Intel Day1

Linux Administration
Red Hat Linux
Administration & Programming Intel, Portland, OR Jan 16-19 2012
Content
Linux History Distributions Linux and Unix Installation System Initialization File system Management Booting Linux Graphical Desktops Command Line
Linux-Administration
Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.
Day 1-1
Unit 1: History
Linux Is Not UniX
Developed by Linus Torvalds 8/25/1991 Based on Minix, a Unix clone
Free to use, install & modify

Based on GNU tools Licensed under GNU GPL
What Could You Do With Linux?

VPN link to remote site Linux FTP server Linux VPN gateway Linux file and print server for Windows clients To the Internet
Linux Web server
Linux router Linux DHCP server Linux Linux print server Application for UNIX clients server Linux-Administration
Linux firewall
Linux mail server
Linux NFS file server NIS server DNS server 4
Linux DataBase
Day 1-2
What Can You Do With Linux?

Linux Cloud Services
Linux Tablets & Readers Linux Android for Mobile Phones
Linux Gaming Linux-Administration
Linux Arduino 5
Linux Operating System

Linux kernel
GNU tools, compiler, libraries
Linux operating system
X graphics : KDE GNOME
Other: Apache, Database, Multimedia

Linux-Administration 6
Day 1-3
The GNU System

Free Software Foundation: FSF.ORG
Objectives were to create freely distributable UNIX tools
Software should be free from patents & commercial ownership
GNU provides many UNIX commands & useful applications
The Linux Kernel

Began as Linus Torvalds personal project to
Run a UNIX-like operating system on an i386 PC Offered as FREE to use & modify (GPL) Version 0.02 was made public on Oct 1991
www.Kernel.org
Linux was originally written for Intel processors but now supports over 30 processors!
Day 1-4
X11
A powerful networked graphical environment
Developed at MIT, freely distributable X.org - complete implementation of X based on the X11R7.6 standard
Servers typically do not require graphics

Some useful system administration tools are graphical X graphical tools can be run on a server and displayed remotely
MIT = Massachusetts Institute of Technology Linux-Administration 9
Other Linux Applications

UNIX software packages have been ported Korn Shell, emacs, zip, chkconfig Many server components are generic UNIX software: Apache, sendmail, BIND, Samba Free implementations of commercial applications OpenSSH, OpenMotif, GNUPG Internationalization Multiple languages Unicode support!
Day 1-5
Hardware Utilization
Linux runs without problems on older computers Linux works well on high-performance modern hardware Linux can run on many embedded systems!
https://openwrt.org http://arduino.org
11
Security
Linux supports many security features UNIX security to control access resources Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAMs) Kerberos Firewall protection for the Internet IPsec Hardened shared libraries Downloaded software can be verified for authenticity
IPsec = IP security Linux-Administration 12
Day 1-6
Low Cost
Linux & most Linux software are free Commercial software for Linux is low cost (or free) Often no need to purchase new hardware Software updates are also free (or low cost) Support by distributors and other organizations available at reasonable cost Enterprise Linux provides the reliability and support of commercial UNIX at a reasonable price
FREE as in FREEDOM!
Classic Linux Distributions

Red Hat (Fedora) Suse (Novell) Debian Knoppix Slackware
14
Day 1-7
Popular Linux Distributions

Ubuntu Mint CentOS Puppy http://distrowatch.com
15
Linux Distrubution
Linux kernel
Debian
Red Hat
GNU tools, compiler, libraries
Linux operating system
SUSE
X graphics : KDE GNOME Installation tools, configuration tools, Support, Applications

Other: Apache, Database, Multimedia
Day 1-8
What Is a Linux Distribution?

A Linux distribution is:
A preconfigured kernel GNU utilities X graphical environment (KDE, GNOME) Other generic software components Distributor-specific installation & configuration Support
17
Red Hat
Red Hat
Worlds leading open source application platform Started as a consumer distribution in NC After 10 years it decided to focus on the enterprise
Red Hat Enterprise Linux (www.redhat.com/rhel)

18-24 month release cycle Purchased with one year Red Hat Network / support contract CLIENT or SERVER versions
Fedora (fedoraproject.org)
Updates every 6 months Unsupported, community based
18
Day 1-9
Red Hat Products
19
Red Hat Network

Provides software updates (up to 7 years) Management & Monitoring Modules
Extended capabilities for large deployments
Provisioning Module
Bare-metal installation, configuration management, & multi-state
20
Day 1-10
Red Hat Installation

Installer
Multi-tasking Linux Anaconda, a python script
Source
CD, DVD, USB drive Network: FTP, NFS, HTTP Kickstart file simplifies similar installs
Package Manager: RPM

Red Hat Package Manager has:
Compiled or Source Software Documentation & program help Installation / un-install scripts Its classified by group or family Disadvantage: dependencies
22
Day 1-11
Package Manager: YUM

Newer Red Hat versions use: YUM
Solves Dependencies Can have multiple repositories
One click Update of:

Operating System Applications Utilities
Running Commands
Commands have the following syntax:
command options arguments
Options modify a command's behavior

Single-letter options usually preceded by Can be passed as -a -b -c or -abc
Full-word options usually preceded by -Example: --help
Arguments data needed by the command (filenames) Multiple commands can be separated by ;
24
Day 1-12
Getting Help
Two important commands: man & info command help Others (x = command): whatis x - short descriptions of command which x displays command location locate x finds a file Program help (F1)
Red Hat Documentation or web site!

Hands-on Lab 1a
Exploring Linux
Boot from Fedora CD or DVD Login as fedora Select Applications, System Tools, Terminal or start a terminal window by pressing CTRL-ALT-F2)
From command line type: w (or uptime; who) to find who is logged in & server uptime From command line type: dmesg | more to read kernel log
Day 1-13
Hands-on Lab1b
From command line type: free to find out about memory utilization From command line type: df h to find out about free disk space on mounted devices From command line type: mount to find out about available mounted devices From command line type: ps ax to display running processes
Hands-on Lab1c
From command line type: more /etc/inittab to read operating system defaults From command line type: more /etc/fstab to read file system defaults Try the man command for any of the previous commands, or even help to get more detail on the previous commands! Try the GUI tool from Applications, System Tools, System Monitor and look at the different tabs.
Day 1-14
Linux Installation
29
Linux Installation Steps

Source: CD/DVD/USB/LAN installation Target: Supported Hardware
CPU, RAM Hard drive, Array Network & Video
Network Configuration Software Selection

Day 1-15
HW: CPU & Memory Support

Intel, AMD, MIPS, PowerPC, SPARC Itanium, Alpha, UltraSPARC, IBM z90 SMP support: up to 64 CPUs RAM: min 256MB up to 64GB
31
Bus Support
System & Hot swappable Plug & Play USB Firewire (IEE1394) Older Buses: EIDE, SCSI, PCMCIA, ISA
32
Day 1-16
Laptops, Mobile
Tricky installations Custom bus, Video and/or Sound chipsets Older laptops may be difficult to install Boot from CD, floppy or network URL: www.linux-laptop.net
33
Configuring RAID
RAID levels supported
Level 0: striping w/o parity Level 1: disk mirroring Level 5: striping with parity
34
Day 1-17
Configuring Flexible Filesystems with LVM

LVM allows easy partition grow or resizing ONLY available in RHEL in GUI mode Physical/Logical Volume (PV, LV) Physical/Logical Extent (PE, LE) Volume Group (VG)
35
Red Hat Installer Features

GUI or text modes CD or network install; kickstart install Modes:
Rescue, Desktop, Workstation, Laptop, Server, Custom, Upgrade options.
Runs Anaconda, a Python script Multi-tasking kernel

Day 1-18
Partitioning Hard Drives

GUI or text tools available during install Auto or Manual modes
/boot partition Dual boot systems Swap partition (2x RAM)
Create LVM or RAIDs
37
Network Configuration and Firewall Setup

ifconfig redhat-config-network Dynamic IP (DHCP) Static IP iptables
38
Day 1-19
Package Selection
GUI: X, KDE, GNOME Servers Tools Programming Multimedia Applications
39
System Initialization
BIOS
Boot
Kernel
init
services
Login
40
Day 1-20
BIOS Initialization
Power On Self Test recognizes hardware, CPU, memory, bootable config from CMOS. bootable devices: CD ROM Floppy Hard Drive Network USB devices
The Boot Loader

Last step in BIOS Loads first partition of bootable device It can present a preset menu of choices Under Linux:
LILO (Linux Loader) older, static GRUB more dynamic, reads ext2
42
Day 1-21
Kernel Initialization
Kernel loads based on parameters passed All logging goes to /var/log/dmesg Detects hardware Loads initrd (if necessary) Mounts root Loads /lib/2.6.x/modules Passes control to /sbin/init
43
init Initialization
Init loads scripts from /etc/rc.d init.rc is the master script Based on parameter or /etc/inittab default, it will execute scripts in rc.x All boot scripts live in init.d, can be configured via chkconfig Last script is rc.local
Day 1-22
Run levels
Depending on the server usage or situation you may want to start at:
Text (Console) login Graphical login Maintenance mode
Default is controlled by /etc/inittab id:3:initdefault:

Daemon Processes
Run unattended Do not write to console Write via logging facility, usually to /var/log/messages Can be started via service command
service sendmail start service sendmail stop
Day 1-23
The rc.sysinit Script

Controls the initial mounting of filesystems, repairing if needed
rc.local allows local customization
47
System V run levels

0 - Halt 1 - Single user mode 2 - Multiuser, without network 3 - Full multiuser mode 5 - X11 (graphical login) 6 - Reboot
48
Day 1-24
The rc.local Script

Backdoor for customization of your system Red Hat uses it to build /etc/issue at boot time Can be used to configure additional hardware or new scripts
49
Virtual Consoles
Linux starts with 6 default virtual consoles Alt-F1 to Alt-F6 (or CTRL <- ->) Can have up to 63 consoles
50
Day 1-25
System Shutdown and Reboot

To reboot:
shutdown r to reboot reboot or init 6
To halt:
shutdown s to halt halt or init 0
51
Controlling Services
service servicename function Function: start / stop / restart / status kill PID nice level process GUI: System Tools, System Monitor
52
Day 1-26
Configuring Services
chkconfig servicename function
Function add del list Try: chkconfig list | sort
system-config-services From GUI: Applications, System Settings, Server Settings, Services

System Monitoring and Process Control

uptime + ps = w ps ax kill signal PID killall process top
54
Day 1-27
Hands-on Lab 2
Exploring Linux Boot from Red Hat CD or USB From command line type: dmesg | more to read kernel log From command line type: runlevel to find current run level From command line type: less /etc/inittab to read system defaults
Linux Graphical Environments

X Window System GNOME KDE
56
Day 1-28
GUI Components
X Server X Client X Tools GUI Tools Calendar Calculator File Manager
X Server Overview
Client application Xlib Client (window manager) Xlib
Client application
Toolkit Xlib Network X11 protocol
X server Device drivers
58
Day 1-29
X Principles
X is considered inappropriate on a server GUI tools can be very useful and convenient An X server manages a physical display Controls who can use the display Controls who can receive events from a display Communicates using the X11 protocol Implements device drivers for drawing and handling mouse and keyboard events
59
Linux X Servers
XFree86 implements X11R6
Comes with Slackware and other flavors of Linux Also available for other operating systems XFree86 actually has a separate X server for each display controller type
MetroX and AcceleratedX are other types of commercial X servers

Day 1-30
Virtual Displays and Desktops

Screens containing a lot of windows become cluttered Some window managers have a larger display area than screen Visible area pans when the cursor gets near the edges
Display area
Screen
61
Configuring X
Various tools are available for configuring X
xf86config comes with XFree86 but is difficult to use xf86cfg is available on some distributions Red Hat uses redhat-config-xfree86
62
Day 1-31
Network Configuration
63
Network Device Recognition

All Standard devices are recognized by the kernel at boot time Odd or extra hardware can be turn on or off by loading modules Red Hat customized networking:
/etc/sysconfig/network /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory
64
Day 1-32
Network Interfaces
lo or dummy 127.0.0.1 eth0, tr0 are aliases to real kernel modules, defined in /etc/modules Network devices can be configured with: system-config-network
65
Address Resolution Protocol

ARP is used in the TCP/P network to find other systems We query a server for a hostname & we get an IP address
66
Day 1-33
Enabling Network Interfaces

To start: ifup device To stop: ifdown device To start network device & services:
service network start
To stop network device & services:

service network stop
67
Multiple NICs
Each card will have its own configuration file Can be enabled/disabled at boot time
68
Day 1-34
Binding Multiple IP Addresses

Many ISPs use multiple IP to provide many hosts or domains from 1 system Its a kernel feature
ifconfig eth0 10.0.0.1 ifconfig eth0:1 10.0.1.1 ifconfig eth0:X 10.0.X.1
69
Interface Configuration Files

In the /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts directory there are text files for each device detected:
ifcfg-eth0 for eth0 ifcfg-lo for loopback (lo)
Which contain the IP or DHCP setting, netmask & if device should start at boot
Day 1-35
Configuration Utilities
ifup, ifdown system-config-network ifconfig arp nslookup, dig hostname netstat
DHCP/BOOTP
Dynamic Host Control Program is the newer version of the Boot Protocol A client requests from a server an IP address at boot time If granted, the server provides a lease for the IP address, the netmask, & can provide name server & gateway info
Day 1-36
Network Scripts
Allowing User Control of Network Interfaces The ifup & ifdown interface scripts are the only scripts that the user should use to bring up & take down network interfaces
73
System Default Route

The route command displays & configs route information Newer kernels set default route automatically For troubleshooting:
route shows / configs the IP routing static tables can be set to host or net default keyword specifies a route which will be used if no other route matches
74
Day 1-37
IP Forwarding
There are kernel variables you can alter to change the way the kernel behaves while its running To configure a Linux computer as a router between networks, you may want to activate IP forwarding with the following command:
# echo 1 >> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
75
Global Network Parameters

The interesting bits are in /proc/sys/net
Reverse Path Filtering
Generic ipv4
/proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_default_ttl
76
Day 1-38
Name Resolution
Berkley Internet Name Domain (bind) from www.isc.org Server name: named uses /etc/named.conf 4 modes: master, slave, caching-only, forwarding-only
DNS Client Configuration

/etc/resolv.conf
nameserver 10.0.1.254
/etc/hosts.conf
order hosts, bind
/etc/nsswitch.conf
78
Day 1-39
DNS & Network Diagnostics

arp nslookup dig host netstat nr tcpdump or ethereal
79
Summary
Linux History Distributions Linux and Unix Installation System Initialization File system Management Booting Linux Graphical Desktops Command Line
80
Day 1-40

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Linux Administration

Red Hat Linux

Administration & Programming Intel, Portland, OR Jan 16-19 2012

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Free to use, install & modify

What Could You Do With Linux?

Linux Web server

Linux mail server

Linux NFS file server NIS server DNS server 4

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

What Can You Do With Linux?

Linux Tablets & Readers Linux Android for Mobile Phones

Linux Gaming Linux-Administration

Linux Operating System

GNU tools, compiler, libraries

Linux operating system

X graphics : KDE GNOME

Other: Apache, Database, Multimedia

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

The GNU System

GNU provides many UNIX commands & useful applications

The Linux Kernel

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Servers typically do not require graphics

Other Linux Applications

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Classic Linux Distributions

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Popular Linux Distributions

GNU tools, compiler, libraries

Linux operating system

X graphics : KDE GNOME Installation tools, configuration tools, Support, Applications

Other: Apache, Database, Multimedia

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

What Is a Linux Distribution?

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (www.redhat.com/rhel)

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Red Hat Products

Red Hat Network

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Red Hat Installation

Package Manager: RPM

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Package Manager: YUM

One click Update of:

Options modify a command's behavior

Full-word options usually preceded by -Example: --help

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Red Hat Documentation or web site!

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Linux Installation Steps

Network Configuration Software Selection

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

HW: CPU & Memory Support

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Configuring Flexible Filesystems with LVM

Red Hat Installer Features

Runs Anaconda, a Python script Multi-tasking kernel

Copyright 2012: All Rights Reserved.

Partitioning Hard Drives