Вы находитесь на странице: 1из 4

MEASUREMENT METHODS FOR MAGNETIC MATERIALS

L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C

measuring systems

Introduction

The magnetic characterization of a material is performed measuring how its magnetization M (or magnetic polarization J = 0M) changes in function of the magnetic field H. The most important curves are the hysteresis loop and the normal magnetization curve. These curves have the same basic definition for both magnetically hard and soft materials, but the practical information taken by the curves is different, due to the differences in their applications. Hard materials (magnets) are used to produce permanent fields, so the most important parameters are obtained measuring the second quadrant of the hysteresis loop. For example; remanence Br, coercivity HcB, intrinsic coercivity HcJ, and the energy product BHmax. Soft magnetic materials are used to enhance and drive the magnetic field produced by electrical currents or permanent magnets. In this case the normal magnetization curve is very important, providing information of permeability m of the material, and its saturation values Jsat, and Bsat. The hysteresis cycle reveals important parameters such as coercivity Hc, the remanence Br, and the loop area, especially when the material is used in AC applications.

Laboratorio Elettrofisico Engineering Srl via G. Ferrari, 14 20014 Nerviano (MI) Italia tel +39 0331 589785 www.laboratorio.elettrofisico.com

LE USA Inc. Walker LDJ Scientific 4280 Giddings Road Auburn Hills MI-48326 USA tel 248 340 7040 sales@leusawsi.com

L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C

measuring systems measuring systems

HARD MAGNETIC MATERIAL

Hysteresis cycle of a Hard Magnetic Material

Second quadrant of hysteresis cycle of a Hard Magnetic Material

SOFT MAGNETIC MATERIAL

Hysteresis cycle of a Soft Magnetic Material

Normal magnetization curve of a Soft Magnetic Material

Laboratorio Elettrofisico Engineering Srl via G. Ferrari, 14 20014 Nerviano (MI) Italia tel +39 0331 589785 www.laboratorio.elettrofisico.com

LE USA Inc. Walker LDJ Scientific 4280 Giddings Road Auburn Hills MI-48326 USA tel 248 340 7040 sales@leusawsi.com

L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C

measuring systems

Magnetic closed path for bars and ring

Magnetic closed path for permanent magnets

Due to demagnetizing effects on open circuit samples, the intrinsic relationship between M and H depends on the shape of the sample: M is generally not uniform inside the sample and the effective H is difficult to evaluate. Only when the measurement is performed in a closed circuit conditions the demagnetization field is reduced or zeroed, M becomes uniform and the H field coincides with the external applied field.

Allowed shapes for Hard

Bars, strips, rings: allowed shapes for Soft

Closed circuit conditions can be obtained by closing the extremity of the sample in a yoke with high permeability material or closing the flux on the sample itself, like for rings or strips in Epstein configuration.

Laboratorio Elettrofisico Engineering Srl via G. Ferrari, 14 20014 Nerviano (MI) Italia tel +39 0331 589785 www.laboratorio.elettrofisico.com

LE USA Inc. Walker LDJ Scientific 4280 Giddings Road Auburn Hills MI-48326 USA tel 248 340 7040 sales@leusawsi.com

L A B O R AT O R I O E L E T T R O F I S I C O WA L K E R L D J S C I E N T I F I C

measuring systems measuring systems

The closed circuit conditions limit the suitable shapes, and prevents the measurement in some conditions or applications, especially for samples in their final configuration. Most International Standards recommend closed circuit methods; some standards lists open circuit measurements techniques, however, this generally limits the number of resulting parameters, such as the coercivity or the saturation magnetization.

DEMAGNETIZATION FIELD By definition, the lines of H start from the north pole of a magnet and terminate to the south pole.

Reference Figure (a), the H lines have opposite directions outside and inside the magnet. Inside the magnet, H is contrary to its magnetization M, and tends to demagnetize the magnet. The internal H field is named the demagnetizing field (Hd) and is proportional to the magnetization M: Hd = - NM where N is the demagnetizing factor. N depends on the shape of the sample and on the permeability. The exact value of N is difficult to determine in the measuring process. For this reason the preferred measuring method is a closed circuit configuration, for which condition Hd = 0.

Laboratorio Elettrofisico Engineering Srl via G. Ferrari, 14 20014 Nerviano (MI) Italia tel +39 0331 589785 www.laboratorio.elettrofisico.com

LE USA Inc. Walker LDJ Scientific 4280 Giddings Road Auburn Hills MI-48326 USA tel 248 340 7040 sales@leusawsi.com

Вам также может понравиться