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Exam 1 Study Guide. Here are the main topics that weve covered in lecture.

The majority of the topics on the exam will come from this list. The Process of Science What is the process of science? What is the scientific method - what are the steps? What can science tell us? What can it NOT tell us? What is a hypothesis? How are they tested? Can they ever be proven true? What is a theory? How does the word theory differ in science than in everyday English? Biological Chemistry What is a covalent bond? How many covalent bonds can Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Carbon (C) and Nitrogen (N) form? What is going on with the electrons in a covalent bond? What happens when electrons are shared equally? What happens when they are shared unequally? Which has more energy (know that Carbon and Hydrogen share equally and that Carbon and Oxygen and Hydrogen and Oxygen do not) What is a valence electron? How are they involved in covalent bonds? What are some of the properties of water? What is a polar compound (hydrophillic)? What about non-polar (hydrophobic)? How will they interact with water? What is a polymer? Which biological molecules are polymers and which ones are not? Know the basic properties and monomeric subunits of polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and proteins. Know the basic properties of lipids What is special about phospholipids? What does amphipathic mean? How are they involved in the formation of biological membranes? Cells

What are the basic components of all cells? Compare and contrast prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells Compare and contrast animal and plant cells Know the structure and function of all organelles and cells structures discussed in class (not limited to: plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplast, cell wall, central vacuole, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosome, ribosome) What is the endomembrane system? What organelles are included in the endomembrane system? Which are not?

Energy and Enzymes What is energy? What is kinetic energy? What is potential energy? What is activation energy and how is it related to chemical reactions? What is an endergonic reaction? What is an exergonic reaction? Know the basic properties of enzymes - what are they and how do they catalyze a chemical reaction? What is an enzyme active site? Why is shape such an important component of enzyme function? What is an allosteric site and how does this relate to enzyme function? Respiration What is the function of eating? Why do we eat? What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic environments? What are the three main reactions of Aerobic Respiration (Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, Electron Transport chain). Where does each reaction occur in a eukaryotic cell? What are the products of glycolysis? What forms of life can perform glycolysis What are the products of the Krebs cycle? Which stage of aerobic respiration produces the most ATP? What is the function of NADH? How does this relate to electrons? What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain? Why do we breathe? Why is oxygen required for Aerobic respiration What is fermentation? What are the two types (alcohol and lactic acid)? How are they used by yeast and humans to generate energy? What about the side products of alcohol fermentation - how are they used by human industry in the production of wines/beers and baking?

Photosynthesis What is photosynthesis? What does it produce? What are the two components of photosynthesis (light-dependent and Calvin cycle) What is the function of each? What is the ultimate energy source of photosynthesis? What organ performs photosynthesis? What wavelenghts of light are absorbed by chloroplasts? What wavelenghts are reflected? What is the ultimate source of electrons in photosynthesis? What processes of photosynthesis produces ATP? What processes of photosynthesis consumes ATP? What process of photosynthesis consumes CO2? What chemical serves as the raw material for all plant growth?

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