Description

Obesity is a leading preventable cause of death worldwide, with increasing prevalence in adults and children, and authorities view it as one of the most serious public health problems of the 21st century. Obesity is stigmatized in much of the modern world (particularly in the Western world), though it was widely perceived as a symbol of wealth and fertility at other times in history, and still is in some parts of the world. Overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk for global deaths. At least 2.8 million adults die each year as a result of being overweight or obese. In addition, 44% of the diabetes burden, 23% of the ischaemic heart disease burden and between 7% and 41% of certain cancer burdens are attributable to overweight and obesity. Some WHO global estimates from 2008 follow.

1.5 billion adults, 20 and older, were overweight. Of these 1.5 billion overweight adults, over 200 million men and nearly 300 million women were obese. Overall, more than one in ten of the worlds adult population was obese.

In 2010, around 43 million children under five were overweight. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight and obesity are now on the rise in low- and middle-income countries, particularly in urban settings. Close to 35 million overweight children are living in developing countries and 8 million in developed countries. Overweight and obesity are linked to more deaths worldwide than underweight. For example, 65% of the world's population live in countries where overweight and obesity kill more people than underweight (this includes all high-income and most middle-income countries).

Definition Obesity is an abnormal accumulation of body fat, usually 20% or more over an individual's ideal body weight. Obesity is associated with increased risk of illness, disability, and death. The branch of medicine that deals with the study and treatment of obesity is known as bariatrics. As obesity has become a major health problem in the United States, bariatrics has become a separate medical and surgical specialty. Cause of obesity 1. DIET One of the main causes of obesity is poor diet, specifically, taking in more calories than needed to support an individual's daily activity level. To help prevent obesity, an individual should match the number of calories consumed to the number of calories expended daily through exercise and other activities. 2. Sedentary lifestyle A sedentary lifestyle plays a significant role in obesity. Worldwide there has been a large shift towards less physically demanding work, and currently at least 60% of the world's population gets insufficient exercise. This is primarily due to increasing use of mechanized transportation and a greater prevalence of labor-saving technology in the home. In children, there appear to be declines in levels of physical activity due to less walking and physical education. World trends in active leisure time physical activity are less clear. The World Health Organization indicates people worldwide are taking up less active recreational pursuits, while a study from Finland found an increase and

a study from the United States found leisure-time physical activity has not changed significantly. As technology has improved to make our lives easier over the decades, it has also allowed us to be more lazy. Cars are more prevalent than ever, so fewer people are walking. Frozen foods and fast-food restaurants keep us from having to cook, making us less aware of the ingredients used in our food, and we don't have to exert much energy to cook it. With the Internet and email, people no longer have to physically go to stores, go mail a letter or perform other tasks. This decline in physical activity means fewer calories are being burned, leading to weight gain and, eventually, obesity. 3. Medical Problems Although only 1 percent to 2 percent of obesity cases can be attributed to health issues, the number of people is fairly significant. Obesity may be caused by a slow metabolism, thyroid issues or problems with hormone production. Diseases of the adrenal glands, such as Cushing's syndrome, make one particularly vulnerable to rapid weight gain. Some serious heart and neurological disorders can also cause obesity if left untreated. Psychological issues, like depression or binge eating disorders, may lead to weight gain or obesity as well. 4. Genetics Genetics cannot cause a person to be obese, they it can make an individual more susceptible to weight gain. Those with obese parents are likely to be obese themselves. A person with obese family members is 30 percent more likely to be obese than a person with no obesity in the family. In addition to genetics, family habits can cause weight gain. Children learn eating habits at a young age. As they see

their families cooking and eating large meals, these habits are ingrained, leading to increased risk of obesity in the future.

Diagnosis Diagnosis of obesity is made by observation and by comparing the patient's weight to ideal weight charts. Many doctors and obesity researchers refer to the body mass index (BMI), which uses a height-weight relationship to calculate an individual's ideal weight and personal risk of developing obesity-related health problems. Physicians may also obtain direct measurements of an individual's body fat content by using calipers to measure skin-fold thickness at the back of the upper arm and other sites. The most accurate means of measuring body fat content involves immersing a person in water and measuring relative displacement; however, this method is very impractical and is usually only used in scientific studies requiring very specific assessments. Women whose body fat exceeds 30% and men whose body fat exceeds 25% are generally considered obese.

Prevention Obesity experts suggest that a key to preventing excess weight gain is monitoring fat consumption rather than counting calories, and the National Cholesterol Education Program maintains that only 30% of calories should be derived from fat. Only onethird of those calories should be contained in saturated fats (the kind of fat found in high concentrations in meat, poultry, and dairy products). Because most people eat more than they think they do, keeping a detailed food diary is a useful way to assess eating habits. Eating three balanced, moderate-portion meals a daywith the main meal at mid-dayis a more effective way to prevent obesity than fasting or crash diets. Exercise increases the metabolic rate by creating muscle, which burns more calories than fat. When regular exercise is combined with regular, healthful meals,

calories continue to burn at an accelerated rate for several hours. Finally, encouraging healthful habits in children is a key to preventing childhood obesity and the health problems that follow in adulthood.

Cause of obesity

IMAM MUHLIS (08711020) EITIN DEFIRA (04711107) UKHUWAH PRILATRI (08711201 M.RREZA ALFATH (10711129)

FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN UNIVERSITAS ISLAM INDONESIA 2012