximately 40 Mbits of free space for installation of Java software on the computer hard disk.

PCT BLOCK DIAGRAM

RS 232 CONNECTION

Single Board Computer (SBC) receives and stores programming information from the users computer. The stored information consists of operating mode (FSK or On-Off), operating transmit and receive frequencies and other parameters defining transmitter and receiver operation. The SBC passes specific parameters to MCU that controls operation of the transmitter and receiver in a real time. SBC has a 128 Mbit flash card as a main storage device. This flash card stores Linux operating system, Java software and detailed programming panels. One of the programming panels is an Event Log file that can store up to 1,200 events before over-riding will occur. The MCU contains programmed mode of operation, operating frequencies and other parameters for the transmitter and the receivers A and B. Using information received from SBC, MCU controls transmitter frequency and power output, controls frequency and monitors output from receiver A such as Guard, Trip, LOS or Blocking and controls receiver B signal level measuring process. MCU monitors transmitter input keying circuitry and applies appropriate keying command to the transmitter. Outputs from receiver A are used to control Rx output circuitry in either mode of operation. MCU provides continuous information to SBC regarding any alarms detected in the PCT or received from other terminals forming the system. The transmitter obtains information from MCU regarding mode of operation (FSK or OnOff), operating frequency, power output setting and keying input information. The transmitter consists of a frequency synthesizer that produces on channel signal. This signal is fed to a programmable attenuator that is programmed for the selected transmitter output power. Output from the programmable attenuator is fed to the output amplifier (PA) stage of the transmitter. The PA stage is a linear amplifier that feeds the output network. The output network consists of a line transformer, which provides matching of the transmitter output impedance to the 50-Ohm coaxial cable impedance, and a forward and reverse power monitoring network. In 2-wire operation, the reverse terminal of the output network is also used as the receiver RF input terminal. In 4-wire operation, receiver input is connected directly to the BNC receive RF input connector. Receiver A performs standard receiver functions. In FSK mode, the receiver provides detection of Guard or Trip signals and forwards this information to MCU for further processing. In addition, the receiver provides Loss of Signal (LOS) detection and noise detection to MCU that controls the output contacts. MCU drives two output circuits one output is a heavy duty transistor Guard output and a heavy duty transistor Trip output. The second output circuit is two fast electronic relay output contacts one for Guard and the other for Trip. In the On-Off mode, the receiver detects a presence of an on-channel signal that drives the two heavy duty transistors and the two fast electronic relay outputs. Receiver B is used to measure actual forward and reverse transmitted power output and actual received power level in dBm. This function is performed continuously when the terminal operates in FSK mode. With the terminal in On-Off mode of operation, this function is performed only during initial level setting procedure and during periodic checkback sequence. In FSK mode of operation, the transmitter and the receiver operate on different RF frequencies. This information is provided to Receiver B from MCU.

Dynamic level measuring range of receiver B is approximately 50 dB. This is satisfactory if the 4-wire receive input level is less then 15 dBm. For stronger then 15 dBm receive input signals, an additional 20 dB attenuator must be provided. This attenuator is automatically switched in as soon as the receiver B detects that the received signal is above 15 dBm. Once activated this attenuator remains active until the received signal level drops to below 10 dBm. At that input level, the 20 dB attenuator is automatically switched off. Measuring range of 4-wire receiver input signal is between +15 dBm and 35 dBm without the 20-dB attenuator and it is switched to +35 dBm to 15 dBm with the 20 dB attenuator switched in. Receiver B can be programmed to either the transmitter or the receiver frequency. Transmitted forward and reverse RF levels are fed from the output network to inputs 1 and 2 respectively of the receiver B input multiplex (MUX) circuit. The 4-wire receive signal is fed to port 3 (or port 4 if 20 dB attenuator is switched in) of the input MUX circuit. When the terminal operates in 2-wire mode, the reverse port of the output network provides receive input signal to the MUX port 2. Receiver B pools each of the three MUX inputs in a sequence. RF level is measured at each input by receiver B circuitry and the measured result is forwarded to MCU. MCU forwards the measured information to SBC. SBC processes the received level information and displays details on the front LCD display panel, the Unit Status panel and via Ethernet (or RS232 connection) on the users computer. Universal power supply module is an isolated switching DC to DC converter using flyback design that converts input DC voltage to various DC voltages required by PCT circuitry. The module is designed to operate from a wide range of primary input voltages of 42 VDC to 280 VDC without any change to its setting or any jumper adjustments. Following separate voltages are provided to the PCT Circuitry: -5 VDC 3A to Single Board Computer (SBC) and MCU circuitry -5 VDC 1A to digital circuitry in the transmitter and the receivers -5 VDC 1A to analogue circuitry in the transmitter and the receivers -28 VDC to the receiver MUX circuitry -28 VDC is supplied to the transmitter PA stage if the programmed transmitter power output is 10 Watts or less, and 65 VDC if the programmed transmitter power output is greater then 10 Watts. The change of the supply voltage is controlled by Exalt command from MCU based on the programmed transmitter power output.

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Section 3

Equipment Application
Programmable Carrier Terminal (PCT) can be used in either On-Off or FSK types of PLC systems. Specific PLC system requirements dictate how PCT should be programmed. This manual section describes application of PCT in On-Off (Blocking) type of PLC system and FSK type of PLC system.

3.1. Use of PCT in On-Off PLC systems

PCT can be programmed as an On-Off single function keyed carrier terminal for use in line protection. The terminal can be programmed as wide band or narrow band terminal. Wide band terminal can be used in Phase comparison and Directional comparison line protection schemes, while the narrow band terminal can be used in Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) line protection scheme. Keying input controls are START and STOP. The controls can be programmed for keying voltage. START can be programmed for Apply voltage to key or Remove voltage to key. STOP is programmable for priority. With STOP priority programmed: 1. STOP on inhibits all inputs 2. START on switches transmitter to full programmed power unless STOP is on. START or STOP keying disable the checkback function. The transmitter keying can be provided using the station battery voltage or a 5VDC output from a protective relay. The On-Off keyed carrier is keyed on and off by signals from associated protective relay equipment. The keying action causes the transmitter output to follow these signals. These keyed RF signals are received, attenuated, filtered, amplified and detected. The received and rectified signals are supplied to the associated external protection relay equipment. The PCT receiver provides several outputs: 1. Two heavy duty transistor outputs at terminals TB4-3(+),2(-) and TB4-6(+),5(-) capable of switching 30A for 2 seconds and 5A continuously. 2. Two high speed electronic relay outputs rated at 50 VA at terminals TB3-11,12 and TB3-9,10. 3. One Current Output at terminals TB4-1(+) and TB4-2(-) for connection of 125 VDC 30 Ohms relay coil. 4. One Current Output at terminals TB4-4(+) and TB4-5 (-) for connection of 125 VDC 100 mA load together with 5V/20 mA current source at TB3-13(+) and TB3-14(-). Note: Current Output available at TB4-1 and TB4-2 is equivalent to a legacy CS28A Current Output model 19B230595G2 (load is 125 VDC 30 Ohms), and Current Output available at TB4-4 and TB4-5 including a 20 mA/ 5VDC current source at TB3-13 and TB3-14 is equivalent to 19B230595G5 (load is 125 VDC 100 mA). The phase comparison scheme requires very fast signal pick up and signal drop out time. Wide band receiver should be used for this operation. Since phase comparison relaying 11

scheme keys the On-Off channel on a half-cycle basis, the provided transistor outputs should be used for this operation. Either wide band or narrow band receiver operation can be used for directional comparison blocking (DCB) line protection scheme. Either transistor outputs or fast relay outputs can be used in this scheme. A blocking scheme uses both tripping and blocking protection relays at all terminals of a transmission line. Tripping protection relays are set to detect all faults anywhere on the protected line. Blocking relays are set to detect faults external to the protected line. In DCB scheme, the protection relays can differentiate between faults that are external or internal the protected line section. If a fault occurs external to the protected line section, the associated directional relays and fault detectors cause the transmitter to send a carrier blocking signal which prevents the circuit breaker from tripping. However, if the fault occurs internal to the protected section, the relays and fault detectors cut off the transmitter so that the blocking signal is not sent, and the breakers trip. Failure of the carrier system does not prevent tripping of the breaker during internal fault. However, loss of the channel can cause false tripping for an external fault, and therefore, is less secure. In DCB scheme, protection tripping relays operate to stop carrier transmission and the external fault detecting relays are used to start carrier transmission. It is vital to start carrier and block tripping for every external fault. Therefore, the carrier start fault detectors must operate faster and be more sensitive then the tripping units. Summarized below are the basic characteristics of a directional comparison scheme and the associated carrier equipment: 1. The transmission of a carrier from any terminal prevents tripping of the protected line section. 2. For external faults, the operation of a blocking protection relay initiates a signal to block tripping at all terminals of the protected line. 3. Carrier transmission is stopped at each terminal for internal faults by the operation of the directional protection relay at each terminal. The tripping relays have preference over the blocking relays in the control of the local transmitter. 4. Carrier transmission is off under normal, unfaulted condition. In DCB schemes, STOP must be selected as Keying Priority. Output from tripping protective relay must be applied to STOP terminals to cause stop of any transmission of the carrier. START terminals must be connected to the output of blocking protection relays.

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In summary, following are advantages and limitations of the directional comparison blocking (DCB) scheme: Advantages: 1. Highly dependable. 2. Does not require operation of the telecommunication channel to trip. 3. Applicable on all types of line configurations, even on lines with weak infeed terminals. Limitations: 1. Loss of communication channel can cause overtripping 2. Less secure. In Phase Comparison Relaying, the role of wide band blocking-type ON-OFF keyed carrier channel equipment is to permit comparison of the phase angle of the current leaving the remote terminal with that of the local terminal. If these two currents are essentially in phase, there can be no fault in the protected line section. If these two currents are essentially 180 degrees out of phase, there is a fault on the line. When a fault occurs that produces sufficient current to operate the level detector, the mixing network in the phase comparison relaying scheme provides two outputs. These two outputs are 60 Hz square waves, one of which keys the wide band ON-OFF channel transmitter. The second output of the mixing network is fed to a comparer. Carrier start is arranged in such a way that the transmitter is keyed only on positive half-cycle. The comparer operates to trip the associated circuit breaker only on negative half-cycle if no received carrier is present. Summarized below are the basic characteristics of a phase comparison scheme and the associated carrier equipment: 1. For external faults, the single-phase current output from the mixing network at the two ends of the line are 180 degrees out of phase with each other. This results in keying the transmitters at both terminals on alternate half-cycles. This causes the receivers at both terminals to receive a continuous carrier signal, which blocks the comparers from tripping either breaker. 2. For internal faults, the currents flowing into both terminals are in phase, causing the mixing network outputs to be in phase. For this condition, the transmitters at both terminals are keyed simultaneously every half cycle. Absence of a received signal plus a negative half-cycle signal from the mixing network produces a trip output from the associated comparer. Thus the breakers at both terminals are tripped during this half cycle. 3. Carrier transmission is off under normal, unfaulted condition.

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In summary, the advantages and limitations of the Phase Comparison Blocking scheme are: Advantages: 1. Simple one relay provides protection for all faults. 2. Does not require an ac potential supply. 3. Not affected by system swings. 4. Not affected by zero sequence mutual effects. 5. Dependable does not require channel operation for internal faults. Limitations: 1. Relatively insensitive. 2. Relatively slow since tripping is permitted only on alternative half cycles. The operating time can be decreased by using dual phase comparison which would permit tripping every half cycle. 3. Phase comparison relaying requires a high speed wide band channel. 4. Less secure loss of channel can cause overtripping. 5. Single pole tripping and reclosure require additional devices for phase selection.

Frequency Considerations in Blocking mode

The PCT receiver is designed as zero Hz IF receiver. This implies that receipt of a signal on exactly receive channel frequency will result in zero Hz output. Therefore, the receiver is always set at the channel center frequency and the transmitter is programmed (offset) for only one of the following: -125 Hz, +125 Hz, -250 Hz, +250 Hz 375 Hz or +375 Hz from channel center frequency. All of the On-Off terminals on the same line section operate on the same channel frequency. Each transmitter must be offset for a different amount to avoid possible standing waves on the line if more then one transmitter is keyed at the same time. Maximum number of On-Off terminals on one line section is six. Recommended minimum frequency spacing between two PLC channels on the same line is a function of the isolation between the transmitter on one channel and the receiver on the other channel on the same line section. Providing a minimum isolation of 15 dB, the narrow band terminal requires 2 kHz separation while the wide band terminal requires 4 kHz separation between the channel centers.

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3.2. Use of PCT in FSK PLC systems

PCT programmed in FSK mode can be used in protection schemes for either equipment protection or line protection. The protection schemes can be either one-way, such as transformer protection or breaker failure protection, or two-way, such as line protection. In addition to transformer protection, shunt reactors can similarly be protected by differential relays and one-way carrier transmission. PCT programmed in FSK mode can be used for following protection functions: Power transformer equipment protection. Shunt reactor equipment protection. Line protection Direct-underreaching transfer trip Permissive underreaching transfer trip Permissive overreaching transfer trip Unblocking relaying Combined unblocking and direct transfer trip Phase-comparison relaying Circuit breaker failure protection. In normal operation, a GUARD signal is continuously transmitted. At the receiver, the reception of the GUARD signal acts to produce blocking of the breaker trip circuit. At the same time, the GUARD signal provides continuous monitoring of the carrier system. When the fault does occur, the fault-sensing device causes the transmitter to shift transmitted frequency to the TRIP frequency. Reception of the TRIP frequency by the receiver acts to release the GUARD output and operate the TRIP output in the receiver. The terminal will only produce one output either GUARD or TRIP, but never both at the same time. In the case of equipment protection, differential relays are used at the transformer or shunt reactor to shift the frequency of the carrier transmitter to directly trip the remote breaker, while simultaneously tripping the local low-side breaker. In the case of line protection, the protective relaying scheme is classified as either direct or permissive, depending on whether the receive terminal trips the breaker directly or if the local faultdetecting relays must also operate before tripping can occur. Line protection may incur tripping through a fault and requires special receiver logic in the event of loss of signal, as discussed later. Application of channel equipment may be either single or dual-channel operation. In dual-channel operation, two transmitters are used at each transmitting terminal and two receivers at the receiving terminals. The dual-channel system is highly desirable in that both channels must operate before tripping can occur, thus increasing channel security. Furthermore, the dual system also permits testing of each channel separately without the danger of accidentally tripping the associated breaker. Some users apply the receiver outputs in parallel to increase dependability. With FSK operation, two-way channels require a separate operating frequency in each direction. If two-way dual-channel operation is required, two operating frequencies are required in each direction. 15

Frequency-shift carrier equipment requires only a narrow band of frequencies. This allows single frequency line tuning and traps in the line coupling circuit, even when two-way dual channels are used. However, RF hybrid units are required to separate the closely spaced transmit and receive frequencies. These RF hybrids, usually a skewed hybrid, can be within the transmitter/receiver equipment (2-wire operation of PCT) or furnished as external units (PCT in 4-wire mode of operation). The PCT unit is designed to always produce GUARD signal with frequency above the channel frequency and TRIP signal with frequency below the channel frequency. The channel speed, minimum frequency separation between adjacent transmit and receive channels and minimum channel RF bandwidths are determined by the selected frequency shift as per following table: Selected Channel time Frequency Shift Minimum frequency separation unidirectional systems 500 Hz 1.0 kHz 2.0 kHz Minimum frequency separation bidirectional systems 500 Hz 1.0 kHz 2.0 kHz Occupied channel bandwidth 500 Hz 1.0 kHz 2.0 kHz

200 Hz 500 Hz 1,000 Hz

25 ms 10 ms 5 ms

FSK Receiver Logic

The logic system programmed in the PCT receiver operating in FSK mode allows optimum security and dependability that is required for operation of the protection schemes. The logic available in PCT FSK receiver is based on the following considerations: Security against false trip Trip dependability under adverse conditions Tripping through a fault loss of signal The logic function within PCT receives several inputs from the receiver and determines whether or not to initiate an alarm output. Following inputs are considered: GUARD output TRIP output Receiver squelch output (SNR) Receiver RF input signal level Loss of signal (LOS) The first three inputs are used in all logic functions. Any abnormal condition would block the logic TRIP output and activate a receiver alarm indicator called Channel Status Alarm CSA. The same alarm is activated for either a questionable Signal to Noise ratio or a loss of signal. The last input (LOS) is used only with U logic. This signal is used by the logic function to produce a time limited Unblocking (Tripping) output when the receiver level drops below a preset receiver level triggering LOS output. A delay in providing Trip output after loss of signal can be programmed in Logic programming panel. Unblocking logic must be selected and the delay is programmed between 0 and 200 ms.

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Following receiver logic functions are provided in PCT and can be selected by point and click: Logic Type N D P U DUTT PUTT, POTT Unblocking Relay Scheme Logic Operation GUARD or TRIP detected GUARD reset before TRIP Signal reset before TRIP Loss of signal allows TRIP Functional Objective Fast detection of transmitted function after channel failure Security against false trip after channel failure Increased dependability of TRIP signal after channel failure Momentary (300 ms) TRIP output after channel failure

Each logic function is described in details in the following paragraphs: Type D Logic Type D logic is defined as Guard Reset before Trip. This logic requires that, after channel has failed for more then 300 ms, a Guard signal must be received for at least 50 ms before the logic can be reset to provide a Trip output in response to a valid trip signal. However, if the channel failure is less then 300 ms, valid trip or guard signal will normally be detected when received. The Guard before Trip logic is activated only after the 300 ms time expires. This type of logic is almost always used with direct transferred trip schemes for equipment protection and in the direct underreaching transferred trip (DUTT) schemes for transmission line protection where ultimate security is required. In order to ensure that the scheme would operate once the channel is restored, the transmitter is equipped with a Flasher circuit that causes the transmitter to alternate between Trip and Guard frequencies when keyed to Trip by the protection relaying equipment. Type P Logic Type P logic is defined as Signal reset before Trip. After the channel has failed for more then 300 ms, this logic can be reset to normal by receipt of either a valid Guard or a Trip signal for 50 ms. If the channel failure is for less then 300 ms, normal Guard or Trip detection will take place. The Signal reset before Trip logic is activated only after 300 ms time expires. This type of logic is often used with permissive overreaching and permissive underreaching transferred trip schemes (POTT and PUTT). By user preference, P logic is typically used, instead of D logic, with the direct transferred trip and direct undrreaching transfer trip schemes. P logic increases the dependability of the Trip signal. P logic is the same as D logic except that Guard reset is not required to trip after an abnormality of the channel fault that exceeds 300 ms. The type P logic increases dependability, compared to D logic, of the Trip signal after a channel failure. 17

Type U Logic Type U logic is described as Loss of signal level allows trip. It is not necessary, with this logic selected, to receive a trip signal in order to allow tripping. This type of logic is always used with unblocking relay schemes. After the channel has failed, the logic can be reset to normal by receipt of either Guard (Block) or Trip (Unblock) signal. U logic is arranged to allow the desired Trip (Unblock) output when the signal level is below a preset threshold setting. Line relaying internal fault characteristics exhibits low line noise (until the breaker opening begins) and high attenuation. The U logic functions the same as P logic, with the additional condition that a Trip signal is also produced for up to 300 ms when the loss of signal level occurs. A delay in providing Trip output after loss of signal is programmable in the Logic panel when U logic is selected. Default programming is 0 ms, and maximum programming is 200 ms. Programming is achieved by typing in a desired amount of time delay. This feature can be used to eliminate Trip outputs caused by Signal Holes possibly initiated by momentary firing of surge arrestors in either CCVT or Line Tuner. Type N Logic This logic allows Trip or Guard output providing a valid Trip or Guard signal is present at the receiver RF input. The outputs do not require any reset if RF signal is lost for any duration. This logic should be used if the protective relays make tripping decisions based on local and remote voltage and current status.

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Section 4

Testing, Installation and Customer connection diagrams

The terminal is shipped from the factory programmed in Idle mode. Neither transmitter nor receiver is active. In order to program the terminal for a specific function, the unit needs to be programmed in the shop prior to installing it in the field. The terminal should be connected to test equipment as per following drawing:
50 OHM, 100W DUMMY LOAD OR 30-dB ATTENUATOR PCT TEST PANEL POWER SUPPLY

ETHERNET PORT TX OUT

RX IN

TB5

TB4

TB3

TB2

PCT UNDER TEST

PERSONAL COMPUTER

The computer must meet following minimum specifications: - Pentium II or higher - 300 MHz or higher clock speed - At least 50 Mbits free space in hard disk (for installation of Java program) The computer can be connected to RS232 panel connector located at the front panel of PCT or to an Ethernet port located at the rear of the PCT. Appropriate connection cable must be used. Standard RS232 straight cable can be used. If the connection is made to the Ethernet port, it is usually required to make such connection via a router or a gate. Alternatively, a cross connect Ethernet cable can be used, and the computer must have its IP settings programmed to be on the same subnet mask and IP range as PCT. The power supply must be capable of providing instantaneous input current for various voltages and a continuous current as per following table:

TB1

RF VOLTMETER OR SPECTRUM ANALYZER OR FREQUENCY COUNTER

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Output Voltage (VDC) 48 125 250

Maximum Current (A) 8-10 4-5 2-3

Continuous current (A) 5 3 1

If the power supply does not have sufficient maximum current capability, PCT will not be fully powered up. The terminal front LEDs and the display panel will start flashing and the PSU Alarm relay will be switched on and off. The instantaneous high current is required for about 15 msec to start the built in power supply module. Once the power supply module inside PCT is powered up, the continuous current requirement is much lower. The value for continuous current listed on the table refers to the transmitter keyed at maximum 100-Watt power output. The RF load or RF attenuator must be capable of absorbing 100 Watts of RF power. The impedance of the RF load or attenuator must be 50 Ohms. The PCT Test Panel is a convenient assembly of LEDs and switches that allow testing of the PCT transmitter and receiver operation. This test panel can be replaced with individual switches and indicators. Once the terminal is successfully powered up, it must be accessed from the computer. The computer must have Internet browser activated and the IP address for the PCT entered in the address line. The default IP address for all PCT units shipped from the factory is: 192.168.1.NNN NNN represents three digits that appear in the top right corner on the display panel. Complete IP address is also available on the front display panel. Once the correct IP address is sent to PCT, it will respond with request for User Name and Password. Default User Name is admin and default password is trench. The password can be changed if required as described in the section on the Administration panel. This password permits the user to see all programmed parameters and operating conditions of the terminal. Another password is provided on the programming panel to change parameter settings.

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Once the correct User Name and Password are received, PCT will respond with the main menu. If this is the first time the computer is connected to a PCT, the program within PCT will verify if the computer has Java program installed. If not, the Java program will be automatically transferred from PCT to the computer. The main menu will then look as follows:

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This menu allows opening of all programming panels. The Configuration panel should be programmed first. This panel is used to program the terminal for the required use. Details of programming each panel and associated sub-panels are described in Section Equipment programming. The PTC parameters should be programmed to satisfy ultimate use of the terminal in the PLC system. Since all parameters are fully programmable, it is important to understand what results will be achieved with programming of each parameter. Opening of the Configuration panel permits selection of Terminal Type and RF Interface. Default selection of Terminal Type is Idle. Other selections available are FSK or Blocking. Selecting either FSK or Blocking will display default setting of the selected type of operation. It is important to note that the Transmitter and the Receiver selection is Not Enabled. Each sub-panel of the selected type of operation must be verified and, if necessary, the selection changed to satisfy operating requirements of the PLC system. RF termination of the unit can be selected on Configuration panel. Available selection is 2-wire termination or 4-wire termination. If 2-wire is selected, a built in skewed hybrid is used to connect the transmitter and the receiver to the UHF input/output connector. If the selection is 4-wire, the transmitter output is connected to the UHF connector at the rear of the unit and the receiver input is connected to the BNC connector at the rear of the unit. The second receive BNC connector allows connection of another receiver in parallel. In 4- wire configuration, the receiver input impedance can be programmed to be either 50-Ohm or Hi Z. The Hi Z impedance is greater then 2.5 kOhms, allowing paralleling of number of receivers.

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Programming terminal in Blocking mode

Typically, Directional Comparison Blocking (DCB) protection scheme uses On-Off type of PLC system to assist protection relays. Up to 6-ended power line can be protected using this scheme, as much as more common usage is on 2-ended or 3-ended power line. The DCB protection scheme requires that the transmitter be keyed when the detected power line fault is outside of the protected line section. The transmitter must be turned off if the detected fault is considered to be within the protected line section. The receiver provides an input to the protection relay, blocking the tripping, in response to reception of a valid RF signal from a remote transmitter. If no valid signal is received from any remote transmitter, the receiver allows tripping to be controlled by the local protection relay. Such an operation would require that the terminal be programmed in a following fashion: Receiver programming all parameters are programmed on the Rx sub-panel. Receiver should be Enabled by clicking on this field. Frequency should be selected as a channel frequency. The selected frequency in Hz is a center of the receiver bandwidth. All receivers in the same system must have the same receiver frequency selected. Channel Time selection must be made according to the required channel speed. Selection of channel time also selects the required RF bandwidth. The 3 ms channel time requires 2 kHz bandwidth and the 1.5 ms selection requires 4 kHz bandwidth. Levels Sensitivity should be set to 5 dBm unless specific site conditions require different. The sensitivity level can be programmed in a range of 0 dBm to 10 dBm. If the expected line noise levels are lower then 20 dBm, the receiver sensitivity can be adjusted to 10 dBm, however, if the line noise level is higher then 20 dBm, the sensitivity should be adjusted to 5 dBm. Only in situations where the line noise level is expected to be close to 10 dBm, should the sensitivity be adjusted close to 0 dBm. It should be considered that less sensitive receiver would produce lower total line loss budget.

Levels Margin can be set within the limits of 10 to 20 dB. Setting the margin level allows nominal received signal level to be programmed above the set receiver sensitivity. It is recommended that the margin be programmed for 15 dB unless specific conditions require different. Some may use term reserve signal level instead of margin. - Auto-Set Sensitivity is an adjustment that is made in the field as part of the automatic system level adjustment. The electrically furthest transmitter must be transmitting full power. Clicking on the Auto-Set Sensitivity will automatically adjust receiver input attenuation control and set the receiver sensitivity to a level that is lower then the received signal by the amount of programmed margin. All other fields on the Rx sub-panel are not programmable. These provide information only.

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Transmitter Programming all parameters are programmed on the Tx sub-panel. Transmitter should be Enabled by clicking on this field. Offset selects the amount of frequency offset from the receiver channel frequency. As much as all the receivers in the same system must have the same frequency selected, each transmitter in the system must have a different offset frequency selected. This is required to avoid a potential cancellation of the transmitted signals if two transmitters on the same line become keyed at the same time and their signals arrive at receiver input totally out of phase. The actual transmit operating frequency is displayed in the Frequency field. If the transmitter frequency must not be tied to the receiver channel frequency, Manual field should be clicked. A desired frequency can then be entered in the frequency field in Hz. Power field allows programming of the transmitter power output. The allowable range is 1 Watt to 100 Watts in steps of 1 Watt, or 30 dBm to 50 dBm in steps of 1 dB. The transmitter is capable of transmitting up to 10 Watts continuously. The 10 to 100-Watt operation range is permitted only for a short period of time (up to 4 or 5 minutes). If the transmitter remains keyed beyond that period of time, a temperature sensing circuit will turn the transmitter off. The transmitter normal operation can be restored by submitting the terminal setting. The transmitter power output should be programmed for a power level required for a reliable operation of the system. Flexibility is provided to program desired power level to within 1 dB. Keying Priority is set for Stop priority. There are two keying inputs to PCT. These are: Start keys transmitter to full programmed power output Stop forces transmitter to be turned off Stop keying input must be programmed as a priority that is, applying a keying command to this terminal will force keying commands to all other keying terminals to be ignored. This is required in order to permit proper operation of the terminal in the protection schemes. Keying Voltage allows selection of the battery voltage used to key the transmitter. The selected voltage level indicates to PCT at what input voltage level the transmitter must be keyed and unkeyed. The input voltage required to key the transmitter is equal to one half of the programmed keying voltage that is the transmitter will only be keyed once the rise in the keying input voltage level reaches above one half of the programmed voltage. Similarly, the transmitter will become unkeyed only once the fall of the keying voltage reaches one half of the programmed voltage. Keying Mode allows selection of a mode of transmitter keying. Some users prefer keying of the transmitter by removing voltage, since the applied keying voltage is fed via closed contacts of the controlling protection relaying equipment thus providing continuous monitoring of the closed contacts. Others may prefer that the transmitter become keyed only when commanded by the protective relay supplying battery voltage as an input. Selection of Apply Voltage to Key ensures that the transmitter will only be keyed when required by applying the keying voltage. 24

Alarms Programming allows programming of the receiver and transmitter maintenance and fault levels. Programming of what alarms and alerts will be displayed on the front panel, what relays will be alarmed at the rear of the terminal and what alerts and alarms will be stored in the Event Log files is also provided. Considering that the terminal in a blocking mode of operation is on standby most of the time, the alarms and alerts can only display terminal conditions as result of either manual or automatic system verification using checkback procedure. Maintenance and fault levels programmed on this sub-panel are used in performing system analyses after the checkback procedure is completed. Receiver Levels allows programming of alert and alarm receive levels. The alert and alarm levels represent reduction of received signal level from a nominal received level as programmed during initial system level adjustment. It is required that maintenance alert level be smaller in level reductions then the fault level. These levels are programmed in dB and can be changed in 1 dB steps. Default settings are 6 dB for maintenance and 12 dB for fault levels. The maximum fault level can be equal to the programmed margin level or lower. - Transmitter Levels allows programming of transmitter alert and alarm levels as well as programming of the return loss alert and alarm levels. The maintenance and fault levels are referenced to the programmed transmitter power output level. Default levels are 6 dB for maintenance and 10 dB for fault. The return loss levels are measure of matching of the transmitter output impedance to the line load. The levels represent the amount of transmitted signal expressed in dB that is reflected back to the transmitter from the load. Consequently, maintenance Return Loss level must be lower then the fault level. Default levels are Return Loss Maintenance 10 dB and Return Loss Fault 8 dB. Nominal return loss should be greater then 12 dB. - Maintenance Alerts allows selection of maintenance alerts that will activate maintenance alert relays outputs at the rear of the terminal. If maintenance alerts are not desirable, the appropriate field can be un-selected by clicking on it. - Fault Alarms allow selection of fault alarms that activate fault relays contacts at the rear of the terminal. Again, if some of the alarms are not desirable to be displayed, those can be un-selected by clicking on the appropriate field. Since the terminal operating in a blocking mode does not normally transmit or receive, the corresponding levels can not be measured. Consequently, receiver and transmitter alerts and alarms are not displayed continuously. However, if the checkback detects either a fault or a maintenance condition on either the transmitter or the receiver, the associated equipment alert or alarm will be activated. Similarly, if an equipment alert or alarm exists on any of the terminals forming a system, the overall system will display either System Maintenance alert or System Fault alarm. Performing a new checkback sequence after the underlining cause of either alert or alarm has been rectified can reset those indications. -

25

Checkback programming Activation of either manual or automatic checkback sequence is required in On-Off PLC system in order to verify that the system operates as designed. Most of the time the system is on standby and the transmitters and the receivers are not generating or receiving signals. Occasionally, it is prudent to verify that the terminals forming a system will perform as expected when commanded by the associated protection relays. The verification process consists of keying each transmitter in sequence and measuring received signal at all receiver sites in sequence. The results of these measurements can be analyzed and displayed either at the terminal or at the computer that accessed the terminal. The checkback sequence must be stopped as soon as either Start or Stop command is applied to the terminal. The PCT type of checkback sequence can only be used if all terminals in the system are PCT units. None type can be used if the PCT terminal is in a system with a third party terminal. It is assumed that the terminals forming system do not understand each others checkback sequence, and an external checkback unit is required. The ACMS type of checkback must be used if at least one terminal in the system is CS28A terminal equipped with an ACMS checkback module. None selection allows use of an external checkback sequence. PCT transmitter can be keyed to full programmed power by applying a keying command to Supervisory command input, and to 10 dB reduced power by applying a command to Reduced terminal. The receiver relay output contacts are available at the rear terminals of PCT. ACMS selection will allow PCT to perform checkback sequence using pulse width modulation of the transmitter output. In a checkback test, each ACMS-equipped CS28A or PCT with ACMS type of checkback selected, transmits in turn, and allows each other unit in the system to monitor its received signal and compare it to a minimum acceptable threshold. The terminals forming the system communicate with each other using a pulsewidth modulated on-off keying of the power line carrier at approximately 16 pps. This communication capability is used to orchestrate checkback tests, collect test results and implement other control functions. The PCT receiver blocks its output if the pulse width modulated signals are detected or if the PCT type Checkback commands is initiated. This action is required in order to allow an external event recorder to record any actual received command. A checkback test can be manually initiated from any unit in the system. If the initiating unit is not designated as Master, it will send a code to the master unit, requesting that master unit initiates the checkback sequence. Tests can be triggered using a front panel button, or via an ASCII command entered at the RS232 port or Ethernet port. Only the master unit initiates testing by transmitting a checkback sequence initiation command. After this command, each unit in the system transmits, in turn, a 1 second full power unmodulated signal. The master unit always transmits first, followed by up to five remotes, each in their own 1 second time slot. The number of units in the system and their ID (timeslot) is programmable in the Checkback sub-panel.

26

The master unit, according to the programmed parameters, performs automatic checkback initiation. Auto-test must be enabled, and Test Interval and Retry Interval timing must be programmed for the automatic checkback sequence to operate. While any unit in the system is transmitting during its 1 second time slot, it measures and logs its own transmitter power output level, and all other units measure and log the signal level they receive from that unit. Thus each terminal records how much signal it receives from all other units. After the test-signaling phase of the checkback sequence, a data collection phase begins. Each unit reports back the summary results of the checkback observations for all others to record. Data reporting is done in the same sequence as the original test signal phase. This reporting provides information regarding relative transmit and receive levels and any local alarm conditions. Actual measured values are not reported at this time. Actual transmit and receive levels are reported during the results gathering phase. Any unit in the system can initiate a request for detailed measured data or results gathering phase. The terminals will report measured results in the same sequence as the original test signal phase. These results are used to perform system analyses and system status display. The results of the checkback sequence are used in PCT to activate maintenance or fault alerts/alarms on the terminal if warranted by the results. PCT selection of checkback sequence should be made only if all terminals forming a system are PCT types. The sequence of system verification is similar to the one described for the ACMS type of checkback sequence. Major difference is in duration of transmitting time allocated to by each unit in the system. Instead of transmitting in 1 second intervals, each unit is allowed approximately 10 seconds to transmit. The longer duration of transmit signal allows each terminal to measure its transmit or receive level in dBm and display such values in the System Analyses summary panel. Initial Checkback command at the master terminal establishes receive and transmit levels at the initial installation time. These levels are used as reference levels for all future checkback measurements. Manual checkback can be initiated at any terminal. If the terminal is not designated as Master, it transmits a coded message to Master terminal requesting that manual checkback be initiated. Terminal designated as Master initiates transmission of a command to all terminals in the system indicating that a checkback test is to be performed. After this command, each unit in the system transmits, in turn, 10-second full power unmodulated signal. The master unit always transmits first, followed by up to five remotes, each in their own 10-second time slot. The number of units in the system and their ID (timeslot) is programmable in the Checkback sub-panel. While any unit in the system is transmitting during its 10-second time slot, it measures and logs its own transmitter forward and reverse power output level, and all other units measure and log the signal level they receive from that unit. Thus each terminal records 27

how much signal it receives from all other units. After the test-signaling phase of the checkback sequence, a data collection phase begins. Each unit reports back the summary results of any detected alarm/alert condition and the checkback observations for all others to record. Data reporting is done in the same sequence as the original test signal phase. This reporting provides information regarding actual transmit and receive levels and any local alarm conditions. These results are used to perform system analyses and system status display. The results of the checkback sequence are used in PCT to activate maintenance or fault alerts/alarms on the terminal if warranted by the results. The master unit, according to the programmed parameters, performs automatic checkback initiation. Auto-test must be enabled, and Test Interval and Retry Interval timing must be programmed for the automatic checkback sequence to operate. Programming of the Checkback sub-panel is similar for either ACMS or PCT type of checkback. If None is selected, no other fields are programmable since the checkback may be performed only with an external programmer. Default Terminal Designation programming is done when the transmitter offset frequency is programmed. The first offset frequency is assigned to Master terminal, second to Remote 1 and so on. The terminal designation can be programmed de-coupled from the assigned transmitter offset frequency by selected desired field. Only one terminal can be programmed as Master or Remote 15. Similarly, the terminal designation must be done in order Master, Remote 1, Remote 2 etc. If this rule is not followed, the checkback sequence will not work since two or more terminals will attempt to transmit at the same time. No. of Terminals must reflect exactly how many terminals are in the system. Auto-Test controls if an automatic checkback sequence will be performed. If this field is enabled in the master terminal, the checkback sequence will be performed as programmed. Enabling this field in the remote terminal will ensure that a remote terminal will remind the master terminal that a checkback that should have been performed was missed. Default setting is that Auto-Test field is enabled. Start First CB at field allows selection of the time of day when first checkback sequence is initiated. The field is programmable in 0 to 24 hour basis. This field is active only at the time of initial installation and level setting at the Master terminal. If the setting of this field must be changed at a later date, DC power switch at the terminal must be turned off and turned on again. Once the terminal is back in operation this field can be programmed for a new start time. This must be done at Master terminal only. Remote terminal does not use this filed at all. Test Interval allows selection time duration between two automatic tests in hours. If the result of first checkback test is an indication that the system is in fault, the sequence will be repeated up to two more times. The system failure will only be displayed if the results of the checkback sequence performed three times in a row indicate that faulty condition exists. If during any one of the three tries, the result indicates that the system is in healthy state, no system fault indication will be displayed.

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Retry Interval allows selection of time duration between the three tries in minutes. If the selection is 0 minutes, the checkback sequence is performed only once and the results are displayed even if a system fault is detected. Checkback OK confirmation pulse is provided if the user requires a reset pulse for an external timer that could initiate alarm if the checkback sequence is not performed at the programmed interval time. When this feature is enabled, the master transmitter will be keyed for about half of a second followed by Remote 1 transmitter being keyed for about half a second. This will ensure that all receivers on the line have received the confirmation pulse and reset an external timer. The transmitter keying will be activated only if the checkback sequence indicates correct operation of the system. Default setting of this feature is disabled. Once all the parameters are programmed correctly and selection is submitted and applied, the terminal will display the summary of the programmed configuration. If some of the selections are not satisfactory, the associated programming sub-panels can be accessed again and correct selections made, submitted and applied. Once the terminal is programmed correctly, a quick check should be made using Unit Status panel as a monitoring device and the PCT test panel, or equivalent, as an indicator. Some indications and some keying can be performed using the front panel LEDs, LCD display and the LCD associated strolling and command buttons instead of PCT test panel. The line connection of the terminal must be properly terminated into a 50-Ohm load with sufficient power absorbing capacity to tolerate programmed transmitter power output. Verification of the transmitter operation: 1. Verify transmitter power output. Key the transmitter with either a Start key on the PCT test panel or by strolling to Manual Tx On selection on the LCD and pressing the middle button beside LCD. If the programmed transmitter power output is greater then 10 Watts, keying of the transmitter should be limited to no more then 30 seconds at a time with at least 2 minutes in between to allow the PA stage to cool off. Otherwise the transmitter will switch to a safe mode at reduced power output level. 2. Open Unit Status panel and select Transmitter Forward measurement to be displayed on the meter. As the transmitter is keyed, the meter will display actual measured output power. Unkey the transmitter. 3. Select Return Loss indication on the meter. Key the transmitter. The return loss measurement should read greater then 12 dB, depending on the closeness of the load match to the transmitter output impedance. 4. Using an external frequency meter correctly coupled to the RF load, measure the frequency of the transmitter signal. The frequency must be equal to selected receiver channel frequency plus or minus the selected transmitter offset frequency.

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Verification of the receiver operation: 1. Disconnect the RF load and connect a signal generator to the receiver RF input (in 2wire system this is UHF connector; in 4-wire system this is BNC connector). Set the RF frequency to the channel frequency plus 250 Hz. Set the output level from signal generator to the programmed receiver sensitivity. 2. Observe the meter on the Unit Status panel with Receive Level selected. The meter should display similar level as indicated by the signal generator (+,- 1 dB). 3. Increase the signal generator level by amount of selected Margin. Observe on the Unit Status panel that the meter shows similar level. 4. Remove the generator signal from the RF input of the terminal. Receiver LED on the front panel should be green. This completes quick verification of the basic functionality of the terminal.

Installation and User Connections

The terminal requires three RU (5.25) space on a standard 19 rack for installation. As much as the terminal is only 2 RU high, additional space around the terminal is recommended for easier heat dissipation. User connections to the terminal should be made as per drawing on the following page.

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OUTPUT INPUT IN IN OUT

FSK BLK START STOP SPRV TX RED CB KEY TRIP

POWER
FSK GUARD TRIP BLK COG2 BLK1 COG5 BLK2 + + + + IRIG-B TB5 ETHERNET
RX GUARD TRIP TX TX RX SER SER ALARM ALARM BLK1 BLK2 C NO C NO C NO C NO C NO C NO
TRIP BLK 5V 20mA - +

BATT. SW - + + TB2 4 TB4 1 6 1 10 1 12 4-WIRE RX

ALARMS SYSTEM MAINT EQUIP PSU NC C NO NC C NO NC C NO NC C NO

TB1

2-WIRE TX

10 BASE T TB3 1 14

PCT CONNECTIONS REAR VIEW

PCT CUSTOMER CONNECTIONS FOR ON-OFF OPERATION

20mA NC C C C NO NC NC C NC NO NO C C NO C NO C NO C NO NO C NO NO 20mA + 5 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

TB-1
4

3 1 2 4 7 11 12 1 2

TB-2
3 5 6 8 9 10 3

TB-3

(+) SYSTEM ALARM MAINTENANCE ALERT EQUIPMENT ALARM POWER SUPPLY ALARM TX SER

(-)

(+)

(-) RX SER TX ALARM RX ALARM FAST RELAY OUTPUT 1 FAST RELAY OUTPUT 2

(+)

(-) 5V/20mA OUTPUT

STATION SWITCHED BATTERY BATTERY 42-280 VDC OUT

549 OHM

1K OHM

47K

47K

Customer connections On-Off terminal

110K 1W

TB-4
3 4 5 6

TB-5

110K 1W

110K 1 W4 REDUCED TX KEYING SWITCH PROTECTION RELAY START SWITCH PROTECTION RELAY STOP SWITCH SWITCHED BATTERY HOT SWITCHED BATTERY COMMON PROTECTION RELAY SUPERVISORY SWITCH

47K

47K

7K

10

HEAVY CURRENT OUTPUT DUTY (Group-2) TRANSISTOR 125VDC For OUTPUT 1 30 OHM RELAY

HEAVY CURRENT OUTPUT DUTY (Group-5) TRANSISTOR 125VDC/100mA OUTPUT 2

31

KEYING CIRCUIT

CHECKBACK INITIATE KEYING SWITCH

(+) (+) (+)

(-)

(+)

(-)

Programming Terminal in FSK Mode

FSK types of terminals are used in a number of transfer trip protection schemes. In most of these schemes, a dedicated radio channel is assigned for communication between a local site and remote site(s). Local site must have a transmitter that is sending a continuous guard signal to remote site(s). This transmitter switches to a trip frequency in response to a command from the associated protection relay. The receiver(s) at the remote site(s) switch output from guard to trip in response to receiving the trip signal. As soon as a fault causing trip signal is cleared, the transmitter switches back to guard frequency. The programmed frequency shift and the associated receiver RF bandwidth dictate the speed of trip signal detection. Minimum shift is 200 Hz resulting in channel time of 25 ms and receiver RF channel bandwidth of 0.5 kHz. Maximum shift is 1,000 Hz resulting in channel speed of 5 ms and receiver RF bandwidth of 2 kHz. Other important parameters are transmitter guard and trip power output and receiver margin and sensitivity selection. These and other parameters are programmable using PCT FSK programming sub-panels. RF termination should be programmed as described on page 4 of this manual section. Selection of 4-wire operation dictates that the received signal must be connected to BNC connector. Also the receiver impedance can be selected as 50-Ohms or Hi Z. If more then one receiver is connected in parallel, one of the receivers must have 50-Ohms impedance selected in order to properly terminate external skewed hybrid. Rx sub-panel Programming of this sub-panel controls operation of the FSK receiver. Following parameters should be programmed: Receiver Enabled should be turned on if the terminal requires to have the FSK receiver active. If the terminal is to operate as transmitter only, the Receiver Enable field should not be selected. When the terminal is to operate as receiver only, the receiver RF input should be fed via the BNC connector at the rear of the terminal and the RF termination should be selected as 4-wire. Receiver Frequency selects the center of the assigned receiver RF channel. The selection must be made in Hz. Frequency Shift selection determines the channel time. The wider the shift, the faster the channel. Also, the required RF bandwidth increases with the decrease in the channel time. The selected Frequency Shift must be identical to the frequency shift selected at the transmitter site operating on the receiver channel frequency. The receiver will not operate correctly if the frequency shift selected on the receiver is different from the frequency shift selected on the transmitter even if the selected receiver shift is larger then the transmitter shift. Once the shift is selected, the receiver looks for specific guard and trip frequencies and provides output accordingly. Levels Margin permits selection of minimum received signal level above the receiver sensitivity. The allowable range of margin selection is 15 to 25 dB. The guard signal from the far transmitter will be received at a level dictated by the line and coupling attenuation. This level should be equal or greater then the level equal to selected receiver 32

sensitivity plus margin. If this is not the case, either margin selection should be reduced or the far transmitter power output should be increased. Default setting of Receiver Margin level is 20 dB. Level Sensitivity permits selection of a minimum receiver sensitivity. The allowed range is between 35 dBm and 25 dBm in a 4-wire mode. In 2-wire mode minimum sensitivity is set to -24 dBm. This is the lowest RF level of a valid guard signal that can be correctly detected with a minimum noise level from a power line. The selection of sensitivity permits maximizing system level budget by providing means to adjust receiver sensitivity according to line noise level and coupling attenuation. If the receiver is connected to the line via hybrid circuit(s) that provides additional attenuation of the signal and the line noise, that attenuation can be compensated by increasing receiver sensitivity. Similarly, if the line noise is higher then expected, the receiver sensitivity could be reduced thus permitting reliable operation even under increased noise condition. The default setting of Receiver Sensitivity is 24 dBm in 2-wire mode. Auto-Set Sensitivity is a button that should be used to make system level adjustment. Usually, the received guard RF level should be stronger then the programmed receiver sensitivity only for the amount of programmed margin. If the actual received level is stronger then that level, the overall receiver sensitivity should be reduced to a level equal to the receiver sensitivity plus margin level. Reduced receiver sensitivity also makes the receiver less sensitive to the power line noise. The field adjacent to the Auto-Set Sensitivity field shows adjusted receiver sensitivity. Note that selected receiver sensitivity field does not change when the Auto-Set Sensitivity button is activated. The other fields on this sub-panel are for information only. There are no selections that need to be made to these fields. Tx sub-panel Programming of this sub-panel controls the operation of the transmitter. Following parameters should be programmed: Transmitter Enable field indicates if the associated transmitter is enabled or not. If the transmitter is enabled, it will produce power output at the UHF connector at the rear of the terminal. RF termination can be selected as 2-wire or 4-wire, depending on the selection made for the associated receiver. If this is to be transmitter only terminal, the transmitter output will appear at the UHF connector regardless if the RF termination is 2wire or 4-wire. Defaults setting is transmitter not enabled. Transmitter Frequency allows selection of the transmitter channel frequency in Hz. It should be noted that the actual frequency of the transmitted guard signal is always above the selected channel frequency by the amount of one half of the selected shift, and the trip frequency is always below the channel frequency by one half of the selected shift. However, the frequency selection must be set to the channel frequency. Frequency Shift is not a selectable setting if the associated receiver is activated. The selection is the same as for the receiver. If this is transmitter only terminal, the frequency shift selection is programmable. The programming of the transmitter frequency shift must be identical to the programmed far receiver(s) frequency shift. Guard Power allows programming of the transmitter RF power output at guard frequency. Typically, transmitter guard power output is set 10 dB lower then the 33

transmitter trip power output. Since the control of the transmitter power output is adjustable in 1-dB steps, the guard power output can be programmed to suit application. It is possible to increase setting of the transmitter power output in the field if it is found to be necessary to compensate greater then expected line attenuation. Maximum continuous transmitter power output is limited to 10 Watts. This is also the maximum Guard power output that can be programmed. Default setting is 30 dBm (1 Watt) Trip Power level should be programmed to be 10 dB above guard level. It is expected that the transmitter will be in the trip mode for a short period of time only for duration of a fault on the line. Once the fault is cleared, the transmitter will switch to a guard state. Accordingly, the transmitter trip power output can be programmed for an output level of up to 100 Watts or 50 dBm. Since the granularity of the adjustment is 1 dB (or 1 Watt), it is possible to fine adjust transmitter power output for a desirable output level. If it is expected that the transmitter will stay keyed in trip mode for a longer duration (more then 30 seconds), the trip power output should not exceed 10 Watts. If the transmitter is keyed for along period of time (in excess of 4 to 5 minutes) at 100-Watt output level, the internal heat sink temperature will increase. Once the temperature reaches the preset level, the transmitter will automatically reduce its trip power output to the same level selected for the guard power output level. The transmitter alarm will be activated if the transmitter fault level is programmed to be higher then the guard output level. It takes about 2 to 3 minutes for the internal heat sink temperature to drop below a preset level. That allows the transmitter to restore the power output to 100 Watts, until the internal temperature limit is exceeded causing the transmitter to reduce its power level again. Keying Voltage permits selection of the battery voltage that keys the transmitter to a trip mode. It is important that this selection reflects field condition in order to ensure that the transmitter will be keyed to trip when directed by the associated protection relay. Normally, the keying command is executed only when the keying voltage exceeds one half of the selected keying voltage level. Similarly, the transmitter switches to the guard state once the keying voltage drops below one half of the programmed keying voltage. Default setting is 125 VDC. Keying Mode refers to mode of keying the transmitter to the trip state. Apply Voltage to Key is used by the commanding protective relay normally open contacts as the keying command. Closing of these contacts applies voltage to the transmitter keying input causing the transmitter to switch to trip mode. Logic sub-panel This sub-panel allows programming of the receiver trip and guard output commands. In a standby mode, the receiver is receiving valid guard signal and guard output contacts are activated. When a fault happens on the protected section of the line or on adjacent sections of the line, noise can be generated and line attenuation can increase. These conditions may last for a short period of time. Such increased noise level or increased line attenuation may cause that valid guard or trip signal be blocked from entering receiver (high line attenuation) or being masked by the high noise level. Various protection schemes require different response from an FSK receiver once a valid guard or trip signal is received again. Depending on the function assigned to the receiver various output options should be selected. Detailed description of these options is provided in the description of the receiver functionality in Equipment Application section of the manual.. 34

Point and click on the desired option achieves selection of desired Logic Option. The receiver will respond according to the selected logic option. Alarms sub-panel PCT terminal was designed with capability to detect reduction of received and transmitted RF levels and alert an operator accordingly. These alerts are referred to as Maintenance Alerts. Some users may decide that maintenance alerts are not desirable. What alerts, if any, should be send to the operator can be easily programmed on this subpanel. Similar facilities are provided for the Fault Alarm indicators. Point and click on the appropriate field on this sub-panel achieves this programming. Transmitter and receiver maintenance and fault levels must be programmed logically. The programmed levels in dB indicate a reduction of signal in reference to normally expected signal levels programmed at the system setup time. Accordingly, receiver and transmitter maintenance levels should be programmed for smaller reduction of signals (fewer dB) then the fault levels. Return Loss Maintenance and Fault programming refers to actual measured return loss values, not a reduction in originally set values. Accordingly, Return Loss Maint value should be programmed for more dB then the Return Loss Fault value. If the terminal is programmed as receiver only or as transmitter only terminal, the relevant maintenance and fault levels can be programmed while the levels related to a disabled section are grayed out not programmable. Programming of the receiver maintenance and fault levels must consider that line attenuation will change over time. Such attenuation changes are normal and the receiver should operate normally. Other factor that should be considered is the programmed receiver margin level. It is suggested that receiver maintenance level be programmed for 10 dB, and receiver fault level for 15 dB or the same dB equivalent to margin selection. Default maintenance level is programmed for 10 dB and fault level for 15 dB. Programming of the transmitter maintenance and fault levels must consider that the transmitter output is constant guard output. This level will change only if the transmitter becomes defective or if the impedance of the RF load connected to the transmitter changes. Normally, transmitter RF output should not vary for more then 2 dB. Accordingly, it is suggested that transmitter maintenance level be programmed for 6 dB and the fault level for 10 dB reduction in the transmitter power output level. If should be understood that these levels refer to the transmitter guard output level only and not to the trip levels which may be as much as 10 dB higher. The terminal continuously measures transmitter forward and reverse power levels and calculates actual return loss. Minimum desirable return loss is 12 dB. Greater return loss indicates better matching of the transmitter output impedance to the load impedance and more transmitter output power transferred to the line. The return loss values are greatly affected by correctly tuned line-coupling equipment such as line tuner and combining hybrid units. 35

Once all the parameters are programmed correctly and selection is submitted and applied, the terminal will display the summary of the programmed configuration. If some of the selections are not satisfactory, the associated programming sub-panels can be accessed again and correct selections made, submitted and applied. Once the terminal is programmed correctly, a quick check should be made using Unit Status panel as a monitoring device and the PCT test panel, or equivalent, as an indicator. Some indications can be observed using the front panel LEDs, LCD display and the LCD associated strolling and command buttons instead of PCT test panel. The line connection of the terminal must be properly terminated into a 50-Ohm load with sufficient power absorbing capacity to tolerate programmed transmitter power output. Verification of transmitter operation The transmitter will transmit guard frequency at a programmed power output level. The Unit Status panel can be used to verify correct operation of the transmitter. Transmitter operating frequency can be checked by correctly coupling a frequency counter to the RF load. The measured Guard signal frequency is equal to a displayed transmitter channel frequency plus one half of the selected shift frequency. Actual transmitter power output can be verified by observing the meter display. The meter source must be selected as Transmitter Forward measurement. The displayed power reading should be within 1 dB of the programmed level. The actual transmitter Guard power output is also displayed on the front LCD panel of the terminal. Using the scrolling keys on the side of the LCD display the transmitter power output level is displayed in dBm. Return loss measurement is also displayed on the Unit Status panel meter. Return Loss must be selected as the source information for the meter. The transmitter can be keyed to Trip mode using an external switch. With the trip command applied, the Transmitter Forward display will show actual Trip power output level. The frequency of the trip signal is equal to the selected channel frequency minus one half of the shift frequency. The frequency can be verified using a frequency counter. The transmitter LED on the front panel of PCT should switch from green to yellow indicating that the transmitter is in Trip mode. Actual transmitter output power level is displayed on the Unit Status panel and on the PLC display on the front panel of PCT. It should be noted that if the transmitter power output is programmed to be greater then 10 Watts, the transmitter keying to Trip power level should be limited to no more then 30 seconds at a time with at least 2 minutes of lower power level in between. This is required in order not to overheat the transmitter output PA stage. If the terminal has D logic programmed, the transmitter has the flasher function enabled, causing transmitter output frequency to switch back and force between the guard and trip frequency. This may make it difficult to measure the transmitter output frequency. Changing the programming on the Logic sub-panel from D logic to P logic, or None, would disable the transmitter flasher operation and allow measurements of the transmitted trip signal.

36

Verification of receiver operation

If the terminal is programmed for 2-wire operation, the UHF RF connector at the back of the terminal must be used as the receiver RF input port. Simultaneously, the same port is also the transmitter output port. The transmitter guard signal is expected to be present at that port. An RF signal generator should not be connected directly to the port since it would act as RF load for the transmitter and that may damage the signal generator. Also, the transmitter output must be correctly terminated in order to avoid causing the transmitter to switch into safe mode. There are two ways of safely connecting a signal generator to the receiver RF input: 1. An attenuator of a known value is placed in series with the signal generator. The signal generator must represent 50 Ohms load terminating the attenuator. It is suggested that the attenuator have at least 40 dB attenuation in order to limit maximum RF input from the transmitter to the signal generator to 0 dBm. 2. The terminal can be programmed to have the transmitter not enabled, thus removing the transmitter output signal from the UHF connector. It should be understood that by disabling the transmitter, only RF input to the transmitter PA stage is removed. The built in skewed hybrid is still properly terminated with the transmitter PA output impedance. Once the signal generator is safely connected to the terminal, the following basic receiver tests should be performed: Set the frequency of the signal generator to the programmed channel frequency plus one half of the programmed shift frequency. This frequency setting is equivalent to the guard signal frequency. Set the output from the generator to a level that would feed the guard signal to the receiver RF input at the programmed receiver sensitivity. Observe receive input level on the Unit Status panel and on the LCD panel at the front of the terminal. Both indicators should read the RF signal level fed to the receiver within 1 dB of the actual RF level from the signal generator. The receiver LED on the front panel should be green. The Equipment and System LEDs should both be either yellow or red, depending on programmed alert/alarm receive level, indicating that the received signal level is below programmed alert or alarm level. Increase the output level from the signal generator to feed RF level equal to receiver sensitivity plus margin level. The readings on the Unit Status panel and on the LCD panel should indicate the actual level fed to the receiver in dBm. The receiver LED should be green indicating that receiver is receiving a guard signal. The Equipment and System LEDs should both be green indicating that receive level is above programmed levels for alert/alarm indication. Change the frequency of the signal generator to the trip frequency. The trip frequency is equal to the channel frequency minus one half of the programmed shift frequency. Verify that the receiver sensitivity is identical to the program sensitivity. The readings on the Unit Status panel and on LCD panel displayed in dBm should be within 1 dB of the actual RF signal fed from the signal generator to the receiver. The receiver LED on the front panel should be yellow indicating that a trip signal is being 37

received. LCD panel should also display Guard Alarm indication, since guard signal is not being received. However, Equipment and System LEDs should be either yellow or red indicating that the received signal level is below programmed alert/alarm level. Increase the output level from the signal generator to the level equal to programmed receiver sensitivity plus margin. This level should be displayed on the Unit Status panel and on LCD panel. The receiver LED should remain yellow indicating that valid trip signal is being received. The Guard Alarm indication should be still displayed on the LCD panel. However, Equipment and System LEDs should be green indicating normal signal level is being received.

This completes quick verification of the basic functionality of the terminal.

Installation and User Connections

The terminal requires three RU (5.25) space on a standard 19 rack for installation. As much as the terminal is only 2 RU high, additional space around the terminal is recommended for easier heat dissipation. User connections to the terminal should be made as per drawing on the following page.

38

OUTPUT INPUT IN IN OUT

FSK BLK START STOP SPRV TX RED CB KEY TRIP

POWER
FSK GUARD TRIP BLK COG2 BLK1 COG5 BLK2 + + + + IRIG-B TB5 ETHERNET
RX GUARD TRIP TX RX TX SER SER ALARM ALARM BLK1 BLK2 C NO C NO C NO C NO C NO C NO
TRIP BLK 5V 20mA - +

BATT. SW - + + TB2 4 TB4 1 6 1 10 1 12 4-WIRE RX

ALARMS PSU SYSTEM MAINT EQUIP NC C NO NC C NO NC C NO NC C NO

TB1

2-WIRE TX

10 BASE T TB3 1 14

PCT CONNECTIONS REAR VIEW

PCT CUSTOMER CONNECTIONS FOR FSK OPERATION

C C C NC C C C C C NO NC NC NC NO NO NO NO C NO NO NO NO C 5 4 6 8 7 9 NO 10 13 11 12

TB-1
3 4 1 2 4 7 11 12 1 2

TB-2
3 5 6 8 9 10 3

TB-3

14

(+) SYSTEM ALARM EQUIPMENT ALARM MAINTENANCE ALERT POWER SUPPLY ALARM TX SER

(-)

(+)

(-) RX SER TX ALARM RX ALARM FAST RELAY GUARD OUTPUT FAST RELAY TRIP OUTPUT NOT USED IN FSK MODE

STATION SWITCHED BATTERY BATTERY 42-280 VDC OUT

47K

Customer connections FSK mode of operation

TB-4
2 3 4 5 6

TB-5

10

(-)

(+) (-)

(+)

PROTECTION RELAY KEYING SWITCH

NOT USED IN FSK MODE HEAVY DUTY TRANSISTOR GUARD OUTPUT HEAVY DUTY TRANSISTOR TRIP OUTPUT

NOT USED IN FSK MODE

SWITCHED BATTERY HOT

SWITCHED BATTERY COMMON

KEYING CIRCUIT

39

40

Section 5

System Level Adjustments

5.1 System Level Adjustment in Blocking terminal
Once the terminal is installed in the PLC system and connected to the line via coupling network, it should be verified that the connection of the terminal to the line is appropriate. The transmitter should be keyed to the line and the transmitter power output should be checked. This can be achieved by selecting Manual Tx Key on LCD panel by scrolling keys beside LCD panel and pressing the center button. Unit Status panel should be open on the computer. The meter on the Unit Status panel will display actual transmitted power output. This reading should be within 2 dB from the programmed level. The meter display should be selected as Return Loss. With the transmitter keyed, the return loss measurement should be greater then 12 dB. Lower value of return loss measurement indicates poor matching of the transmitter to the line line-tuning devices should be verified and adjusted. If the transmitter power output is programmed to be greater then 10 Watts, the transmitter should be keyed for as short period of time as necessary to do the readings. Programming of the Checkback sub-panel must be competed, before starting system level adjustments. In On-Off PLC systems, the receiver sensitivity is always set above expected line noise level. In addition a signal level margin is programmed in the receiver setting. This margin setting allows change in the line attenuation over time and during adverse whether conditions. Nominal received signal level from electrically furthest transmitter in the same PLC system should be set at the level that is equal to the receiver sensitivity plus the programmed margin level. For example: If the receiver sensitivity is set to 5 dBm, and the margin is set to 15 dB, a nominal received signal from the furthest transmitter should be at least +10 dBm. If there is more then two ends of the line, received levels from other then the furthest transmitter will be above +10 dBm. PCT unit does not have any manual level adjustments. Accordingly, automatic system level setting procedure is provided. Three conditions may exist in the field: 1. The system consists of PCT terminals only, 2. The system consists of PCT and CS28A terminals equipped with ACMS checkback module. 3. The system consists of a PCT terminal and another terminal(s) that do not have PCT or ACMS type checkback available. In each case, the system level adjustments must be made. Following procedures should be used: System consists of PCT units only Automatic level adjustment will set the nominal receive level according to the rule describe above. The receiver, transmitter and checkback panels must be programmed in the lab prior to installation of the terminals in the field. Receiver sensitivity and margin setting and transmitter power output level should be programmed considering expected 41

total loss between two electrically further sites. Once the programming is completed in the lab, the terminals can be installed in the field. Automatic System Level Adjustment All terminals forming the system must be installed, basic functionality of each terminal programmed and verified, all terminals must be connected to the power line and all wiring to protection relays and DC power supply completed. Power switch on the front panel must be turned on. Once the DC power is switched on, System Analyses panel is reset to initial state. PCT must be accessed by a computer and System Analyses panel selected. The panel will look as follows:

The reference table is not filled since an automatic level adjustment must be made. This initial checkback sequence will preset receiver sensitivity to a level equal to selected sensitivity plus selected margin. For example: if selected sensitivity is -5 dBm and selected margin is 15 dB, the receiver sensitivity will be set to +10 dBm. This is required in order to allow correct operation of the checkback signaling sequence. This will also test assumed maximum signal attenuation between two electrically furthest sites. To initiate automatic system level setting procedure on PCT, System Analyses button on the main menu must be selected. The sample system used in this description consists of two terminals, and the local terminal is designated as Master. Nominal Receive Level is equal to programmed receiver sensitivity and programmed receiver margin. In this example, the receiver sensitivity is programmed to 5 dBm and the margin is set to 15 dB. 42

To initiate automatic level setting, INITIATE CHECKBACK button must be activated. This will initiate following sequence of events: 1. Master will send a command indicating that a checkback sequence will follow. This command will be decoded by all terminals in the system. If the checkback is initiated from a remote terminal, the remote terminal will send a code to master requesting that master initiates checkback sequence. 2. After transmission of the checkback command is completed, Master terminal will key its transmitter for 10 seconds continuously at programmed power level. During this time master terminal will measure its transmitter power output. Simultaneously, each remote receiver will measure the receive signal level from the master terminal. After 10 seconds, master terminal will stop transmitting. 3. Remote 1 terminal will start transmitting approximately 2 seconds after the master terminal stops transmitting. It will also transmit for 10 seconds at the programmed power level. Remote 1 will measure its transmitter power output and all other terminals will measure received signal level from remote 1. After 10 seconds, remote 1 will stop transmitting. 4. This process is repeated until all terminals in the system have transmitted for 10 seconds, measured their own transmit level and measured receive levels from all other terminals. 5. Next each terminal in sequence (Master, R1up to R5) transmits local Alarm conditions. At the initials level settings, no Rx or Tx alarms are generated since no reference levels were available. 6. After each terminal transmitted Alarm condition, each terminal transmits data with measured received and transmitted levels to all other terminals. These data are detected and fill in following table in the System Analyses panel:

The horizontal rows contain readings of the measured levels at each terminal. Lighter blue fields indicate transmit levels and darker blue fields indicate receive levels. Vertical columns indicate levels from the transmitting terminal. 43

7. This process establishes reference levels that are used for all future checkback measurements as an indication if levels changed. 8. When the checkback sequence is initiated next time, the System Analyses panel has the following look:

44

To initiate next checkback sequence, Initiate Checkback button adjacent to Last Checkback line must be activated. The checkback procedure described above will be repeated and the results will be displayed in the second table. Any level differences between Referenced checkback table and Last Checkback table is calculated and displayed in Difference table. If the difference in recorded levels is caused by system re-configuration, the results of the Last Checkback can be transferred to the Reference Checkback table by activating Yes button besides Copy Last Checkback to reference? field. The results of the last checkback are also used to activate alerts and alarms at the terminals. Maintenance and Fault levels are programmed in the Alarm panel and these dictate when alarms or alerts will be activated. If the difference between results in the Last Checkback table and the Reference Checkback table are greater then the programmed levels, associated alerts or alarms will be activated. The logic in alarm activations tries to distinguish between local terminal failure and remote terminal failure. Appropriate alarms are then activated and they stay activated until a next checkback is carried out (either manual or automatic) and the results indicate that fault or maintenance condition was rectified. Equipment alarm is activated if local Tx, Rx or PSU (Power Supply Unit) alarms are activated. System alarm is activated if local Equipment alarm is activated or if another terminal in the system reports Equipment failure during exchange of alarm status checkback information.

45

System Consists of PCT and CS28A units equipped with ACMS module If a system contains two or more (maximum six) terminals and at least one is CS28A terminal equipped with ACMS module, all level adjustments and checkback sequences must be made using process designed for ACMS checkback module. CS28A terminal equipped with ACMS checkback module must have the nominal receiver level manually adjusted when the electrically furthest transmitter is transmitting at full power output. Normally receiver input level control is adjusted for a 0 dB reading on the ACMS level meter. This level is also adjusted to just turn on the margin green light on the receiver module. If there are more then two terminals in the system, all other transmissions will be at levels above the 0 dB reference level. Adjustment of levels in PCT terminal must follow the same principal as the CS28A terminal level adjustment, except that all adjustments will be done automatically under control of the software programming. In the Checkback panel, the selected Checkback Type is ACMS as shown on the following panel:

All other PCT parameters have already been programmed correctly. PCT level adjustments must be made next using System Analysis panel. The sample system consists of two PCT terminals and one CS28A terminal equipped with ACMS. Opening the System Analysis panel should result in a following panel:

46

The upper part of the panel contains a filed PREPARE CHECKBACK. This step is equivalent to manual level adjustment made on CS28A. Clicking on this filed will cause PCT to send commands to all other transmitters to transmit at full power output and the local unit will measure its own transmitter output and all receiver input levels. The measurements will be displayed in dBm, and the minimum receiver level will be used to adjust receiver sensitivity to a level equal to the received level minus programmed margin. The measured transmitter power output level and lowest receive level will represent 0 dB reference levels. After activating PREPARE CHECKBACK field the above panel will look as follows:

The results indicate that the local terminal (Master in this case) is transmitting at 39 dBm, and it is receiving 23 dBm from Remote 1 and 25 dBm from Remote 2. The 39 dBm transmitter output becomes 0 dB reference transmitter level, and 23 dBm receiver input 47

from Remote 1 becomes 0 dB reference receiver level. This process must be repeated on all PCT terminals forming the system. Also CS28A levels have been adjusted and reference Tx and Rx 0 dB levels have been set in CS28A ACMS unit. After these adjustments have been made, first checkback sequence can be initiated by clicking on INITIATE CHECKBACK field.

This will result in Master transmitter transmitting for about 1 second. The transmitter power output will be measured, and all remote terminals will measure received level relative to 0 dB levels set in PREPARE CHECKBACK sequence. After about 1 second, Remote 1 terminal will repeat this process. The process is repeated until all terminals in system transmit. The result of this process is shown on the next page. The checkback initiating process can be started at any PCT terminal in the system. The initiating terminal will send a request to Master terminal to start the process.

48

The resulting Reference Checkback table will be used in all future checkback verification processes. Measure relative levels will be compared with the reference levels to establish if alert or alarm condition exists at any terminal. If Master terminal is a PCT unit, the level exchange is done automatically. However, if CS28A with ACMS is designated as Master, any PCT unit can initiate LEVEL EXCHANGE request by activating LEVEL EXCHAGE button below the Reset Checkback Reference? field. The initiation checkback process can be started from the beginning at PCT unit by clicking on Yes field beside Reset Checkback Reference? field. This action will erase all reference levels and start the process again.

49

The bottom section of the checkback panel shows a difference in relative levels from the initial checkback sequence and the most resent checkback sequence. System Consists of PCT and another dissimilar terminal PCT requires that effective receiver RF sensitivity be adjusted to a level equal to the received signal level minus the programmed margin. For example: if the received level from far transmitter is +17 dBm, and the programmed PCT receiver margin is 15 dB, the effective receiver sensitivity must be 17 15 = 2 dBm. This adjustment can be made on the receive panel. While the far transmitter is transmitting RF signal, the Auto-set Sensitivity button can be triggered. The receiver will automatically adjust its effective sensitivity to a required level. Typically, two dissimilar terminals require an external checkback control unit. If the checkback principle is that the transmitter must transmit at full power and at reduced power as commanded by the external checkback control unit, the appropriate connections are at TB5-5 and 6 for transmitter keying at full power and TB5-7 and 8 for keying the transmitter at reduced power. Receiver output is available at TB3-9 and 10 or at TB3-11 and 12.

50

5.2. System Level Adjustments in FSK mode

Once the terminal is installed in the PLC system and connected to the line via coupling network, it should be verified that the connection of the terminal to the line is appropriate. In FSK systems, the transmitter is continuously transmitting guard signal and the receiver is continuously receiving guard signal from the far transmitter. The receiver input level must be adjusted so that the receiver sensitivity is set to a value equal to input signal less the programmed margin. The transmitter must be transmitting programmed guard power level with an acceptable return loss. Receiver level adjustment Select Configuration panel and open Rx sub-panel. The meter on this sub-panel should indicate the actual received level of guard signal from the far transmitter. This level should be in the dark green area (Above Nominal) of the meter. The automatic level setting is achieved by point and click action on Auto-Set Sensitivity field. The terminal will respond by adjusting internal receiver attenuator for the programmed level. The meter will show the actual received level being at Nominal level, which is above receiver sensitivity by the amount of programmed margin. If the original received level (before activation of Auto-Set Sensitivity) is not in the dark green area of the meter, this is an indication that the output of the far transmitter is too low, line attenuation is too high or the programmed margin is too high. Depending on what is the cause, the corrective action can include increasing the power output of the far transmitter, verifying coupling of the terminal to the power line (see transmitter adjustment verification), or programming lower receiver margin level. Transmitter verification Select and open Unit Status panel. Select meter source as Transmitter Forward power measurement. The meter will read actual transmitted guard power in dBm. The reading should be within 1 dB of the programmed power output. Select meter source as Return Loss measurement. The reading in dB indicates how well is the transmitter output impedance matched to the line impedance. Minimum acceptable reading is 12 dB. Higher reading then 12 dB of the return loss is desirable. If the reading is less then 12 dB, an adjustment of the line tuner may be required. This completes field level adjustment for FSK programmed terminal. If the terminal is transmit only or receive only, the description of the relevant adjustment should only be followed.

51

52

Section 6

Equipment programming
Accessing the terminal from a PC There are two ways of connecting the terminal to a PC. One way is by connecting the terminal to a local Ethernet network and connecting a PC to the same network. Alternatively, a cross-connect Ethernet cable can be used to connect a computer to PCT. The second way is to connect PC serial RS232 port to the front panel mounted RS232 serial port on the PCT. In either case, the PC must have its Internet browser opened and the IP address of the PCT entered in the address designation. In addition, the computer must be programmed to allow access to either PCT Ethernet connection or to RS232 serial port on the front panel. User IT staff should perform those programming changes on the computer. Refer to Programming a computer section for details on how to configure a computer for accessing PCT unit. A local Ethernet network can be made in a test facility or technical lab by connecting a small router to the PCT and the PC. This will provide correct connection between the two devices. General Equipment Programming PCT has been fully tested in factory prior to shipping. The unit is programmed to be in the Idle mode of operation when shipped, unless specified otherwise by the customer. In order to change settings and parameters of the terminal, the PCT must be accessed via a computer as described in Section 4 of this manual. Following menu will appear on the computer screen:

53

This main menu contains basic information about the terminal and allows a user to access all programming panels. Following are information fields: - Version 2.2.1 indicates which version of software is installed in the terminal. - Address: 192.168.1.218 is the IP address assigned to this terminal. The last three digits are identical to the three digits displayed on the front panel. This IP address can be changed by accessing Administration panel. - Java OK field indicates that the terminal has verified that Java software is loaded to the users computer connected to the terminal. If the computer does not have Java software installed, the terminal will automatically download the Java software storred in the terminal SBC. The next five fields allow the user to access programming panels and assess the operating parameters of the terminal: - Configure panel allows detailed terminal programming including the operating mode as well as detailed parameters of the transmitter and receiver. - Unit Status panel displays actual operating condition of the terminal. The display includes receive signal level, transmitted signal level, return loss and status of all alarms at the terminal. - Event Log panel contains a list of all events that occurred on the terminal. Each event has a time stamp with millisecond accuracy and a description of the event. Up to 1,200 events can be stored in the Event Log. 54

System Analyses panel is used to perform automatic system level adjustments and system analyses in the On-Off PLC systems. Administration panel allows setting of date and time, IP address and user password for each terminal. The default setting for user name is admin and for password is trench. Manual field contains access to equipment manual stored in the terminal in .pdf format.

The last field on the main menu allows the user to exit the PCT programming panels. Detailed description of each of the programming panels is provided in the following paragraphs. Accessing Administration panel

This panel allows change of the default IP Address and default password. Initially, the terminal can be accessed by using IP Address: 192-168-1-NNN (in this case NNN is equal to 218), a user name admin and a user password trench. Changes to the default date and time, IP Address and/or Admin Password can be made using this panel. Once the changes are made, the changed field must be submitted by clicking on the adjacent Submit field. The terminal has to be restarted for the changes to be implemented. To change network access enter your networks subnet mask and Gateway address. If IRIG B is active Year must still be entered manually. 55

Equipment Programming using Configure panel This panel is accessed by a point and click of the computer mouse on Configuration field of the main menu. The terminal will respond with the following panel:

This panel allows selection of the Terminal Type between FSK, On-Off or Idle terminal. Idle selection is programmed at the factory prior to shipping the unit to the user, unless otherwise requested by the user. When Idle is selected, the terminal does not transmit or receive any signal. Line field can be user programmed to identify which power line is used for transmission of the PLC signals from this terminal. This entry can be made by simply typing in desired designation in the provided field. Site field can also be user defined by typing the name of the substation or any other desired site designation. RF Interface can be selected between 2-Wire or 4-wire operation. If 2-wire is selected, the receiver input impedance is set to 50-Ohms automatically. This mode of operation also includes a built in skewed hybrid. If the 4-wire operation is selected, it is possible to select input impedance of the receiver to either 50-Ohms or Hi-Z. If the receiver is to be connected in parallel with one or more other receivers, only one receiver should have input impedance set to 50-Ohms, and the others should have impedance set to Hi-Z.

56

Programming Equipment in Blocking mode Blocking mode of operation can be selected by point and click of the computer mouse. Once the selections are made, the screen will look as follows:

57

Now, it is possible to select Blocking tab resulting in the following panel:

This panel shows that all terminal parameters are not submitted and the terminal is in Idle mode. Each subsection tab must be selected, all required parameters selected and when all sub-panels have been programmed, the Submit tab must be activated.

58

The following sub-panel is displayed when selecting RX:

This panel allows setting of all receiver parameters: - Enabled when this button is selected, the receiver will be fully operational. - Frequency allows selection of the center of the RF channel with 1 Hz granularity - Channel Time allows selection of the receiver bandwidth and consequently the system channel time. The 3 ms channel time corresponds to the 2 kHz RF bandwidth, while 1.5 ms channel time corresponds to 4 kHz bandwidth. Required bandwidth is automatically displayed below the channel time selection field. - Available Receiver Outputs are listed for reference only no selection required. - There are two high speed electronic relays available each with form A contact. - Two heavy duty transistors are also provided. The transistors can switch up to 30 A for 2 sec at any battery voltage. Continuous rating for the transistors is 5 A at any voltage. - COG2 and COG5 provide specific limited current output to protective relay. COG2 can provide 125 VDC to relay coil impedance of 30 Ohms. COG5 can provide 100 mA at 125 VDC. In addition a 5VDC 20 mA source, available on separate terminals at the rear panel, can be used to operate protective relay coil. A 48 VDC operation is also possible by adding external resistor in parallel with an internal resistor. - All listed outputs are available at the back panel. 59

Level Margin selection of a receive level above set receiver sensitivity. The allowed range of the margin setting is between 10 to 20 dB. Typical application uses 15 dB margin setting. If the margin selection is outside the allowed range, the terminal will not accept the setting. - Level Sensitivity this selection allows setting of the maximum receiver sensitivity. The allowed range is between 10 dBm and 0 dBm. Typical setting is 5 dBm. As much as the receiver can be made more sensitive, the noise on the line could be detected as a valid signal if the sensitivity is set too low. - Key Tx At Site section allows programming of transmitter keying at a selected site for a selected duration. This operation is described in details in Section 7 System Analyses and Diagnostics All other indicators on this sub-panel are not settable. The Auto-set sensitivity is used during a system level setting procedure. The meter will indicate strength of the received signal if the receiver is fed a continuous on-channel signal. The legend besides the meter indicates various signal strength areas if a continuous RF signal is being received. Maintenance and Fault alarm levels are displayed for reference only. These levels are set in the Alarms sub-panel. Once all receiver parameters are selected to satisfy requirements, next sub-panel should be selected by Point and click of the computer mouse. Selection of Tx sub-panel will display the following:

60

Transmitter Enabled when selected as shown, the transmitter can be keyed. Offset selects the transmitter frequency offset from the receiver channel frequency. Up to six terminals can form an On-Off PLC system. Each transmitter in the system must be offset by a different frequency in order to avoid beating and possible cancellation of RF signals if two transmitters transmit at the same time. Selection of Manual frequency setting enables selection of any RF frequency. Frequency field displays actual transmitter frequency considering the receiver frequency and the selected offset frequency. This is not a selectable field if one of the Offset selections is made. However, if Manual selection is made, the transmitter operating frequency must be selected by entering desired frequency in Hz. Power allows selection of the transmitter power output level. The selection can be made in either Watts or dBm. The limits are from 1 Watt (30 dBm) to 100 Watts (50 dBm) in steps of either 1 Watt or 1 dBm. Keying Priority is set to Stop keying priority. The selection of the keying priority is dictated by the protective relaying scheme that is using the terminal. Normally, a DCB scheme uses Stop priority. Keying voltage allows selection of DC voltage that is used to key the transmitter. Standard voltages are 5, 48, 125 or 250 VDC. Keying Mode allows selection of either apply voltage to key or remove voltage to key. Selection is dictated by the protection scheme used on each installation.

61

Following sub-panel is displayed when clicking on Alarm tab:

This sub-panel allows user to program maintenance alerts and fault alarms levels for the terminal. In addition, the user can program which of the available alerts and alarms are activated. Some basic rules in setting the fault and maintenance levels should be followed, such as that the transmit and receive fault alarm levels must be lower then the maintenance levels, as well as that the return loss fault level must be higher then the maintenance level. Adjustments to the programmed levels can be made by typing a desired level in the appropriate field or by using the scrolling up/down arrows until a desired level is programmed. Activation and de-activation of the alert or alarm displays is achieved by clicking the associated field. With terminal in On-Off mode of operation, the transmitter and the receiver are on standby, and there are no levels to be measured. Consequently, the alarm and alert indicators are not active. The front panel LCD display does not show any receiver or transmitter alarms or alerts and transmit and receive level indicators show *. Similarly, Transmit and receive LED indicators on the front panel are green. The programmed levels are used by the checkback analyses program. The results of the analyses are displayed on the System Analyses panel. This verification includes only the transmitter and receiver levels, but it does not include return loss measurements. All levels and alarms are verified during initial automatic system level adjustment and when a technician initiates a manual level verification. 62

System alarm/alert is activated if any terminal in the system is either faulty or requires maintenance. Equipment alarm/alert is activated if any monitored condition in the terminal indicates failure (alarm) or maintenance required indicator (alert). PSU alarm becomes active if operation of the power supply is not performing within set parameters. Following sub-panel is displayed when clicking on Checkback tab:

This sub-panel allows programming of the checkback function. The terminal forms a system with at least one more unit. Maximum number of terminals in a system is limited to 6. Following information must be programmed on this panel: -Terminal Designation must be selected from the provided list. In order for the checkback function to operate properly, each terminal in the system must have its own designation. No. of Terminals in the system must be selected. Checkback Type selection identifies the checkback process that will be used to verify performance of the system. - PCT indicates that the checkback verification will use method designed specifically for systems consisting of PCT terminals only. Checkback OK confirmation pulse is available in this mode. If this feature is enabled, after a successful checkback process, the Master terminal will be keyed for a half a second, followed by the Remote 1 terminal being keyed for half a second. This feature is provided to allow reset of any external alarm that must be reset using receiver blocking output if the checkback 63

function is successfully completed. If the checkback failed, the transmitter keying is not activated. A default setting for this feature is disabled. - ACMS indicates that the checkback verification will use method designed for systems consisting of at least one or more CS28A terminal equipped with ACMS module and one or more PCT units. - None indicates that an external checkback system can be used. - External Checkback Key Input allows selection of checkback operation as controlled by the external keying on terminals TB5-9 and -10. If Starts Checkback is selected, a programmed keying voltage applied to those terminals will initiate a manual checkback sequence. If Halts/Prevents Checkback is selected, a programmed keying voltage applied to those terminals will prevent automatic checkback to proceed. This type of operation may be desired if there is a maintenance activity on one end of the line and it is not desirable that the remote end initiates a checkback and reports an alarm condition. Internally, the checkback sequence will still be operating and timing will remain the same, except that the checkback transmitter keying will not be performed. Once the programmed voltage is removed, the checkback sequence will continue normal operation. Auto-Test should be enabled if the terminal forms part of the system that has automatic checkback sequence selected. This selection must be made on all terminals forming a system. Normally, Master terminal initiates the checkback sequence at a preprogrammed time intervals. However, if Master does not initiate the sequence when expected, Remote 1 will remained Master to initiate the checkback sequence after about 1 hour grace period. If Master does not respond by initiating a checkback sequence, Remote 1 will display System alarm condition. If more then 2 terminals are in the system, Remote 2, 3 will also send a request to Master and display System alarm. Initiation of request is staggered by 15 minutes between remotes. Test Interval indicates how often the automatic checkback sequence should be performed. The selection indicates a number of hours between two tests. Possible selection is between 1 and 240 hours in 1 hour steps. Retry Interval selection indicates the number of minutes between two checkback tries if the result indicates a system failure. Possible selection is between 0 and 30 minutes selectable in 1 minute steps. If 0 minutes are selected, no retry will take place and the system condition found on first checkback try will be displayed. Start First CB At field allows selection of the time (based on 24 hour clock) of the day when first checkback will be initiated.

Details of checkback operation in ACMS mode or PCT mode is described in details in the checkback section.

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Following sub-panel is displayed when clicking on Front Panel tab:

This panel lists all available entries in the front panel when in Blocking mode. No selection of entries is provided.

It is recommended that all sub-panels be programmed or verified that selections made on the sub-panels are correct for the desired operation. As much as the selections have been made and the displays on the sub-panels have changed, the terminal still does not have these selections downloaded to it. In order to load all parameters to the terminal Submit tab must be activated (point and click). This action will initiate following panel:

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As long as the Apply field is green, the selections made on sub-panels are within allowed range. If the Apply field is red, some of the selections made on the sub-panels are outside of allowed range. Details of the parameters that are outside of the allowed range will be displayed if the mouse cursor is pointed at the red Apply field. Settings of the identified parameters must be changed before the program will allow downloading of the selected parameters to the terminal. Submitting selected configuration is controlled by a Submit Password. Only staff permitted to cause configuration change can initiate submit function that would change the parameter settings. Clicking on the green Apply button will cause the following panel to appear:

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The user must type in Enter Submit Password in the provided field. A default password is trench. This password should be changed by an authorized user before placing the terminal in the filed. To change the password, click on Change Submit Password button on the panel. This will result in the following panel:

Current password trench must be entered. This will result in the following panel: 67

Click on OK button, and the following panel will appear:

After a new password is entered, the panel will respond as follows: 68

Click OK button. This will save new password. After that, click on submit button, enter the password and the panel will show the following:

Pressing OK will cause changes to the settings to be accepted. It is expected that downloading of configuration files is successful. However, in rare occasions downloading of configuration from SBC to MCU may fail. If this happens, the

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terminal should be powered down and restarted again. Configuration files can be downloaded once the terminal is fully powered up. Successful downloading of configuration file will result in a following display.

This summary configuration sub-panel should be verified for a correct programming of all parameters. If some parameters have not been correctly programmed, the appropriate sub-panel should be accessed and changes made to the programmed parameters. Again, the Submit tab should be activated followed by activation of green Apply field.

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The programmed configuration can be saved on a computer by following process:

Click on File and select Save As. Give the file appropriate name such as Blocking Configuration and select program that should save the file such as Word. Opening this file will result in a following display:
PCT Type Blocking Terminal RF 2 Wire Impedance 50 Ohms Channel Frequency 150000 Hz Channel Time 3 ms RX Enabled Yes RX Sensitivity -5 dBm RX Margin 15 dB TX Enabled Yes TX Offset 125 Hz TX Frequency 150125 Hz TX Power 40 dBm TX Keying Priority Stop TX Keying Voltage 125 V TX Keying Mode Apply Checkback Terminal Master Checkback Terminals 2 units Checkback Type None Checkback Auto-Test No Checkback Test Interval 1 hrs Checkback Retry Interval 5 min Alarms RX Maintenance 6 dB Alarms RX Fault 15 dB Alarms TX Maintenance 6 dB

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Alarms TX Fault 10 dB Alarms Return Loss Maintenance Alarms Return Loss Fault 8 dB

10 dB

This file can be edited in Word program, but it cant be downloaded to the next terminal electronically. The reason is that editing can cause some mistakes that would be stopped if the unit configuration is made manually, but it would not be stopped if downloaded electronically. Also, Submit Password must be used to program a terminal and that can not be copied. Once the file is edited, a technician can be requested to program new terminal with edited values manually. Selecting Unit Status panel This panel is selected by point and click of the computer mouse on the main menu Unit Status panel. This panel displays status of the unit in real time.

This panel displays status of the terminal in real time, that is the values and conditions shown on the display are current. Accordingly, current display of an On-Off terminal that is in a standby mode will show no receive or transmit signal levels. Other information on the panel such as programmed parameters for the terminal and terminal designation is 72

static and does not change. Only the lower section of the panel containing status of the alarms and the alerts on the terminal will show current status. The Unit Status panel can be used at the initial setting of the terminal to establish the actual receive and transmit levels at the terminal. The return loss measurements can be recorded by activating the transmitter with the push button on the front panel and selecting return loss display on the Unit Status panel. Programming FSK Mode of operation

This main menu contains basic information about the terminal and allows a user to access all programming panels. Following are information fields: - Version 2.2.1 indicates which version of software is installed in the terminal. - Address: 192.168.1.218 is the IP address assigned to this terminal. The last three digits are identical to the three digits displayed on the front panel. This IP address can be changed by accessing Administration panel. - Java OK field indicates that the terminal has verified that Java software is loaded to the users computer connected to the tereminal. If the computer does 73

not have Java software installed, the terminal will automatically download the Java software storred in the terminal SBC. The next six fields allow the user to access programming panels and assess the operating parameters of the terminal: Configure panel allows detailed terminal programming including the operating mode as well as detailed parameters of the transmitter and receiver. Unit Status panel displays actual operating condition of the terminal. The display includes receive signal level, transmitted signal level, return loss and status of all alarms at the terminal. Event Log panel contains a list of all events that occurred on the terminal. Each event has a time stamp with millisecond accuracy and a description of the event. Up to 1,200 events can be stored in the Event Log. System Analyses panel is not active in FSK mode. Administration panel allows setting of date and time, IP address and user password for each terminal. The default setting for user name is admin and for password is trench. Manual field contains access to equipment manual stored in the terminal in .pdf format.

The last field on the main menu allows the user to exit the PCT programming panels.

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Equipment Programming using Configure panel This panel is accessed by a point and click of the computer mouse. The terminal will respond with the following panel:

This panel allows selection of the Terminal Type between FSK, On-Off or Idle terminal. Idle selection is made at the factory prior to shipping the unit to the user, unless otherwise requested by the user. When Idle is selected, the terminal does not transmit or receive any signal. Line field can be user programmed to identify which power line is used for transmission of the PLC signals from this terminal. This entry can be made by simply typing in desired designation in the provided field. Site field cab also be user defined by typing the name of the substation or any other desired site designation.

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RF Interface can be selected between 2-Wire or 4-wire operation. If 2-wire is selected, the receiver input impedance is set to 50-Ohms automatically. This mode of operation also includes a built in skewed hybrid. If the 4-wire operation is selected, it is possible to select input impedance of the receiver to either 50-Ohms or Hi-Z. If the receiver is to be connected in parallel with one or more other receivers, only one receiver should have input impedance set to 50-Ohms, and the others should have impedance set to Hi-Z. In order to program the terminal to operate in FSK mode, assuming a 4-wire operation and a 50-Ohm receiver termination, following selections should be made:

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Activation of FSK tab will result in the following panel display:

This panel shows that all terminal parameters are not submitted and the terminal is in Idle mode. In order to program the parameters as required for the user operation in FSK mode, each sub-panel should be accessed and correct value for each parameter programmed. If the selected parameter value satisfies user requirements, such value can remain unchanged. It should be noted that the transmitter and the receiver are not enabled when switching from Idle to FSK mode of operation. If the terminal should have transmitter and receiver enabled, such changes should be made on the appropriate subpanel. However, if the terminal must operate as transmitter only or as receiver only, the non-active part of the terminal should remain Not enabled. Programming of the sub-panels can be done in any order. However, it is suggested that all sub-panels be accessed and setting of all parameters verified.

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Programming Rx sub-panel

Receiver Enable should be activated if the receiver will be used on this terminal. If the terminal is Transmit Only then the receiver Enable control should not be activated. Receiver Frequency must be set to the receiver channel frequency (or a center frequency of the assigned RF bandwidth). The frequency must be entered in Hz. Frequency Shift determines how wide the shift is and accordingly how fast the channel time is. Three standard selections are available: - 200 Hz shift provides channel time of 25 msec and requires RF bandwidth of 0.5 kHz. - 500 Hz shift provides channel time of 10 msec and requires RF bandwidth of 1.0 kHz. - 1,000 Hz shift provides channel time of 5 msec and requires RF bandwidth of 2.0 kHz. Custom selection is available and allows selection of the frequency shift in between the three standard selections. The channel time will vary between 25 msec and 5 msec and the required RF bandwidth will vary between 0.5 kHz and 2.0 kHz. Channel Time indicates what selection was made and it is directly related to the selected frequency shift.

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Levels Margin allows selection of the nominal receive signal level margin above the selected receiver sensitivity. The received signal level must be above receiver sensitivity by the specified number of dB when receiving a signal from a remote transmitter in the actual installed system. Levels Sensitivity - allows selection of maximum receiver sensitivity. This selection must consider system noise conditions and receiver noise immunity. The selected sensitivity should not be better then 35 dBm in most systems. Auto-Set Sensitivity tab is used to automatically set actual system receiver sensitivity. This field should be activated once the terminal is connected to the power line and the remote transmitter is transmitting Guard signal. Activation of this field causes actual receiver sensitivity to be adjusted to a level equal to the received signal level minus the programmed Margin. If the actual received signal level is lower then the level calculated from the maximum receiver sensitivity plus the margin, a message will appear indicating such condition. The receiver sensitivity will remain at maximum. Speedometer level meter shows actual received signal level. Arrow on the meter shows this level graphically and the number at the rectangle below the center of the meter shows the level in dBm. Various colour codes indicate if the received signal is above nominal, at nominal, at maintenance, fault or Loss of Signal (LOS) range as per legend on the right side of the level meter. Alarms Maintenance and Fault are shown at this sub-panel for reference only. These levels are programmed in the Alarm sub-panel. Programming Tx sub-panel

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Transmitter Enable should be activated if the transmitter will be used on this terminal. If the terminal is Receive Only then the transmitter Enable control should not be activated. Transmitter Frequency must be set to the transmitter channel frequency (or a center frequency of the assigned RF bandwidth). The frequency must be entered in Hz. Frequency shift for the transmitter is identical to the selected receiver frequency shift. If the terminal is programmed as Transmitter Only terminal, the transmitter frequency shift must be used to program the frequency shift. Custom selection is available and allows selection of the frequency shift in between the three standard selections. The channel time will vary between 25 msec and 5 msec and the required RF bandwidth will vary between 500 Hz and 2,000 Hz. If the transmitter and receiver are enabled, then the frequency shift selection made on the receiver sub-panel will apply to the transmitter frequency shift also. The actual transmitted frequency in guard state is always above the programmed channel frequency by one half of the selected frequency shift, while the trip frequency is always below the channel frequency by one half of the selected frequency shift. For example: -Selected Transmitter Frequency is 120,000 Hz (or 120 kHz), and the Frequency Shift is selected as 200 Hz. -Transmitter trip state frequency is 120,000 * 200= 119,900 Hz -Transmitter guard state frequency is 120,000 +1/2 * 200 = 120,100 Hz Channel Time indicates what selection was made and it is directly related to the selected frequency shift. Guard Power allows selection of the transmitter power output when in Guard state. Minimum power output is 1 Watt (or 30 dBm) and maximum power is 10 Watts (or 40 dBm). The transmitter is designed for up to 10 Watts continuous power output but it can also provide up to 100 Watts for up to 30 seconds. Trip Power allows selection of the transmitter power output when in the trip mode. This power level can be programmed between 1 Watt and 100 Watts in 1 Watt steps or between 30 and 50 dBm in 1 dB steps. It is expected that the keying of the transmitter in the trip mode is less then 30 seconds. Keying Voltage allows selection of the transmitter keying voltage. Typically, the battery supply and keying voltage are the same. Keying Mode indicates that applying battery voltage to key the transmitter is used. Typically, the associated protective relay device will provide keying to the PLC terminal.

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Programming Logic sub-panel

This panel allows user to program receiver output logic function. This further increases the receiver ability to correctly detect guard or trip received signal under a noise line condition, or a momentary line interruption condition. Also some protection schemes require specific output operation of the receiver under either noisy or loss of signal conditions. This logic system allows optimum balance between security and dependability that is required for any application. Refer to Receiver Logic description for details on how each selection operates and what selection is recommended for a specific application. Following selections are available: None this selection applies no specific logic to the receiver output. The receiver will provide a Guard output while the guard signal is being received, a Trip output when the trip signal is being received and neither trip nor guard output if either high noise level is detected or no valid signal is received. Presents of either valid guard or valid trip signal will produce corresponding receiver output as long as the valid signal is present at the receiver input for duration of at least channel time. P (G or T before trip) this logic is defined as signal reset before trip. After the channel has failed for longer then 300 ms, this logic can be reset to normal be receipt of either a guard or a trip signal. The valid signal must be present for at least 50 ms. However, if the channel failure is less then 300 ms, a valid guard or a valid trip signal must be present only for a duration of channel time (channel time is 25 ms for a 200 Hz shift, 10 ms for 500 Hz shift and 5 ms for 1,000 Hz shift). 81

D (Guard before Trip) this logic is defined as Guard reset before trip. This logic requires that, after the channel has failed for longer then 300 ms, a guard signal must be received for at least 50 ms before the logic can be reset to provide a trip output in response to a trip signal. However, if the channel failure is less then 300 ms, a valid guard or a valid trip signal must be present only for duration of channel time (channel time is 25 ms for a 200 Hz shift, 10 ms for 500 Hz shift and 5 ms for 1,000 Hz shift). Selection of D logic also activates a flasher circuit in the transmitter. If the terminal is to operate `as transmit only terminal and the far receiver is programmed for D logic, the transmitter must also be programmed for D logic. In all other modes of operation the logic selections of the transmitter is not required (selection of None is recommended). U logic - this logic is defined as Loss of signal level allows trip. This type of logic is always used in unblocking relay protection schemes. It is not necessary with this logic to receive a signal in order to allow tripping. After the channel has failed this logic will produce a trip output for duration of up to 300 ms. A delay in providing Trip output after loss of signal can be programmed in this panel. This delay can be used to eliminate Trip output after a momentary loss of valid Guard signal caused by firing of surge arrestor(s) in equipment used to feed PLC signal to the receiver. Default program is 0 ms. Maximum delay that can be programmed is 200 ms. The programmed delay will reduce duration of Trip output form 300 ms. The logic can be reset to normal by receipt of either a guard or a trip signal for at least 50 ms. Programming Alarms sub-panel

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This sub-panel allows user to program maintenance alerts and fault alarms levels for the terminal. In addition, the user can program which of the available alerts and alarms are activated. Some basic rules in setting the fault and maintenance levels should be followed, such as that the transmit and receive fault alarm levels must be lower then the maintenance levels, as well as that the return loss fault level must be higher then the maintenance level. Adjustments to the programmed levels can be made by typing a desired level in the appropriate field or by using the scrolling up/down arrows until a desired level is programmed. Activation and de-activation of the alert or alarm displays is achieved by clicking the associated field. The terminal can be programmed to be transmit/receive terminal, receive only or transmit only terminal. Only the alerts and alarms related to the activated section of the terminal should be programmed to be active. If the terminal is programmed as transmit/receive terminals, then transmitter will be transmitting continuously a guard signal at the programmed level. The receiver will be receiving a guard signal at the level identified in the receive sub-panel. The maintenance and fault levels refer to the transmitter output or receiver input levels that are programmed number of dB below expected levels. Following sub-panel is displayed when clicking on Front Panel tab:

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This panel lists all available entries in the front panel when in FSK mode. No selection of entries is provided. It is recommended that all sub-panels be programmed or verified that selections made on the sub-panels are correct for the desired operation. As much as the selections have been made and the displays on the sub-panels have changed, the terminal still does not have these selections downloaded to it. In order to load all parameters to the terminal Submit tab must be activated (point and click). This action will initiate following panel:

As long as the Apply field is green, the selections made on sub-panels are within allowed range. If the Apply field is red, some of the selections made on the sub-panels are outside of allowed range. Details of the parameters that are outside of the allowed range will be displayed if the mouse cursor is pointed at the red Apply field. Settings of the identified parameters must be changed before the program will allow downloading of the selected parameters to the terminal. Configuration changes are protected by a configuration password, which may be different then the access password. To download the configuration changes, click on green Apply button and provide correct Submit Password. It is expected that downloading of configuration files is successful. However, in rare occasions downloading of configuration from SBC to MCU may fail. If this happens, the 84

terminal should be powered down and restarted again. Configuration files can be downloaded once the terminal is fully powered up. The terminal will respond with a new configuration summary panel reflecting the selections that were made.

This summary configuration sub-panel should be verified for a correct programming of all parameters. If some parameters have not been correctly programmed, the appropriate sub-panel should be accessed and changes made to the programmed parameters. Again, the Submit tab should be activated followed by activation of green Apply field and typing correct Submit Password.

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The programmed configuration can be saved on a computer by selecting File and Save As

The resulting file can be saved in a Word Program:

PCT Type FSK Terminal RF 4 wire RX Enabled Yes RX Frequency 130000 Hz RX Frequency Shift 200 Hz RX Channel Time 25 ms RX Sensitivity -35 dBm RX Margin 15 dB RX Logic U TX Enabled Yes TX Frequency 120000 Hz TX Frequency Shift 200 Hz TX Channel Time 25 ms TX Guard Power 30 dBm TX Trip Power 40 dBm TX Keying Voltage 125 V TX Keying Mode Apply Alarms RX Maintenance 6 dB Alarms RX Fault 15 dB Alarms TX Maintenance 6 dB Alarms TX Fault 10 dB Alarms Return Loss Maintenance Alarms Return Loss Fault 8 dB

10 dB

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This file can be edited and changed if required to program another terminal. However, the programming file can not be downloaded to the terminal electronically. The modified file can be given to a technician to manually program new terminal per supplied configuration details. Selecting Unit Status panel This panel is selected by point and click of the computer mouse on the main menu Unit Status panel. This panel displays status of the unit in real time.

This panel displays status of the terminal in real time, that is the values and conditions shown on the display are current.

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Section 7

System Analyses and Diagnostics

Terminal operating in blocking mode Sometimes it may be desirable to initiate transmission of a signal from one site and see the received signal level at another site. In blocking mode of operation the transmitter is turned off. In order to key the transmitter, either local Manual Tx on command on the front panel must be activated, or a command Key Tx at Site located on the receiver configuration panel can be used. Following is Rx configuration panel:

The command to key remote transmitter can be sent on an operating PLC blocking type system by programming the bottom part of the receiver configuration panel. Following steps should be made: - Available terminals are determined from the programmed number of terminals forming the system on the Checkback panel. - Select the remote site. The site designation is equal to the designation selected on the Checkback panel. If one is at Master site and the system consists of two terminals, Remote 1 can only be selected. - Select duration the transmitter must be keyed. This is achieved by adjusting pointer (caret) on the slider to a desirable length of time. The selected time is displayed in seconds under the slider. Available selection is from 0 to 30 seconds. -Once these selections are made, the command is sent by clicking on the Key TX field. It may be necessary to operate this command more then once in order 89

to have the remote transmitter keyed. The unit at the selected site will respond by keying its transmitter for the selected time duration. Received signal level at the originated site is displayed on the meter in the receive configuration panel (Meter above Key Tx At Site panel).

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Section 8

Event Log
Event Log Viewer Access to the Event Log Viewer is achieved by point and click to the Event Log field in the main menu. The terminal will respond by opening the event log panel. Clicking on the File field will result in the following panel display:

Fields Unit Address, Site Name and Power Line are copied from the information provided in the Administration panel. Entries field identifies how many event log entries exist in the current log file. Earliest Entry and Latest Entry refer to time when first and last event was logged. File field was open by point and click. It shows the available options: - Open command would open a previously stored event log file in the computer. The previous events can be compared with the presently stored events. - Save As command allows saving of the current event log file in a computer for further reference or analyses. - Clear Log command will wipe out existing log entries - Exit allows exit from the file menu. The events are listed in a reverse order of entry, that is the latest event is listed as event 1. 91

Date-Time entry contains the date and time up to milliseconds. Description details what event took place at the recorded time. Following events are logged in the Event Log file: General PCT events: Text in Event Log Power On IRIG B Signal Acquired IRIG B Signal Lost Configuration Updated Tx reduced; over temperature Description of event DC power has been applied to the terminal Signal from external IRIG B receiver has been applied Signal from external IRIG B receiver was lost PCT Configuration file is updated either changed or updated from the stored configuration Transmitter was keyed at high power level over a longer period of time causing the temperature of the output transistors to achieve high level. In FSK mode the circuitry detected the high temperature and reduced drive level to PA stage to the Guard level. The power output will stay at the reduced level until the heat sink temperature drops below factory preset level and then it will revert to high level. The process repeats itself until the high level keying is stopped. In Blocking mode, the transmitter will be turned off and it is required to resubmit the configuration file in order to restore normal operation. The temperature of the heat sink is reduced to a safe level. Event log in PCT was erased by Clear Log command from a PC

Temperature OK Event Log Erased

Blocking mode of operation events:

Text in Event Log

TX START Command Applied TX START Command Removed TX STOP Command Applied TX STOP Command Removed Blocking Signal Received Blocking Signal Lost Locally Initiated Checkback Remotely Initiated Checkback Automatic Checkback Initiated Checkback Completed - OK

Description of event
Transmitter is keyed by an external command External keying of transmitter is stopped External STOP command is applied External STOP command is removed Receiver received correct RF signal from either local or remote transmitter The received blocking signal is stopped Checkback test initiated by selecting Manual Checkback feature on the front panel and activating Select button. Checkback test initiated at remote terminal Checkback test initiated at Master terminal as a result of Auto Test being enabled. The results of the Checkback test are within programmed limits no alert or alarm conditions exist.

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Checkback Completed See System Analyses

The results of the Checkback test indicate one or more parameters outside of the programmed limits. Detailed results displayed on the System Analyses panel.

Normally automatic checkback is active in the system. Following entries into Event Log indicate normal automatic operation of the checkback process: At Master station: 2008-09-16 08:00:34.263 Checkback Completed - OK 2008-09-16 08:00:00.502 Automatic Checkback Initiated At Remote 1 station: 2008-09-16 08:40:14.861 2008-09-16 08:39:33.317 2008-09-16 08:39:02.745 2008-09-16 08:39:02.600 FSK Mode of operation events: Blocking Signal Lost Checkback Completed - OK Automatic Checkback Initiated Blocking Signal Received

Text in Event Log TX Trip Command Start TX Trip Command Stop Guard Signal Detected Trip Signal Detected RF Signal Lost Receiver Maintenance

Receiver fault

Transmit Power Fault

Transmitter Maintenance

Description of event Transmitter starts to transmit trip frequency Transmitter stops to transmit trip frequency Receiver detects guard signal from far transmitter Receiver detects trip signal from far transmitter Valid RF signal at the receiver input is lost The received level dropped and stayed low by more dB than programmed in the Alarms panel for more than one minute. This will create Maintenance indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. Activated if receiver A LOS indicates loss of signal for more than 1 minute continuously, or if the RF Signal Lost and Guard Signal Detected alternate at a rapid rate for more than 1 minute. This will create System and Equipment alarm indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. Transmitter power output is lower then the programmed transmitter fault level for more than one minute. This will create System and Equipment alarm indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. The transmit output level dropped and stayed low by more dB than programmed in the Alarms panel for more than one minute. This will create Maintenance indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. Measured return loss is lower then the programmed return fault level for more than one minute. This will 93

Return Loss Fault

Return Loss Maintenance

TX Enter Safe Mode TX Exit Safe Mode Tx shut down; over-current

Tx shut down; over or under voltage

Tx Shutdown Exalt Over/Under Voltage Detected

create System and Equipment alarm indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. Measured return loss is lower then the programmed return maintenance level for more than one minute. This will create Maintenance indication at the rear relay output and on the front panel display window. Transmitter has reduced its power output to a safe level to avoid overheating. This event is always associated with Tx over temperature event. Transmitter has exited Safe Mode of operation Circuitry detected PA current level higher then factory programmed safe current level. The transmitter is turned off. It can only be reset if the transmitter RF load is restored to 50 Ohms and the power supply is turned off and on again. Circuitry detected over-voltage or under-voltage at PA stage of the transmitter. It shut down the transmitter. Power supply must be turned off, cause of over or under voltage removed and then the transmitter will become enabled again. Circuitry detected over-voltage or under-voltage at Exalt stage of the transmitter. It shut down the transmitter. Power supply must be turned off, cause of over or under voltage removed and then the transmitter will become enabled again

Event entries are based on measured values provided by detection circuitry in PCT. Some of the measurements are made on a continuous basis in FSK mode of operation such as transmit output level, transmit return loss and received input level.

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Section 9

Connecting Computer to PCT

There are three ways of connecting a computer to PCT terminal: 1. Using a router to interconnect PCT to a computer. This is also equivalent of accessing PCT over a private Ethernet network. 2. Connecting PCT to a computer directly through Ethernet cable. 3. Connecting PCT and computer via RS232 connector on the front panel of PCT.

Connecting to PCT via Router or Network

The most straightforward way to connect to the PCT is via a router or an existing Ethernet network. First Ethernet cables need to be wired up, connecting both the PCT and the computer to the router or the network. The networks router normally assigns an IP address automatically to the computer, while the PCT always retains its static programmed IP address, as displayed on its LCD front panel. As long as the PCT's IP address is within the same subnet as the IP address assigned by the router, there should be no difficulty connecting to the PCT. Simply enter the PCT's IP address into the web browser, such as http://192.168.1.203. If the connection is successful, a log in window will appear. If the PCTs IP address is on a different subnet than one supported by the router, a different method to connect to the PCT is required, such as directly through Ethernet or through a serial connection using PPP, in order to change the PCTs IP address to one that is within the subnet of the network. After this is done, the PCT can be connected via a normal Ethernet network using the PCTs IP address in the web browser, as explained above.

Connecting to PCT Directly through Ethernet Cable

The second method is connecting to the PCT directly via an Ethernet cable. In most cases a regular Ethernet cable will do, although in older models of computers a cross-over Ethernet cable may be required. In either case, connect the cable directly from the computer's Ethernet port to the PCT's Ethernet port. The IP address of the computer needs to be manually assigned to be on the same subnet as the PCT, but on a different IP address. For example, if the PCT has the IP address 192.168.1.203, the computer's IP address can be set to 192.168.1.200. The procedure for changing the computers IP address is dependent on the computer operating system. See below for an example of how to do this under Windows XP. Once the computers IP is on the same subnet as that of the PCT, the computer can then be connected to the PCT by entering its IP address in the web browser, such as http://192.168.1.203. If the connection is successful, a log in window will be displayed. 95

Changing a Computers IP Under Windows XP

To change computer IP address under Windows, one will need to change the TCP/IP properties for the network adapter, and manually set the IP address. First, go to the Windows Control Panel. From there, select Network Connections. A list of network adapters for the computer is displayed . Find the one that corresponds to the Ethernet adapter, usually Local Area Connection. Right-click the name Local Area Connection, and select Properties from the displayed menu. This will bring up the panel as displayed on the left-side of this example. Find Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), select it, and click Properties, to bring up the second dialog box you see on the right of this example. Select Use the following IP address, and type in the IP address you wish to use. In this example, we are setting the IP address to 192.168.1.200. Then select OK to use the IP youve selected.

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Connecting to PCT Directly through RSR232 Cable using PPP

The third method is connecting to the PCT's RSR232 serial port, using PPP. In this case, the PPP protocol must be set up on the computer first. There are explicit instructions on how to do so below. After the PPP protocol has been set up, a straight-through 9-pin RS232 serial cable can be connected to the PCT, and the connection can be activated as shown below in picture 1.3. Once the connection is active, the PCT can be accessed through the web-browser, again using the PCT's IP address. Note that when connecting to the PCT using PPP, there is no need to manually change the computers IP address. In this case, the PCT is acting as a server, and will manually assign to the computer an IP address that is on its subnet. Connection of a computer to PCT using RS232 connector on the front panel requires that the computer is set to operate in PPP (Peer to Peer Protocol) configuration. Following is a suggested computer setting procedure:

Windows XP PPP Configuration

Open the windows XP Control Panel. Select Network and Internet Connections (see Figure 1.1)

Figure 1.1

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From panel Network and Internet Connections, select Network Connections. (See Figure 1.2)

Figure 1.2

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From Network Connections panel, select "Create a new connection (see Figure 1.3).

Figure 1.3

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You will now enter the New Connection Wizard. Click "Next" (see Figure 1.4)

Figure 1.4

From the New Connection Wizard, select "Set up an advanced connection" and click on "Next". (see Figure 1.5)

Figure 1.5

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From the New Connection Wizard, now select Connect directly to another computer, and Click Next (see Figure 1.6)

Figure 1.6

From the New Connection Wizard, now select "Guest" and click on "Next" (see Figure 1.7)

Figure 1.7

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From the New Connection Wizard, now enter a connection name and click "Next". In this particular case, we are using the name ToPCT. (see Figure 1.8)

Figure 1.8

From the New Connection Wizard, you must now specify the Serial COM port. Select "Communications Port (COM1 or COM2)" and click on "Next". (See Figure 1.9)

Figure 1.9

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This will complete the Wizard. You may wish to add a shortcut to your desktop for convenience. (See Figure 2.0)

Figure 2.0

You must double-clicking on the ToPCT connection icon, to enter the settings for this connection. The window you see will allow you to connect to the PCT. Select Properties from this window (see figure 2.1)

Figure 2.1

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From the General tab, in the ToPCT Properties window, now Select Configure (see Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.1

Set the speed to 115200, and enable hardware flow control as shown below and click on "OK" (see Figure 2.2)

Figure 2.2

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You can now use the icon to connect to the PCT via PPP. When connecting, make sure that the name and password fields are blank. Installing Sun Java on your Computer To use most of the PCTs configuration and diagnostic panels, you will need to have the Sun Java JRE (java run-time environment) installed on your computer. Sun provides this software for free, for many different operating systems. The latest version of the Sun Java JRE can be downloaded at the following location: http://java.sun.com/javase/downloads/index.jsp Simply click the item Java Runtime Environment (JRE) to download and install the JRE on your computer. As well, on the PCT we have provided a copy of Sun Javas JRE for Windows. If you are using Windows and do not have Java installed, the first time you connect to the PCT you will be prompted as to whether you would like the software to be installed on your computer. Simply follow the prompts to install the version of Sun Java that is included with the PCT.

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Section 10 Alarm and SER Outputs Alarm and SER outputs at the rear panel are provided using form C relay contacts for four alarm outputs or a transistorized form A contacts for receiver and transmitter alarm outputs and SER outputs. Relay contacts can switch up to 6A at any voltage up to 280 VDC and the transistorized form A contacts can switch up to 50 VA at any voltage up to 280 VDC. As much as the alarm outputs are physically the same for On-Off and FSK mode of operation, various conditions of the equipment will activate some alarm outputs differently depending on the selected mode of operation. PCT can have two levels of alarms/alerts: failure alarms and maintenance alerts. Levels at which these alerts/alarms will be activated are programmed on the Alarm Programming panel in either FSK or On-Off mode of operation. Power supply alarm is not a programmable alarm it is factory set to become activated in alarm state if either the power supply to the terminal is lost or if any internal section of the power supply is not functioning correctly. PCT unit has summary alarms for the terminal. Alarms/alerts such as System, Equipment or Maintenance are activated by a number of possible alarm/alert conditions in the terminal. Following are details on the Alarm or Alert displays on the terminal: Alarm/Alert System alarm Equipment alarm PSU alarm General alarm/alert conditions Rear terminals Conditions causing alarm/alert TB2 1(NC)-2 (C)- Alarm is activated if either Equipment or PSU 3 (NO) alarm is in alarm state. Relay is energized in a non-alarm state. TB2 - 7 (NC) -8 (C) Alarm is activated if PSU alarm, Tx alarm or -9 (NO) Rx alarm is activated. Relay is energized in a non-alarm state. TB2 10 (NC) 11 Alarm is activated if the DC supply to the (C) 12 (NO) terminal is removed, or if any of the internal voltage and current levels are outside of a factory preset levels. If internal voltages or currents exceed the preset levels, the transmitter will be shut down. Unit must have DC power removed and restored before the alarm condition will be reset to normal. Relay is energized in a non-alarm state. TB2 4(NC) 5 Maintenance alert is activated by either (C) 6 (NO) transmitter or receiver maintenance alert condition. Reductions in either transmit or receive levels below a programmed value in the Alarm Programming panel lasting more then one minute causes this alert to become activated. Also, activation of return loss alert will cause maintenance alert to become 107

Maintenance alert

activated. Relay is not energized in a nonalert condition. Alarm/SER all alarms or SER outputs are form A Tx alarm Terminal if FSK mode of operation Rear Terminals Condition causing alarm or SER TB3 5,-6 1. Transmitter power output in guard state is below the programmed level by the level in dB programmed in the Alarm Programming panel for more than one minute. The alarm is restored to normal when the power level is above the programmed alarm level. 2. Return Loss alarm is activated by a mismatch of the load impedance and the transmitter output impedance. Three conditions, each lasting more than one minute, can cause activation of this alarm: 1. Loss of signal if the received signal level is lower then the programmed receiver sensitivity. 2. High noise level causing S/N ratio to be close to 0 dB. 3. Received signal is not on correct guard or trip frequency. Frequency is more then 20 Hz away from the expected guard or trip frequency. This SER is closed if the transmitter trip power output is greater than -3 dB bellow the programmed Trip power level. Guard power output does not activate Tx SER output This SER is closed for as long as the receiver guard or trip input level is above minimum programmed receiver sensitivity.

Rx alarm

TB3 7,-8

Tx SER

TB3 -1,-2

Rx SER

TB3 -3,-4

When the terminal is programmed in On-Off mode of operation (Blocking) mode, both Tx and Rx are typically on standby. Accordingly, only PSU alarm is active in a standby mode. All other alarms are activated in a response to either manually initiated or automatically initiated checkback sequence. The alarms and alerts will become activated when measured transmit and received levels fall below the levels programmed in the Alarm Programming panel. Also, the alarms and alerts can only be reset if the initial condition is corrected and verified during a checkback sequence. No manual reset is available at the terminal. Tx SER is activated whenever the transmitter is keyed and its power output is greater than -3 dB bellow the programmed power output. Rx SER will respond to any received signal level that is greater than the programmed minimum

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receiver sensitivity. During the checkback operation Rx SER will chatter following the keying of the transmitters. Operation of scrolling buttons on the front panel The scrolling buttons on the front panel control what is displayed on the display window. In FSK mode following displays can be selected:

The top line of the display panel always show the mode of operation (FSK or Blocking) and the last three digits of the IP address assigned to the terminal. The bottom line always show alarm condition (typically System OK) and the terminal clock display. The middle two lines can display any of the above items. The change of the display can be achieved by scrolling buttons. Any two line-items can be left displayed permanently. Following items can be displayed whit unit programmed for On-Off (or Blocking) mode of operation. There are two items on this display that can be used to manually initiate action on the terminal. If a Manual Checkback is selected, it has * sign beside it. This is an indication that SEL button can be activated initiating a checkback sequence manually. Similarly, if Manual Key Transmitter is selected ( * is displayed beside the description), it can be activated causing the transmitter to be keyed for about 10 seconds. There is no need to hold SEL button down. If a fault condition happens just at the time the transmitter is manually keyed by this button, the fault condition takes over the control of the terminal operation automatically.

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Section 11

DNP3
What is DNP3? DNP3 is a protocol that allows alarm and other data to be sent from the PCT to a master device, such as a computer or other device in a control center, using TCP/IP through the PCTs included Ethernet port. The PCT would operate as a Slave to this Master device. The advantage of using DNP3 on the PCT is that it provides another avenue from which the outputs from the PCT can arrive to the control center, using a TCP/IP network.

Terminal Operation as a DNP3 Slave The PCT operates as a DNP3 slave device, and does not require any configuration on the terminals side. The PCT listens to the standard TCP/IP port 20000 for DNP3, and will accept a connection from a DNP3 master device. The PCT will maintain the active connection to the master as long as the master remains connected, and will send updated data to the master as configured by the master device. The PCT can send different categories of data to the master: device enabled/disabled status for receiver, transmitter, and alarms, active status for alarms, as well as metering for the receiver and the transmitter. Event log data is also available through ethernet, via the event log viewer applet on the PCTs main menu.

DNP3 Data Points When the PCT sends data to the master, each slice of data is available at a specific data point. The DNP3 standard defines the addressing of such data points as a 16-bit integer (with a range of 0 to 65,535), beginning at 0 for each data type. The master device must be configured and/or programmed to interpret the data points at each data point address, for each data type. The three reference tables below contain the description needed for each data type, and should be used when configuring the master device to work with the PCT.

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Receiver and Transmitter Metering The metering data via DNP3 is available both in FSK or Blocking mode. The receiver and the transmitter levels are indicated by analog values in the following table, at data points 0 and 1:
Description Receiver Level Transmitter Level Data Type Analog Analog Address 0 1

The value at each of these points represent the receive and transmit levels in dBm. A value of -100 at one of these points indicates that the terminal is either not transmitting and/or not receiving a signal. Device Enabled/Disabled Status and Alarm Status Depending on whether the unit is in FSK or Blocking mode, one of the following two data tables will be used to represent the enabled status of the receiver and the transmitter, as well as whether individual alarm conditions are enabled to be reported. The data is sent as a binary data meaning, with false (0) representing disabled, and true (1) representing enabled, for each particular data point. In blocking mode, the following data table will be used to send data to the master:
Blocking Mode Description Receiver Enabled Transmitter Enabled System Alarm Enabled Power Supply Alarm Enabled Receiver Alarm Enabled Transmitter Alarm Enabled System Maintenance Enabled Power Supply Maintenance Enabled Receiver Maintenance Enabled Transmitter Maintenance Enabled System Alarm Active Power Supply Alarm Active Receiver Alarm Active Transmitter Alarm Active System Maintenance Active Power Supply Maintenance Active Receiver Maintenance Active Transmitter Maintenance Active

Data Type Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary

Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

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In FSK mode, the following data table is used:

FSK Mode Description Receiver Enabled Transmitter Enabled System Alarm Enabled Power Supply Alarm Enabled Receiver Alarm Enabled Transmitter Alarm Enabled Return Loss Alarm Enabled System Maintenance Enabled Power Supply Maintenance Enabled Receiver Maintenance Enabled Transmitter Maintenance Enabled Return Loss Maintenance Enabled System Alarm Active Power Supply Alarm Active Receiver Alarm Active Transmitter Alarm Active Return Loss Alarm Active System Maintenance Active Power Supply Maintenance Active Receiver Maintenance Active Transmitter Maintenance Active Return Loss Maintenance Active Trip Alarm Loss of Guard Alarm

Data Type Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary Binary

Address 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

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